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Biology (Semester 1) > Chapter 7 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Why must cells control materials?

A

They need nutrients like glucose, amino acids, and lipids to function. However, too much of of ANY of these nutrients (especially ions) are harmful to the cell

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2
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are made of cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms
  3. All cells come from pre existing cells
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3
Q

What is the electron microscope?

A

Invented in 1930’s-1940’s and used a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times their actual size allowing scientist to see inside a cell

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4
Q

What are the 2 basic cell types?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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5
Q

What are Prokaryotes? (also, what’s an example)

A

Unicellular organisms that do not have membrane-bound organisms. Has a nucleus, mitochondria, Nucleolus, and Ribosomes. Ex: Bacteria

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6
Q

What are Eukaryotes? And what do they contain?

A

Multicellular organisms. Ex: Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plants. Contains Nucleoid, capsule, flagellum, cell wall, cell membrane, and ribosomes.

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7
Q

Why is it important that living cells maintain a balance?

A

Because their survival depends on the cells ability to maintain the proper conditions within itself. They must maintain a balance regardless of internal and external conditions.

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8
Q

How is the plasma membrane structured?

A

It’s composed of a phospholipid biolayer, which has 2 layers of phospholipids back to back.

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9
Q

What is the phospholipid biolayer?

A

When two fatty acid tails of the phospholipid are nonpolar, and the head of the phospholipid molecule containing phosphates are polar.

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10
Q

What are the other components of plasma membranes?

A

-Cholesterol
-Transport Proteins
-Lipids
-Proteins
-Carbohydrates

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11
Q

What are cellular boundaries (list examples)?

A

It separates and delineates the intracellular space from the extracellular space in cells. Examples: Plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and some protists

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12
Q

What does a cell wall do?

A

Forms an inflexible barrier that protects the cell and gives it support, allowing molecules to enter

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13
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

-It is the leader of the eukaryotic cell and all other cells.
-It contains the materials to make proteins.

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14
Q

How are proteins assembled, transported, and stored?

A

They are first directed to the nucleus. Then they are passed into the cytoplasm. Finally they are suspended into the cells organisms

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15
Q

What are vacuoles and how do they store things?

A

They are membrane bound compartments that cells have. They store food, enzymes, and other materials made by a cell (some store waste products).

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16
Q

What are lysosomes and how do they recycle things?

A

They are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They recycle by digesting excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

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17
Q

Why is energy important in transformations

A

Because cell members require A LOT of energy. Protein, Production, Modification, Transformation, and digestion all require energy

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18
Q

What things provide cells with energy?

A

-Chloroplasts
-Organelles
- Mitochondria

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19
Q

What are chloroplasts? (also how does energy relate to it)

A

They are cell organelles that capture light energy and converts it into chemical energy. This occurs within the Thylakoid membranes when the energy from the sunlight is trapped

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20
Q

What is a mitochondria?(also how does energy relate to it)

A

It is a membrane bound organelle in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell. This energy is stored in the bonds of other molecules that cell organelles can access quickly when energy is needed.

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21
Q

What support do organelles have?

A

The cells in an organelles have a support called cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm.

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22
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

The framework for a cell (almost acts like a skeleton) that always changes structure and can be dismantled in one place and reassembled in elsewhere, changing the cells structure.

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23
Q

What are centrioles

A

-Organelles found in the cells of animals and most protists
-They occur in pairs that are made up by microtubes
-They play a role in cell division

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24
Q

What is Cilia?

A

Short numerous projections that looks like hairs.

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25
Q

What is Flagella

A

Longer projections that move in a whip like motion.

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26
Q

What do Cilia and Flagella both do?

A

Aid the cell in locomotion (feeding)

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27
Q

Describe cork cells

A

-The dead cells of oak bark
-Look like a bunch of little bubbles put together
-Used in Hooke’s light microscope study

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28
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A

-Do not have internal organelles surrounded by a membrane
-Most of its metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm

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29
Q

Describe eukaryotic cells

A

-Found in animals
-Has distinct membranes
-Allows different parts of the cell to preform different functions

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30
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

Has proteins on its surface or imbedded to it. It’s also selectively permeable

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31
Q

What are the plasma layer boundaries?

