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PPL Course - (3) Navigation and Meteorology > Chapter 7.2 - Air Navigation Basics > Flashcards

Chapter 7.2 - Air Navigation Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What does GS stand for?

A

Groundspeed.

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2
Q

Define GS?

A

The speed of the Aircraft relative to the ground.

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3
Q

What does TAS stand for?

A

True Airspeed.

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4
Q

Define TAS?

A

The speed of the Aircraft relative to the air.

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5
Q

What does WV stand for?

A

Wind Velocity.

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6
Q

Define WV?

A

The speed and direction of the wind.

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7
Q

WV is expressed using which North in a Broadcast?

A

Magnetic.

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8
Q

What does kt stand for?

A

Knots.

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9
Q

Define kt?

A

The speed unit used in Aviation.

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10
Q

What does HDG stand for?

A

Heading.

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11
Q

Define HDG?

A

The direction in which the Aircraft is pointed to by the Pilot.

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12
Q

What does TR stand for?

A

Track/Track Required.

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13
Q

Define TR?

A

The direction over ground in which the Aircraft is required to travel.

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14
Q

What does TMG stand for?

A

Track Made Good.

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15
Q

Define TMG?

A

The actual direction of travel over the ground.

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16
Q

What does TE stand for?

A

Track Error.

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17
Q

Define TE?

A

The angular difference between the Track Made Good (TMG) and the Track Required (TR).

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18
Q

What does DR stand for?

A

Drift.

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19
Q

Define DR?

A

The effect of Wind

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20
Q

What does FPT stand for?

A

Flight Planned Track.

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21
Q

Define FPT?

A

The original planned track.

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22
Q

What does FPH stand for?

A

Flight Planned Heading.

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23
Q

Define FPH?

A

The planned heading to make good the planned track.

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24
Q

What does TTI stand for?

A

Track to Intercept.

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25
Q

Define TTI?

A

Points on a track on-route to destination.

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26
Q

What does CA stand for?

A

Closing Angle.

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27
Q

Define CA?

A

The angular difference between the Track Required (TR) from a point to the destination and original Track Required (TR).

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28
Q

How can you estimate the CA?

A

Double the Heading Error (10° off track will need 20° closing angle).

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29
Q

What does Port and Starboard mean?

A
  • Left.

- Right.

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30
Q

How many arrows are there in a Track in Air Navigation?

A

1.

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31
Q

How many arrows are there in a Track Made Good in Air Navigation?

A

2.

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32
Q

How many arrows are there in Wind direction in Air Navigation?

A

3.

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33
Q

What is meant by ‘Fix’ position?

A

The geographical position of an Aircraft at a specific time.

34
Q

How is a ‘Fix’ position determined by (2)?

A
  • Visual reference to the ground.

- Navigational Aids.

35
Q

What is meant by ‘Pinpoint’ position?

A

A Fix position determined by direct observation of the ground.

36
Q

How many types and what are the names of Air Navigation Computers?

A
  • Slide-Type.
  • Circular-Type.
  • Electronic-Type.
37
Q

Between 10 and 15 on the outer scale, what is the reading divided into?

A

1 unit is 10 (reading is 0.1)

38
Q

Between 15 and 30 on the outer scale, what is the reading divided into?

A

1 unit is 5 (reading is 0.2).

39
Q

Between 30 and 60 on the outer scale, what is the reading divided into?

A

1 unit is 2 (reading is 0.5).

40
Q

Between 60 and 100 on the outer scale, what is the reading divided into?

A

1 unit is 1 (reading is 1).

41
Q

Name 4 items which can be founds using the Wind Side of the Flight Computer?

A
  • Wind Velocity.
  • Heading and Groundspeed.
  • Track and Groundspeed.
  • Wind Components.
42
Q

How to multiply 10.5 x 7.8 using a Flight Computer (2)?

A
  • Set [10] on inner scale against the first number (105).

