Chapter 7: Waves and Sound Flashcards
What is a sinusoidal wave? Which ways can sinus sinusoidal propagate?
A sinusoidal wave or a wave in which part particles oscillate back-and-forth with a displacement that follows a sinusoidal pattern. There are transverse and longitudinal sinusoidal waves.
What is a transverse wave? Is sound a transverse wave? Give examples of a transverse wave.
A transverse wave are those in which the direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to the propagation of the wave.
Sound is not a transverse wave, sound is a longitudinal wave.
Examples of transverse waves are electromagnetic waves such as microwaves, x-rays, and visible light.
What is a longitudinal wave? Is sound a longitudinal wave?
Longitudinal waves are ones in which the particles of the wave of oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation, that is the wave of particles are oscillating in the direction of energy transfer.
Sound waves are classic example of longitudinal waves.
Regarding energy transfer, describe transverse and longitudinal waves.
Transverse waves have particle oscillation perpendicular to the direction of propagation and energy transfer.
Longitudinal waves have particle, oscillation, parallel to the direction of propagation and energy transfer.
In any way form, energy is delivered in the direction of wave travel.
What is wavelength, what is frequency, what is hertz?
Wavelength is the distance from one maximum (crest) of the wave to the next.
Frequency is the number of wavelengths passing a fixed point per second.
Hertz is a measurement of cycles per second.
How do we calculate the propagation speed of a wave?
Frequency defines the number of cycles per second. What is its inverse?
If frequency defines the number of cycles per second, then it’s inverse (PERIOD T) is the number seconds per cycle:
What is angular frequency (w)?
Angular frequency is measured in radians per second and is often used in consideration of simple harmonic motion in springs and pendula:
What is equilibrium position, displacement (x), amplitude, crest, trough, wavelength?
Waves oscillate about a central point called the equilibrium position.
The displacement in a wave describes how far a particular point on the wave is from the equilibrium position, expressed as a vector quantity.
The maximum magnitude of displacement in a wave is called its amplitude (A).
What is the phase difference of a wave? What does it mean when we say that waves are in phase or out of phase?
We can describe how in step or out of steps waves are by calculating the phase difference. If we consider two waves that have the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, and that pass through the same space at the same time, we can say that they are in phase if they’re respective crests and troughs coincide (line up with each other other). When waves are perfectly in phase, we say that the phase difference is zero.
However, if the two waves travel through the same space in such a way that the crest of one wave of coincide with the troughs of the other, then we would say that they are out of phase, and the phase difference would be one half of a wave. (Lamda/2 or 180°). One cycle equals one wavelength equals 360°.
What is the principle of superposition? What is constructive interference? What is destructive interference?
The principle of superposition states that when waves interact with each other, the displacement of the resultant wave at any point is the sum of the displacement of the two interacting waves.
When the waves are in phase, the displacement always add together, and the amplitude of the resultant is equal to the sum of the amplitude of the two waves. This is called constructive interference.
When waves are out of phase, the displacement always counteract each other, and the amplitude of the result and wave is the difference between the amplitude of the interacting waves. This is called destructive interference.
What are the common audible frequencies to young adults?
The frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz or commonly audible to young adult adults, and high frequency hearing generally declines with age.
What is damping or attenuation?
Damping or attenuation is a decrease in amplitude of a wave caused by an applied or non-conservative force.
MCAT concept check General wave characteristics 7.1 page 256 question one
Wave speed is the rate which a wave transmits the energy or matter it is carrying. Wave speed is the product of frequency and wavelength.
Frequency is a measure of how often a waveform passes a given point in space. It is measured in Hertz.
Angular frequency is the same as frequency, but is measured in radians per second.
Period is the time necessary to complete a wave cycle.
The equilibrium position is the point with zero displacement in an oscillating system.
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from the equilibrium position.
Traveling waves have nodes in anti nodes that move with wave propagation.
Standing waves have defined nodes and anti-nodes that do not move with wave propagation.
What is a node? What is an anti-node?
Points in the wave that remain at rest where amplitude is constantly zero are known as nodes.
Points midway between the nodes fluctuate with maximum amplitude and are known as anti-nodes.
MCAT concept check General wave characteristics 7.1 page 256 question 2
If two waves are perfectly in phase, the amplitude of the resulting wave is equal to the sum of the amplitude of the interfering waves.
If two waves are perfectly out of phase, the amplitude of the resulting wave is the difference of the amplitude of the interfering waves.
Therefore, if the two waves are anywhere between these two extremes, the amplitude of the resulting wave will be somewhere between the sum and difference of the amplitude of the interfering waves
MCAT concept check General wave characteristics 7.1 page 256 question 3
True or false: sound waves are a prime example of transverse waves.
False. Sound waves are a prime example of longitudinal waves.
MCAT concept check General wave characteristics 7.1 page 256 question 4
How does applying a force at the natural frequency of a system change the system?
The object will resonate because the force frequency each equals the natural (resonant) frequency. The amplitude of the oscillation will increase.
What is the resonant frequency of an object?
The resonant frequency of an object is the natural frequency of the object. Any solid object when struck hit rubbed or disturbed in anyway will begin to vibrate. If the natural frequencies within the frequency detection range of the human ear, the sound will be audible.
What is the scientific academic description of sound?
Sound is a longitudinal wave transmitted by the oscillation of particles in a deformable medium. As such, sound can travel through solid liquids and gases, but cannot travel through a vacuum.
What is the equation for the speed of sound?
The speed of sound can be given by the following equation:
What is the bulk modulus (B)? What has the lowest and highest bulk modulus?
The bulk modulus is a measure of the medium’s resistance to compression.
B increases from gas to liquid to solid.
Solid has the highest bulk modulus, gas has the lowest bulk modulus.
Given the equation for the speed of sound shown in the image, in which medium does sound travel the fastest, and the slowest (solid, liquid, gas; high or low density)
The speed of sound is fastest in a solid with low density, and slowest in a gas with high density.
What is the speed of sound in air at 20°C?
Approximately 343 m/s.