A

-Made up of 2 layers (outside and inside cells)
-Between the 2 layers is the plasma membrane

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32
Q

Describe cell walls

A

-Rigid structures that protect the cell and give it shape
-Mainly made of cellulose

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33
Q

Describe the transmission electron photomicrograph

A

-Shows the nucleus of a eukaryotic cells
-Contains large holes in the nuclear envelope called pores

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34
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-A complex system of membranes in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
-Contains many Ribosomes that are around the nucleus

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35
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus ?

A

-Viewed with a TEM
-Looks like a side view of a stack of pancakes
-Many spherical vesicles that are involved in protein transports are also visible

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36
Q

Describe chloroplasts

A

-Plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.
-Usually disc shaped but have the ability to change shape and position

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37
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

Granular and rod-shaped with an inner membrane that forms long narrow folds

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38
Q

Describe Animal Cells

A

-Have centrioles and a circular shape
-Typically have lysosomes

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39
Q

Describe plant cells

A

-Have cell walls and chloroplasts
-Usually have one large vacuole

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40
Q

What does a prokaryotic cell look like? Describe its characteristics

A
  • Has a bit of a rectangular shape
  • Has DNA strands in the center of it
  • Has a small layer of plasma membrane
  • Has a cell wall
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41
Q

Describe a Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Looks like a cracked egg
  • Has a nucleous and nucleus
  • Has chromosomes
  • Has organelles
  • Has plasma membranes
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42
Q

Describe what a phospholipid is? List its characteristics

A
  • Has polar heads facing outwards and non polar tails facing inwards
  • Has little pieces of cholesterol between them
  • Has carbohydrate chains
  • Has membrane proteins (looks like squares)
43
Q

What does a plasma membrane look like? list its characteristics

A
  • Also looks like a cracked egg
  • Has amino acids, oxygen, and glucose going in
  • Has Wastes and Carbon dioxide going out
  • water goes in and out
44
Q

Describe what the 2 plasma membrane layers look like?

A

-There is the outside of the cell and the Inside of the cell, and in-between them is the plasma membrane.

45
Q

Describe what a plant cell looks like?

A

-Has a more square-like shape
-The inside of it has a plasma membrane dividing the inside and outside of the cell

46
Q

Describe a transmission electron photomicrograph

A

-Has a circular structure
-Contains a nucleus
-Has nuclear pores
-Has a nuclear envelope of 2 membranes

47
Q

What does a endoplasmic reticulum have?

A

Ribosomes

48
Q

Describe a chloroplast

A

-Has 2 membranes
-Thylakoid
-Granum (which is thylakoid structures put together)
-Has stroma

49
Q

Describe the development of the microscope (list them in order)

A
  1. Simple Light Microscope
  2. Compound light microscope
  3. Electron Microscope
  4. Transmission electron Microscope
  5. Scanning Tunneling Microscope
50
Q

Who made the simple light microscope?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

51
Q

What are the 3 ideas of cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic structure and organization of organisms
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells
52
Q

Describe the purpose of 2 types of electron microscopes?

A

The scanning electron microscope scans the surfaces of cells to learn about their 3-dimensional shape. The transmission electron microscope shows the structures contained within a cell.

53
Q

What does a scanning electron microscope do?

A

Scans the surface of cells to learn their 3-dimensional shape.

54
Q

What does a transmission electron microscope do?

A

Scans the structures contained within a cell.

55
Q

Describe the structure of the Nucleus

A
  • A membrane-Bound Organelle
  • Located in the center of a cell
  • Contains chromosomes
56
Q

Describe the function of the Nucleus

A

-Contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cells
-Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

57
Q

What are ALL organisms made of?

A

cells

58
Q

Define Cells

A

The structural and functional unit of life

59
Q

True or False: Cells are the simplest collection of matter that can preform ALL of the characteristics of life

A

True

60
Q

What are the two Kingdoms?

A

Plant kingdoms and animal kingdoms

61
Q

What do the top layers of plant cells do?

A

Plants cells take the UV light that came in, and photosynthesizes it

62
Q

What do the bottom layers of plant cells do

A

Transport cells

63
Q

What does the pores in plants do?