- Opposite second number on inner scale (78) will read the answer (82) on outer scale.

43
Q

How to divide 1367 ÷ 108 using a Flight Computer (2)?

A
  • Set second number on inner scale (108) against the first number (1367) on outer scale.
  • Opposite [10] on inner scale will reading answer (1265) on outer scale.
44
Q

How would you calculate the follow, an Aircraft flies 47 miles in 12 minutes, how long would it take to fly 65 miles (2)?

A
  • Use outer scale for miles (47) and inner scale for time (12).
  • 65 on outer scale will reveal the answer (16.2 ¬ 16mins).
45
Q

Name the rule used in Air Navigation to determine Track Error and Closing Angle?

A

1 in 60 Rule.

46
Q

How would you calculate the Track Error if an Aircraft is 3 miles off track in 23 miles (2)?

A
  • Rough calculation of 60 divided by the second number (23).

- Multiply this number by the Track Error (3 x 3 = 9).

47
Q

How would you calculate the Track Error if an Aircraft is 3 miles off track in 23 miles, using a Flight Computer (2)?

A
  • Set second number (23) on inner scale to match first number (3) on outer scale.
  • Opposite [60] on inner scale will read the Track Error (80 = 8°).
48
Q

How would you calculate how far off track an Aircraft will be using the flight distance and Track Error on a Flight Computer (TE = 8° and FD = 47 miles) (2)?

A
  • Using [60] on inner scale opposite the Track Error number (8).
  • Flight Distance number (47) on inner scale, the outer scale will give the result (6).
49
Q

Name four common conversions occurring in navigation?

A
  • Nautical Miles (NM) – Kilometres (km) – Statute Miles (SM).
  • Pounds (lb) – Kilograms (kg).
  • US gallons (US gal) – Litres (L).
  • US gallons (AVGAS) – Litres (AVGAS) – Kilograms (kg).
50
Q

How do you convert NM to Km and vice versa using a Flight Computer?

A

Using the NM and Km flags on the outer scale.

51
Q

Where is NM and Km flags on the outer scale of the Flight Computer (2)?

A
  • NM = 66.

- Km = 12.2 / 122.

52
Q

How would you convert 80 NM into Kilometres (2)?

A
  • Using inner scale point 80 to 66 on outer scale.

- Read figure on inner scale under 12.2/122 on outer scale.

53
Q

How would you convert Pounds (lbs) to Kilograms (kg) using the Flight Computer?

A

Align LBS flag on outer scale with KG on inner scale. All numbers will be that conversion.

54
Q

How would you convert Feet (ft) to Metres (M) using the Flight Computer?

A

Align FT flag on outer scale with Metres on inner scale. All numbers will be that conversion.

55
Q

How would you convert US gallon (US gal) to Litres (L) to Imperial Gallon (IMP gal) using the Flight Computer?

A

Using the known figure of measurement, align this on the Flight Computer using the Flags and all Flags will show US gal to L to IMP gal conversion.

56
Q

When calculating and converting AVGAS to Litres (L), what addition calculation must be included?

A

Multiplying the Litres figure by Specific Gravity.

57
Q

How can you work out Distance using Speed and Time?

A

Distance = Speed x Time.

58
Q

How can you work out Time using Distance and Speed?

A

Time = Distance ÷ Speed.

59
Q

How can you work out Speed using Distance and Time?

A

Speed = Distance ÷ Time.

60
Q

How many NM per minute are there in 60 NM?

A

1 NM.

61
Q

How many NM per minute are there in 90 NM?

A

1.5 NM.

62
Q

How many NM per minute are there in 120 NM?

A

2 NM.

63
Q

How many NM per minute are there in 150 NM?

A

2.5 NM.

64
Q

How many NM per minute are there in 180 NM?

A

3 NM.

65
Q

How do you work out Distance using the Flight Computer for 12 mins at GS of 139kt (2)?

