Chapter 5 Vocab Flashcards
the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory info., transforming it into meaningful objects and events
perception
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information
bottom up processing
info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
top- down processing
changing one form of energy into another
transduction
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
absolute threshold
below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness
subliminal
activating, often unconsciously, associations in our mind, thus setting us up to perceive, remember, or respond to objects or events in certain ways
priming
the minimum DIFFERENCE between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
difference threshold
The principle that: To Be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
weber’s Law
reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation
sensory adaption
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
perpetual set
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
wavelength
the dimensions of color that is determined by the wavelength of light: what we know as the color names blue green and so forth
hue
the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by wave’s amplitude (height)
intensity
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye: what does it do
retina: it contains the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; and why r they necessary
Rods: they are necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center or the retina ; what do they do
in day light or well lit conditions, cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensation
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
optic nerve
the process by which our sensory receptor and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
sensation
The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; this part of the retina is blind because it has no receptor cells
blind spot
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as edges, lines, and angles
feature detectors
the processing of many aspects of a problem or scene at the same time; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision
parallel processing
the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
figure ground
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups
grouping
the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-d; allows us to judge distance
depth perception
a lab. device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
visual cliff
a depth cue such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
binocular cue
a binocular cue for perceiving depth. by comparing images from the two eyes, the brain computes the distance
retinal disparity
a depth cue such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye only
monocular cue
perceiving objects as unchanging (even as illumination and retinal images change
perceptual constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objects
color constancy
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
perceptual adaption
the sense of act of hearing
audition
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a PIONT in a given time
frequency
a tone’s experienced highness or lowness depends on frequency
pitch
a coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear; sound w aves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
cochlea
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
conduction hearing loss
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
cochlear implant
a social interaction in which one person responds to a suggestion by another person that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
hypnosis
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
posthypnotic suggestion
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
kinesthesia
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
vestibular sense
the principle that one sense may influence another, as wen the smell of food influences taste
sensory interaction
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
embodied cognition