A

Allows water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to go out of the leaves

64
Q

What can the light microscope see?

A

-Most plant and animal cells
-Nucleus
-Most bacteria
-Mitochondria

65
Q

What can the electron microscope see?

A

-Bacteria Viruses
-Ribosomes
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Atoms

66
Q

What are the Major characteristics of Prokaryotic cells?

A

-No true Nucleus with membrane DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
-No membrane-bound organelles cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

67
Q

What are the major characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A

-Has a true nucleus
-Has a cytoplasm
-Has a cell membrane (but in out kingdom only fungi and plants have this)

68
Q

Where are the eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions housed?

A

The nucleus

69
Q

What role do pores play in cells?

A

Regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus.

70
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus determined by?

A

The nuclear lamina, which is composed of protein

71
Q

True or false: In the nucleus, RNA and proteins form genetic material called chromatin

A

False: DNA and proteins form chromatin

72
Q

What does Chromatin look like when it is ready to replicate?

A

They get crunched together and make an “X” shape that wraps around histones

73
Q

Where is the NEUCLEOLUS located?

A

Within the nucleus and in the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

74
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

The DNA molecule directs the synthesis of every protein and contains all the genetic information that is passed onto new cells

75
Q

What does the term octoploid mean?

A

Something has 8 copies of each chromosomes

76
Q

Where is DNA located in Prokaryotic cells?

A

The bacterial chromosome

77
Q

What are the 3 steps for DNA extraction?

A
  1. Lysis
  2. Precipitation
  3. Purification
78
Q

How many times can Transmission electrons magnify?

A

100,000 times

79
Q

How do bacteria’s (like bacilli and spirilli) move in prokaryotic cells?

A

They use Flagella

80
Q

What is the function of the capsule in prokaryotic cells?

A

-Is a store house for nutrients
-A depot for cellular waste
-A protective shield against dehydration and potentially harmful changes in the external environment

81
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides structure and frame work.

82
Q

Describe the structure of the cell/plasma membrane

A

It’s the outermost boarder of the cytoplasm and internal to the cell wall. It’s constructed of protein globules unsuspended in lipids.

83
Q

Describe the function of the cell/plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells

A

Transports the material into and out of the cell.

84
Q

What are pili and what do they do in prokaryotic cells?

A

-Help anchor the bacterium to a surface
-Assist the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells

85
Q

Describe bacterial cytoplasm

A

A gelatinous mass of proteins, carbohydrates, and other organic and inorganic chemical substances. It is the site of bacterial growth, metabolic reactions, and reproduction

86
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Holds most of the cells DNA in eukaryotic cells

87
Q

What’s a ribosome?

A

Particles made of Ribosomal RNA and proteins (protein factories)

88
Q

What does the membrane system do?

A

It regulates protein traffic and preforms metabolic functions

89
Q

What are the components of a membrane system? (6)

A

Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Plasma Membrane

90
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum? Compare and contrast them

A

Smooth ER and Rough ER
Smooth: Controls hormones, detoxifies poisons, stores calcium, makes glucose formations
Rough: Has bound ribosomes and releases proteins

91
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

The shipping and receiving center

92
Q

What do mitochondria generate?

A

ATP through the process of cellular respiration

93
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A membranous sac of low pH hydrolytic enzymes that can digest micro molecules

94
Q

What can lysosomal enzymes do?

A

Hydrolyze:
-Proteins
-Fats
-Polysaccharides
-Nucleic Acids

95
Q

What breaks down lysosomes?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

96
Q

What does a chloroplast capture?

A

light energy

97
Q

What organelle family is the chloroplast apart of?

A

plastids

98
Q

What do chloroplasts contain in their structure?

A

A green pigment called chlorophyll and enzymes

99
Q

How many flagella do cells usually have?

A

1-2

100
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Organelle of storage

101
Q

What can vacuoles contain?

A

-Food
-Waste
-Water
-Enzymes
-Other small molecules

102
Q

Describe a cell membrane in structure AND function

A

It is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.

103
Q
A

Biology (Semester 1) (6 decks)

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