Chapter 7.2 - Air Navigation Basics Flashcards
What does GS stand for?
Groundspeed.
Define GS?
The speed of the Aircraft relative to the ground.
What does TAS stand for?
True Airspeed.
Define TAS?
The speed of the Aircraft relative to the air.
What does WV stand for?
Wind Velocity.
Define WV?
The speed and direction of the wind.
WV is expressed using which North in a Broadcast?
Magnetic.
What does kt stand for?
Knots.
Define kt?
The speed unit used in Aviation.
What does HDG stand for?
Heading.
Define HDG?
The direction in which the Aircraft is pointed to by the Pilot.
What does TR stand for?
Track/Track Required.
Define TR?
The direction over ground in which the Aircraft is required to travel.
What does TMG stand for?
Track Made Good.
Define TMG?
The actual direction of travel over the ground.
What does TE stand for?
Track Error.
Define TE?
The angular difference between the Track Made Good (TMG) and the Track Required (TR).
What does DR stand for?
Drift.
Define DR?
The effect of Wind
What does FPT stand for?
Flight Planned Track.
Define FPT?
The original planned track.
What does FPH stand for?
Flight Planned Heading.
Define FPH?
The planned heading to make good the planned track.
What does TTI stand for?
Track to Intercept.
Define TTI?
Points on a track on-route to destination.
What does CA stand for?
Closing Angle.
Define CA?
The angular difference between the Track Required (TR) from a point to the destination and original Track Required (TR).
How can you estimate the CA?
Double the Heading Error (10° off track will need 20° closing angle).
What does Port and Starboard mean?
- Left.
- Right.
How many arrows are there in a Track in Air Navigation?
1.
How many arrows are there in a Track Made Good in Air Navigation?
2.
How many arrows are there in Wind direction in Air Navigation?
3.
What is meant by ‘Fix’ position?
The geographical position of an Aircraft at a specific time.
How is a ‘Fix’ position determined by (2)?
- Visual reference to the ground.
- Navigational Aids.
What is meant by ‘Pinpoint’ position?
A Fix position determined by direct observation of the ground.
How many types and what are the names of Air Navigation Computers?
- Slide-Type.
- Circular-Type.
- Electronic-Type.
Between 10 and 15 on the outer scale, what is the reading divided into?
1 unit is 10 (reading is 0.1)
Between 15 and 30 on the outer scale, what is the reading divided into?
1 unit is 5 (reading is 0.2).
Between 30 and 60 on the outer scale, what is the reading divided into?
1 unit is 2 (reading is 0.5).
Between 60 and 100 on the outer scale, what is the reading divided into?
1 unit is 1 (reading is 1).
Name 4 items which can be founds using the Wind Side of the Flight Computer?
- Wind Velocity.
- Heading and Groundspeed.
- Track and Groundspeed.
- Wind Components.
How to multiply 10.5 x 7.8 using a Flight Computer (2)?
- Set [10] on inner scale against the first number (105).
- Opposite second number on inner scale (78) will read the answer (82) on outer scale.
How to divide 1367 ÷ 108 using a Flight Computer (2)?
- Set second number on inner scale (108) against the first number (1367) on outer scale.
- Opposite [10] on inner scale will reading answer (1265) on outer scale.
How would you calculate the follow, an Aircraft flies 47 miles in 12 minutes, how long would it take to fly 65 miles (2)?
- Use outer scale for miles (47) and inner scale for time (12).
- 65 on outer scale will reveal the answer (16.2 ¬ 16mins).
Name the rule used in Air Navigation to determine Track Error and Closing Angle?
1 in 60 Rule.
How would you calculate the Track Error if an Aircraft is 3 miles off track in 23 miles (2)?
- Rough calculation of 60 divided by the second number (23).
- Multiply this number by the Track Error (3 x 3 = 9).
How would you calculate the Track Error if an Aircraft is 3 miles off track in 23 miles, using a Flight Computer (2)?
- Set second number (23) on inner scale to match first number (3) on outer scale.
- Opposite [60] on inner scale will read the Track Error (80 = 8°).
How would you calculate how far off track an Aircraft will be using the flight distance and Track Error on a Flight Computer (TE = 8° and FD = 47 miles) (2)?
- Using [60] on inner scale opposite the Track Error number (8).
- Flight Distance number (47) on inner scale, the outer scale will give the result (6).
Name four common conversions occurring in navigation?
- Nautical Miles (NM) – Kilometres (km) – Statute Miles (SM).
- Pounds (lb) – Kilograms (kg).
- US gallons (US gal) – Litres (L).
- US gallons (AVGAS) – Litres (AVGAS) – Kilograms (kg).
How do you convert NM to Km and vice versa using a Flight Computer?
Using the NM and Km flags on the outer scale.
Where is NM and Km flags on the outer scale of the Flight Computer (2)?
- NM = 66.
- Km = 12.2 / 122.
How would you convert 80 NM into Kilometres (2)?
