Chapter 8/10

Question 1

Define the cell cycle

Answer 1

The ability of organisms to reproduce (Without a host)

Question 2

Describe the cell cycle

Answer 2

-A cycle that consists of Interphase and Mitosis, however, the cell stays in interphase 90% of the time
-Includes check points to check that the cell is growing/replicating correctly

Question 3

Define subdivide

Answer 3

the reproduction of cells
(Omnis cellula e cellula= Every cell from a cell)

Question 4

How does subdivision effect unicellular organisms? Multicellular?

Answer 4

Uni: The division of one cell reproduces the entire organism
Multi: Reproduction, growth, development, and Tissue renewal

Question 5

What are the cycles within interphase (Think of the pie graph, not the 4 steps)

Answer 5

1. Rapid growth and metabolic activity
2. DNA synthesis/replication
3. Centrioles replicate/prepare for division
4. Mitosis
5. Cytokinesis

Question 6

Describe G1 (1st) check point stage of interphase

Answer 6

(Most important) Cell size increases, doubling of organelles, building materials for synthesis stage

Question 7

Describe S (2nd) check point stage of interphase

Answer 7

DNA helix SEPARATES, then DUPLICATES

Question 8

Describe G2 (3rd) check point stage of interphase

Answer 8

Additional growth/ preparation for mitosis

Question 9

Describe M (4th) check point stage of interphase

Answer 9

Cytokinesis and Mitosis occur

Question 10

Explain the rules cells fallow when dividing correctly

Answer 10

1. Anchorage
2. Density-Dependent Inhibitoin
3. Density-Dependent Independence

Question 11

Describe how genetic material is organized in a cell

Answer 11

-All DNA constitutes the cell’s Genome
-CAN consist of a single DNA molecule in prokaryotic cells, or as a number of DNA molecules in eukaryotic cells

Question 12

What happens to DNA during cell division?

Answer 12

The DNA molecules are turned into CHROMOSOMES

Question 13

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 13

46
(23 mom: 23 dad)

Question 14

How many chromosomes do gamete cells have?

Answer 14

23

Question 15

What is a haploid? How many chromosomes do they have?

Answer 15

A cell that contains one of each kind of chromosome. They have 23 chromosomes

Question 16

What is a diploid? How many chromosomes do they have?

Answer 16

A cell with two of each kind of chromosome. They have 46 chromosomes

Question 17

Describe the goal of Mitosis

Answer 17

To produce 2 new cells with identical chromosome sets (sister cells) that are identical to the parent cell

Question 18

List the 4 phases of mitosis in order from beginning to finish

Answer 18

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Question 19

Describe what happens in prophase

Answer 19

-Chromatin coils up into visible, tightly coiled, chromosome
-The nucleus, nuclear envelope, and nucleolus begins to disappear

Question 20

Describe what happens in Metaphase

Answer 20

-Doubled chromosomes become attached to spindle
-Chromosomes begin to line up on the midline (equator) of spindle
-One sister chromatid’s spindle fiber extends to one pole, the other extends to the opposite
-Each cell receives an identical and complete set of chromosomes

Question 21

Describe what happens in Anaphase

Answer 21

-Centromeres split apart chromatid pairs separate from each other (they are pulled apart by microtubules)

Question 22

Describe what happens in telophase

Answer 22

-Chromatids REACH opposite poles of cell
-The tightly coiled chromosomes unwind
-Nucleolus, nuclear envelope re-appear around chromosomes
-Double membrane forms

Question 23

Define Chromosome

Answer 23

Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cell

Question 24

Define Chromatin

Answer 24

Long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes

Question 25

Define Cell Cycle

Answer 25

Continuous sequence of growth and division in a cell

Question 26

Define Interphase

Answer 26

Cell growth phase where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division

Question 27

Define Mitosis

Answer 27

Period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes

Question 28

Define Prophase

Answer 28

The first and longest phase of Mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes

Question 29

Define Sister Chromatid

Answer 29

Identical halves of a duplicated parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere

Question 30

Define Centromere

Answer 30

Cell structure that joins 2 sister chromatids of a chromosome

Question 31

Define Centriole

Answer 31

In animal cells; a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase

Question 32

Define Spindle

Answer 32

Cell structures composed of microtubule fibers; forms between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids

Question 33

Define Metaphase

Answer 33

Short, second phase of Mitosis where doubled chromosomes move towards the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber

Question 34

Define Anaphase

Answer 34

Third phase of Mitosis in which the centromeres split apart and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules

Question 35

Define Telophase

Answer 35

Final phase of of Mitosis when new cells prepare for their own independent existence

Question 36

Define Cytokinesis

Answer 36

Group of hormones that stimulate Mitosis and cell division

Question 37

Define Tissue

Answer 37

Group of cells that work together to preform a specific function

Question 38

Define Organ

Answer 38

Group of 2 or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism

Question 39

Define Organ System

Answer 39

multiple organs that work together to preform a specific life function