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Biology (Semester 1) > 6.3 Test > Flashcards

6.3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What Biomolecules CAN form polymers

A

-Carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

What biomolecules can’t form polymers?

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Why can so many different polymers exist?

A

-Polymers can be built from a small set of monomers
-Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds (versitility of the carbon atom)

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5
Q

How do polymers join?

A

Through dehydration synthesis reaction *2 monomers joining through the loss of H²O molecules

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6
Q

How do polymers break apart?

A

Through Hydrolysis *2 monomers breaking through the GAINING of H²O molecules

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7
Q

Does catabolic pathways go with the process Hydrolysis or Dehydration synthesis?

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

Does anabolic pathways go with the process of Hydrolysis or Dehydration?

A

Dehydration

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9
Q

What do carbohydrates include in their structures?

A

Sugars and the polymers of sugars

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10
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates betermined by?

A

-Their sugars and monomers
-The positions of its bonds

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11
Q

Why can’t cellulose be digested by some organisms?

A

The larger organisms don’t have enough enzymes to break down the cellulose whereas smaller organisms have enough to break them down

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12
Q

What type of carbon are lipids?

A

Hydrocarbons

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13
Q

What are the 5 biologically important Lipids?

A

-Fats
-Oils
-Waxes
-Steroids
-Phospholipids

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14
Q

What’s a saturated fat?

A

A Glycerol molecule that contains carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms

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15
Q

What’s an unsaturated fat?

A

Holds less hydrogen atoms and sometimes contains double bonds

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16
Q

What makes a triglyceride?

A

3 unsaturated fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol

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17
Q

What happens when you put Phospholipids in water?

A

They self assemble into a lipid biolayer (tails facing the inside, heads facing the outside)

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18
Q

What part of a biolayer is Hydrophobic?

A

Tail

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19
Q

What part of a biolayer is Hydrophilic?

A

Head

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20
Q

What’s a Protein?

A

A large polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

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21
Q

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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22
Q

What do proteins provide?

A

-Tissues
-Organs
-Cell metabolism

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23
Q

What determines a proteins function?

A

Its structure

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24
Q

What does a functional protein consist of?

A

One or more Polypeptides

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25
What is the first level of protein building called? What does it do?
-Called the primary structure -Puts amino acids in a sequential order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)
26
What is the second level of protein building called? What does it do?
-Called the secondary structure -Makes the coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
27
What is the third level of protein building called? What does it do?
- Called the tertiary structure - Determines interactions between various side chains
28
What is the fourth level of protein building called? What does it do?
- Called the quaternary structure - Makes proteins become functional
29
How are proteins made?
Through dehydration synthesis
30
How are proteins broken?
Through Hydrolysis
31
What is a nucleic acids structure composed of?
- N-Containing bases - Pentose Sugar - Phosphate Groups
32
What are the 4 main things nucleic acids do?
1. Provides Directions 2. Controls RNA 3. Transfers Energy 4. Intracellular single molecules
33
What is the one MAIN thing that nucleic acids do?
Make up your genetic code/material
34
How are nucleic acids built?
Through Biopolymers (3'-5')
35
How are nucleic acids broken?
Through enzymes
36
What do enzymes do?
Enable molecules to undergo chemical change
37
What do the activities enzymes depend on?
- Temperature - Ionic conditions - pH of the area around it
38
What role does carbon play in organisms?
Carbon bonds with other carbon atoms and bond types with its 4 electrons in its outer energy level.
39
What are molecular chains?
The biomolecules that are formed in organisms by cells bonding small molecules together to form polymers
40
What is a carbohydrate and what is its structure?
- A biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen - Contains a ratio of 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom
41
What are lipids and how are they structured?
Large biomolecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and a small amount of oxygen
42
What are proteins and how are they structured?
Proteins are large polymers composed of carbon, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
43
What is a nucleic acid and how is it structured
A complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code
44
What is a Starch?
-An example of polymers -Consists of branched chains of glucose units -Used as energy storage by plants and as food reservoirs in seeds/bulbs
45
What does the action of enzymes do?
When the active site of an enzyme binds to the substrate, the enzyme alters its shape slightly and changes the rate of reaction
46
What is Glycogen?
-A highly branched glucose polymer -Used by mammals to help store energy in their liver
47
What is Cellulose?
-A glucose polymer that's made of long chains of glucose units linked together -Helps form cell walls of plants and gives them structural support
48
T/F: Carbon atoms can bond together in straight chains, branched chains, or rings
True
49
T/F: Large molecules containing carbon atoms are called micro molecules
True (I think)
50
T/F: Polymers are formed by hydrolysis
False: They are formed through dehydration
51
T/F: Cells use carbohydrates for energy
True
52
What are examples monosaccharides?
- Fructose - Glucose - C6 H12 O11 (Glucose)
53
What are examples of disaccharides?
- Sucrose - C12 H22 O11
54
What are examples of Polysaccharides?
- Glycogen - Cellulose - Starch
55
Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids made up of nucleotides?
lipids
56
Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids the most consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
lipids
57
Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
58
Do lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids contain peptide bonds
Proteins
59
Do lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids produce proteins
Nucleic Acids
60
Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids commonly called fats and oils
lipids
61
Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids used for long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings
lipids
62
Are lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids made up of amino acids
Proteins
63
Do lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Protein
64
Explain the three kinds of bonds carbon can form and how they form it
- Single: Forms when each atom shares one electron (represented by one bar between carbon atoms) - Double: Made when each atom shares two electrons (Represented by two bars between carbon atoms) - Triple: Forms when each atom shares three electrons (represented by three bars between carbon atoms)
65
What is a monosaccharide?
The simplest type of carbohydrate
66
What is a Disaccharide?
A two-sugar carbohydrate formed by 2 monosaccharide molecules combining
67
What is a Polysaccharide?
The largest carbohydrate molecules that are composed of many monosaccharide subunits
68
How does starch function in living things?
Used as energy storage by plant cells and as food reservoirs in seeds and bulbs
69
How does Glycogen function in living things?
Mammals store energy in the liver
70
How does Cellulose function in living things?
Forms cell walls in plants and gives plants structural support
71
Define Peptide bond
The covalent bond formed between the amino acids
72
Define Amino Acids
Building blocks of proteins
73
What's the role of proteins in living things?
They provide structure for tissues and organs and carry out cell metabolism
74
What's nucleotides structure?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous atoms arranged in three groups- nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group
75
Why are nucleotides so important?
They are the make up for DNA, which is the master copy of a living things information code

Biology (Semester 1) (6 decks)

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