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Biology (Semester 1) > 6.3 Test > Flashcards

6.3 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What Biomolecules CAN form polymers

A

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

What biomolecules can’t form polymers?

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Why can so many different polymers exist?

A

-Polymers can be built from a small set of monomers
-Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds (versitility of the carbon atom)

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5
Q

How do polymers join?

A

Through dehydration synthesis reaction *2 monomers joining through the loss of H²O molecules

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6
Q

How do polymers break apart?

A

Through Hydrolysis *2 monomers breaking through the GAINING of H²O molecules

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7
Q

Does catabolic pathways go with the process Hydrolysis or Dehydration synthesis?

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

Does anabolic pathways go with the process of Hydrolysis or Dehydration?

A

Dehydration

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9
Q

What do carbohydrates include in their structures?

A

Sugars and the polymers of sugars

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10
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates betermined by?

A

-Their sugars and monomers
-The positions of its bonds

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11
Q

Why can’t cellulose be digested by some organisms?

A

The larger organisms don’t have enough enzymes to break down the cellulose whereas smaller organisms have enough to break them down

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12
Q

What type of carbon are lipids?

A

Hydrocarbons

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13
Q

What are the 5 biologically important Lipids?

A

-Fats
-Oils
-Waxes
-Steroids
-Phospholipids

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14
Q

What’s a saturated fat?

A

A Glycerol molecule that contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms

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15
Q

What’s an unsaturated fat?

A

Holds less hydrogen atoms and sometimes contains double bonds

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16
Q

What makes a triglyceride?

A

3 unsaturated fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol

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17
Q

What happens when you put Phospholipids in water?

A

They self assemble into a lipid biolayer (tails facing the inside, heads facing the outside)

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18
Q

What part of a biolayer is Hydrophobic?

A

Tail

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19
Q

What part of a biolayer is Hydrophilic?

A

Head

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20
Q

What’s a Protein?

A

A large polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

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21
Q

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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22
Q

What do proteins provide?

A

-Tissues
-Organs
-Cell metabolism

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23
Q

What determines a proteins function?

A

Its structure

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24
Q

What does a functional protein consist of?

A

One or more Polypeptides

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25
Q

What is the first level of protein building called? What does it do?

A

-Called the primary structure
-Puts amino acids in a sequential order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)

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26
Q

What is the second level of protein building called? What does it do?

A

-Called the secondary structure
-Makes the coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

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27
Q

What is the third level of protein building called? What does it do?

A
  • Called the tertiary structure
  • Determines interactions between various side chains
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28
Q

What is the fourth level of protein building called? What does it do?

A
  • Called the quaternary structure
  • Makes proteins become functional
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29
Q

How are proteins made?

A

Through dehydration synthesis

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30
Q

How are proteins broken?

A

Through Hydrolysis

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31
Q

What is a nucleic acids structure composed of?

A
  • N-Containing bases
  • Pentose Sugar
  • Phosphate Groups
32
Q

What are the 4 main things nucleic acids do?

A
  1. Provides Directions
  2. Controls RNA
  3. Transfers Energy
  4. Intracellular single molecules
33
Q

What is the one MAIN thing that nucleic acids do?

A

Make up your genetic code/material

34
Q

How are nucleic acids built?

A

Through Biopolymers (3’-5’)

35
Q

How are nucleic acids broken?

A

Through enzymes

36
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Enable molecules to undergo chemical change

37
Q

What do the activities enzymes depend on?

A
  • Temperature
  • Ionic conditions
  • pH of the area around it
38
Q

What role does carbon play in organisms?

A

Carbon bonds with other carbon atoms and bond types with its 4 electrons in its outer energy level.

39
Q

What are molecular chains?

A

The biomolecules that are formed in organisms by cells bonding small molecules together to form polymers

40
Q

What is a carbohydrate and what is its structure?

A
  • A biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • Contains a ratio of 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom
41
Q

What are lipids and how are they structured?

A

Large biomolecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and a small amount of oxygen

42
Q

What are proteins and how are they structured?

A

Proteins are large polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

43
Q

What is a nucleic acid and how is it structured

A

A complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code

44
Q

What is a Starch?

A

-An example of polymers
-Consists of branched chains of glucose units
-Used as energy storage by plants and as food reservoirs in seeds/bulbs

45
Q

What does the action of enzymes do?

A

When the active site of an enzyme binds to the substrate, the enzyme alters its shape slightly and changes the rate of reaction

46
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

-A highly branched glucose polymer
-Used by mammals to help store energy in their liver

47
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

-A glucose polymer that’s made of long chains of glucose units linked together
-Helps form cell walls of plants and gives them structural support

48
Q

T/F: Carbon atoms can bond together in straight chains, branched chains, or rings

A

True

49
Q

T/F: Large molecules containing carbon atoms are called micro molecules

A

True (I think)

50
Q

T/F: Polymers are formed by hydrolysis

A

False: They are formed through dehydration

51
Q

T/F: Cells use carbohydrates for energy

A

True

52
Q

What are examples monosaccharides?

A
  • Fructose
  • Glucose
  • C6 H12 O11 (Glucose)
53
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A
  • Sucrose
  • C12 H22 O11
54
Q

What are examples of Polysaccharides?

A
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
  • Starch
55
Q

Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids made up of nucleotides?

A

lipids

56
Q

Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids the most consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

A

lipids

57
Q

Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic Acids

58
Q

Do lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids contain peptide bonds

A

Proteins

59
Q

Do lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids produce proteins

A

Nucleic Acids

60
Q

Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids commonly called fats and oils

A

lipids

61
Q

Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids used for long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings

A

lipids

62
Q

Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids made up of amino acids

A

Proteins

63
Q

Do lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

A

Protein

64
Q

Explain the three kinds of bonds carbon can form and how they form it

A
  • Single: Forms when each atom shares one electron (represented by one bar between carbon atoms)
  • Double: Made when each atom shares two electrons (Represented by two bars between carbon atoms)
  • Triple: Forms when each atom shares three electrons (represented by three bars between carbon atoms)
65
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

The simplest type of carbohydrate

66
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A

A two-sugar carbohydrate formed by 2 monosaccharide molecules combining

67
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?

A

The largest carbohydrate molecules that are composed of many monosaccharide subunits

68
Q

How does starch function in living things?

A

Used as energy storage by plant cells and as food reservoirs in seeds and bulbs

69
Q

How does Glycogen function in living things?

A

Mammals store energy in the liver

70
Q

How does Cellulose function in living things?

A

Forms cell walls in plants and gives plants structural support

71
Q

Define Peptide bond

A

The covalent bond formed between the amino acids

72
Q

Define Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of proteins

73
Q

What’s the role of proteins in living things?

A

They provide structure for tissues and organs and carry out cell metabolism

74
Q

What’s nucleotides structure?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous atoms arranged in three groups- nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group

75
Q

Why are nucleotides so important?

A

They are the make up for DNA, which is the master copy of a living things information code

Biology (Semester 1) (6 decks)

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