A
  • Set [60] on inner scale opposite the time figure (12) on outer scale.
  • Opposite speed (139) on inner scale will read distance (28) in NM.
66
Q

How do you work out Speed using the Flight Computer for 35 NM in 12 mins (2)?

A
  • Set [60] on inner scale opposite the time figure (12) on outer scale.
  • Opposite distance (35) on outer scale will read speed (175) on inner scale.
67
Q

How do you work out Time using the Flight Computer for 98 kt to fly 36 NM (2)?

A
  • Set [60] on inner scale opposite the speed figure (98) on outer scale.
  • Opposite the distance (36) on outer scale will read time (22) on inner scale.
68
Q

What does FBO stand for?

A

Fuel Burn-Off.

69
Q

How would you calculate the Time Interval and Fuel Burn-Off using a Flight Computer (3)?

A
  • Align Groundspeed on inner scale with Distance on outer scale.
  • The [60] flag on inner scale will give you the Time Interval on outer scale.
  • The Fuel Flow figure on inner scale will give you Fuel Burn-Off on outer scale.
70
Q

How do you obtain True Airspeed when Density Height is a factor?

A

Indicated Airspeed must be multiplied by Density Error.

71
Q

How do you calculate True Airspeed (TAS) when Indicated Airspeed (IAS) is 140 kt, the pressure height is 10 000ft and the OAT is +10°C, on a Flight Computer (2)?

A
  • Using the smaller scale below Density Altitude align +10°C to 10.
  • Opposite IAS (140) on the inner scale will read TAS (167) on outer scale.
72
Q

Name two types of Climb and Descent Calculations?

A
  • Top of Climb / Descent Point.

- Rate of Climb / Rate of Descent.

73
Q

What does TOPC stand for?

A

Top of Climb.

74
Q

What does DSPT stand for?

A

Descent Point.

75
Q

What does RoC stand for?

A

Rate of Climb.

76
Q

What does RoD stand for?

A

What does RoD stand for?

77
Q

When calculating the Time Interval and Distance to the ‘Top of the Climb Point’, what’s the first step before using the Flight Computer?

A

Convert the Rate of Climb (ft/min) to Hours (by multiply the RoC by 60).

78
Q

How do you calculate the Time Interval and Distance for Height of 7500 ft at 400 ft/min with Groundspeed at 125 kt, on a Flight Computer (4)?

A
  • Convert 400 ft/min to H (400 x 60 = 24 000ft).
  • Set 24 000 ft on inner scale with Height (7500 ft) on outer scale.
  • Opposite [60] on inner scale will read Time (mins) to TOPC (19).
  • Opposite GS (125) will read Distance (NM) to TOPC (39).
79
Q

When calculating the Distance and minimum RoC to the ‘Top of the Climb Point’, what’s the first step before using the Flight Computer?

A

Work out the difference between the two time figures.

80
Q

How do you calculate the Distance to TOPC and minimum RoC on a Flight Computer for the following example (4)?

At 1017 = 1000 ft AMSL, Aircraft must fly to 6000 ft by 1030 with a GS of 108 kt?

A
  • Set [60] to the Time difference (13).
  • Set GS (108) on inner scale and opposite will read Distance (23) in NM.
  • Set Time (13) on inner scale to Altitude difference (5000).
  • Opposite [10] will read RoC in ft/min (385).
81
Q

How do you calculate the Time and minimum RoD on a Flight Computer for the following example (4)?

At 5000 ft over 38 DME, Aircraft must fly to 1000 ft by 15 DME with a GS of 115 kt?

A
  • Set Speed (115) on inner scale to DME difference (23) on outer scale.
  • Opposite [60] on inner scale will read the Time (12) in mins to final DME.
  • Set Time (12) on inner scale opposite to Altitude difference (4000).
  • Opposite [10] on inner scale will read RoD in ft/min (333).

PPL Course - (3) Navigation and Meteorology (23 decks)

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