- Using inner scale point 80 to 66 on outer scale.
- Read figure on inner scale under 12.2/122 on outer scale.
How would you convert Pounds (lbs) to Kilograms (kg) using the Flight Computer?
Align LBS flag on outer scale with KG on inner scale. All numbers will be that conversion.
How would you convert Feet (ft) to Metres (M) using the Flight Computer?
Align FT flag on outer scale with Metres on inner scale. All numbers will be that conversion.
How would you convert US gallon (US gal) to Litres (L) to Imperial Gallon (IMP gal) using the Flight Computer?
Using the known figure of measurement, align this on the Flight Computer using the Flags and all Flags will show US gal to L to IMP gal conversion.
When calculating and converting AVGAS to Litres (L), what addition calculation must be included?
Multiplying the Litres figure by Specific Gravity.
How can you work out Distance using Speed and Time?
Distance = Speed x Time.
How can you work out Time using Distance and Speed?
Time = Distance ÷ Speed.
How can you work out Speed using Distance and Time?
Speed = Distance ÷ Time.
How many NM per minute are there in 60 NM?
1 NM.
How many NM per minute are there in 90 NM?
1.5 NM.
How many NM per minute are there in 120 NM?
2 NM.
How many NM per minute are there in 150 NM?
2.5 NM.
How many NM per minute are there in 180 NM?
3 NM.
How do you work out Distance using the Flight Computer for 12 mins at GS of 139kt (2)?
- Set [60] on inner scale opposite the time figure (12) on outer scale.
- Opposite speed (139) on inner scale will read distance (28) in NM.
How do you work out Speed using the Flight Computer for 35 NM in 12 mins (2)?
- Set [60] on inner scale opposite the time figure (12) on outer scale.
- Opposite distance (35) on outer scale will read speed (175) on inner scale.
How do you work out Time using the Flight Computer for 98 kt to fly 36 NM (2)?
- Set [60] on inner scale opposite the speed figure (98) on outer scale.
- Opposite the distance (36) on outer scale will read time (22) on inner scale.
What does FBO stand for?
Fuel Burn-Off.
How would you calculate the Time Interval and Fuel Burn-Off using a Flight Computer (3)?
- Align Groundspeed on inner scale with Distance on outer scale.
- The [60] flag on inner scale will give you the Time Interval on outer scale.
- The Fuel Flow figure on inner scale will give you Fuel Burn-Off on outer scale.
How do you obtain True Airspeed when Density Height is a factor?
Indicated Airspeed must be multiplied by Density Error.
How do you calculate True Airspeed (TAS) when Indicated Airspeed (IAS) is 140 kt, the pressure height is 10 000ft and the OAT is +10°C, on a Flight Computer (2)?
- Using the smaller scale below Density Altitude align +10°C to 10.
- Opposite IAS (140) on the inner scale will read TAS (167) on outer scale.
Name two types of Climb and Descent Calculations?
- Top of Climb / Descent Point.
- Rate of Climb / Rate of Descent.
What does TOPC stand for?
Top of Climb.
What does DSPT stand for?
Descent Point.
What does RoC stand for?
Rate of Climb.
What does RoD stand for?
What does RoD stand for?
When calculating the Time Interval and Distance to the ‘Top of the Climb Point’, what’s the first step before using the Flight Computer?
Convert the Rate of Climb (ft/min) to Hours (by multiply the RoC by 60).
How do you calculate the Time Interval and Distance for Height of 7500 ft at 400 ft/min with Groundspeed at 125 kt, on a Flight Computer (4)?
- Convert 400 ft/min to H (400 x 60 = 24 000ft).
- Set 24 000 ft on inner scale with Height (7500 ft) on outer scale.
- Opposite [60] on inner scale will read Time (mins) to TOPC (19).
- Opposite GS (125) will read Distance (NM) to TOPC (39).
When calculating the Distance and minimum RoC to the ‘Top of the Climb Point’, what’s the first step before using the Flight Computer?
Work out the difference between the two time figures.
How do you calculate the Distance to TOPC and minimum RoC on a Flight Computer for the following example (4)?
At 1017 = 1000 ft AMSL, Aircraft must fly to 6000 ft by 1030 with a GS of 108 kt?
- Set [60] to the Time difference (13).
- Set GS (108) on inner scale and opposite will read Distance (23) in NM.
- Set Time (13) on inner scale to Altitude difference (5000).
- Opposite [10] will read RoC in ft/min (385).
How do you calculate the Time and minimum RoD on a Flight Computer for the following example (4)?
At 5000 ft over 38 DME, Aircraft must fly to 1000 ft by 15 DME with a GS of 115 kt?
- Set Speed (115) on inner scale to DME difference (23) on outer scale.
- Opposite [60] on inner scale will read the Time (12) in mins to final DME.
- Set Time (12) on inner scale opposite to Altitude difference (4000).
- Opposite [10] on inner scale will read RoD in ft/min (333).
