Chapter 7 Vocab

Question 1

the process of getting info into the memory system

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Answer 2

storage

Question 3

the process of getting info out of memory storage

Answer 3

retrieval

Question 4

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

Answer 4

sensory memory

Question 5

activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the info is stored or forgotten

Answer 5

short term memory

Question 6

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Answer 6

long term memory

Question 7

a newer understanding of short term memory that stresses conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spacial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 7

working memory

Question 8

memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve(also called declarative memory)

Answer 8

explicit memory

Question 9

effortful processing

Answer 9

the encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 10

retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness (Non declarative memory)

Answer 10

implicit memory

Question 11

automatic processing

Answer 11

unconscious encoding of everyday info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned info, such as word meaning

Question 12

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 12

chunking

Question 13

memory aids especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 13

mnemonics

Question 14

what is the spacing effect

Answer 14

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 15

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simple rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

Answer 15

testing effect

Question 16

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 16

hippocampus

Question 17

what is a flashbulb memory

Answer 17

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 18

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 18

long-term potentiation

Question 19

memory demonstrated by retrieving info learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Answer 19

recall

Question 20

memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiple- choice test

Answer 20

recognition

Question 21

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time

Answer 21

relearning

Question 22

what is a retrieval cue

Answer 22

any stimulus linked to a specific memory

Question 23

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Answer 23

priming

Question 24

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood

Answer 24

mood-congruent memory

Question 25

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Answer 25

serial position effect

Question 26

what is amnesia

Answer 26

literally without memory- a loss of memory, often due to the brain trauma, injury, or disease

Question 27

lasting physical changes in the brain as a memory forms

Answer 27

memory trace

Question 28

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

Answer 28

proactive interference

Question 29

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Answer 29

retroactive interference

Question 30

what is repression

Answer 30

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety

Question 31

when a memory has been corrupted by misleading info

Answer 31

misinformation effect

Question 32

faulty memory of how, when, or where info was learned or imagined

Answer 32

source amnesia

Question 33

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Answer 33

déjà but

Question 34

The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

Answer 34

memory