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Medical Terminolgy > Chapter-7 The Endocrine System-- Endocrinology > Flashcards

Chapter-7 The Endocrine System-- Endocrinology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the overall function of the endocrine system?

A

For the human body, the endocrine system serves the function of sending signals to keep all the body’s many functions in balance (homeostasis).

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2
Q

How can the endocrine system be broken down?

A

1) the signal senders - the main signal senders are the endocrine glands, which include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries and testicles).
2) signals they send- endocrine glands specifically send chemical signals to different parts of the body/ chemical signals, which are hormones, generally cause slower, subtler changes than the nervous system, which uses electric signals.
3) the signals’ outcomes

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3
Q

How do endocrine signals travel generally through the body?

A

Signals travel through the rest of the body via the bloodstream, but only the intended cells in the body respond to these hormonal signals.

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4
Q

How do intended cells respond to hormones?

A

The cells are keyed with receptors that fit with the hormone- just like two matching puzzle pieces.

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5
Q

What does the hormone signal to the intended cell to do?

A

The hormone then signals the cell to perform a desired job, such as releasing another hormone, releasing or taking in nutrients, or changing the speed at which the body makes certain proteins.

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6
Q

What are some of the end results of the endocrine system?

A

The end result is that the endocrine system can adjust the levels of nutrients in the blood, excrete excess nutrients, help the body respond to its environment, and direct growth and development.

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7
Q

What are the signal makers and senders of the endocrine system called?

A

Glands.

These are located throughout your body, including in your brain, in the area above your kidneys, in your genitals, and in the front part of your neck

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8
Q

aden/o

roots

A

Def: gland

Ex: adenoma, adenopathy

Notes: This root refers to any gland. Since the endocrine system has a lot of glands, the term comes up often.

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9
Q

adren/o

roots

A

Def: adrenal gland

Ex: adrenarche

Notes: The name adrenal describes where this gland is located in the body. It literally means “on the kidney” - ad (to, on) + renal (kidney).

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10
Q

adrenal/o

roots

A

Def: adrenal gland

Ex: adrenalitis

Notes: The name adrenal describes where this gland is located in the body. It literally means “on the kidney” - ad (to, on) + renal (kidney).

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11
Q

cortic/o

roots

A

Def: the outer surface

Ex: corticotropic, adrenocorticohyperplasia

Notes: The root cortico and the noun cortex both come from a Latin word meaning “bark” or “husk.” It refers to the outer surface of any organ.

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12
Q

gonad/o

roots

A

Def: gonads (sex organs)

Ex: gonadopathy, gonadogenesis

Notes: Although it is sometimes used interchangeably with the term testicles, the term gonad actually refers to the sex organs of both men and women. Male gonads = testicles, Female gonads = ovaries.

You can easily recall the term gonad by remembering that its first three letters, gon, are from the same Greek root that places gen in the word genesis, which means “to create.” That makes sense because the gonads are the organs that aid in procreation.

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13
Q

pancreat/o

roots

A

Def: pancreas

Ex: pancreatitis, pancreatolith

Notes: The term pancreas comes from two Greek words: pan (all) and kreas (flesh). The reasoning for this has long been debated; some people think the name stuck because of the organ’s fleshy consistency.

If you ever find yourself tempted by the word sweetbreads on a menu, think carefully before ordering. That’s the term used by chefs to mean “cooked pancreas.”

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14
Q

pituitar/o

roots

A

Def: pituitary gland

Ex: hyperpituitarism

Notes: The word pituitary comes from a Latin word meaning “mucus,” because the Romans believed that the pituitary gland channeled mucus from the brain to the nose.

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15
Q

hypophys/o

roots

A

Def: pituitary gland

Ex: hypophysitis

Notes: The other root, hypophyso, comes from the Greek words hypo (under) +
physis (growth) and refers to the appearance and location of the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland located under the brain right behind the eyes. It looks a little like an abnormal growth underneath the brain - but it is a critical part of the endcocrine system.

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16
Q

thym/o

roots

A

Def: thymus

Ex: thymoma, thymectomy

Notes: The thymus is an organ found in the upper chest, under the sternum, and in front of the heart. Its name is derived from the name of the herb thyme. To those who first discovered it, the organ looked like a bunch of thyme.

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17
Q

thyr/o

roots

A

Def: thyroid

Ex: thyrotoxin

Notes: The word thyroid comes from the Greek word thyros, meaning “shield.”

Thyro (shield) + oid (resembling) = the gland resembling a shield. It really does look like a shield spread out over the throat, doesn’t it?

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18
Q

thyroid/o

roots

A

Def: thyroid

Ex: thyroidectomy

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19
Q

gluc/o

roots

A

Def: sugar

Ex: glucocorticoid

Notes: Three common types of sugar are sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Sucrose is a complex molecule made up of glucose and fructose.
Glucose and fructose have the same chemical composition, but different molecular structures. For some reason, glucose (which requires insulin to break it down) is the universal fuel of all living things and is also used in brain functions. Neurologists often use glucose consumption as an indicator of brain activity. When the brain lacks glucose, certain mental functions, like self-control and decision making, become more difficult.

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20
Q

glucos/o

roots

A

Def: sugar

Ex: glucosuria

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21
Q

glyc/o

roots

A

Def: sugar

Ex: hypoglycemia

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22
Q

crin/o

roots

A

Def: to secrete

Ex: endocrine, exocrine

Notes: Endocrine means “to secrete internally”; it refers to chemicals secreted into the bloodstream. The opposite of this is exocrine, which means “to secrete externally’’
and refers to chemicals secreted through ducts to the surface of an organ. Examples of this include sweat glands and salivary glands. Next time you find yourself sweating through a workout or drooling over some food, you can say that you’re having an excessive exocrine response.

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23
Q

hormon/o

roots

A

Def: hormone

Ex: hormonopoesis

Notes: From the Greek word meaning “to rush” or “push,” hormones are chemicals secreted by certain glands for the purpose of stimulating an organ or part of the body to do something.

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24
Q

ket/o

roots

A

Def: ketone body

Ex: ketosis, ketogenic

Notes: A ketone body is a substance that increases in the blood as a result of faulty carbohydrate metabolism. Ketone bodies are toxic chemicals that build up in the blood and are detectable in the urine. When there isn’t enough insulin in the blood, the body cannot use sugar for energy, so it breaks down fat instead. The presence of ketone bodies is normally a sign of untreated or poorly controlled diabetes. Oddly enough, although ketones can be secreted in the urine, the primary way the body gets rid of them is through the lungs, giving sufferers fruity-smelling breath.

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25
Q

-tropin

suffixes for secretions, chemicals, and blood work

A

Def: stimulating hormone

Ex: thyrotropin, gonadotropin

Notes: If a term has the suffix -tropin. it refers to a hormone that has a stimulating effect on a target organ. The suffix comes from a Greek word meaning “to turn”– perhaps because it turns the target organ on and tells it to start working.

-Tropin has the same root as the word trophy. In ancient Greece, a trophy was a monument built on a battlefield to mark the spot where the battle turned in the victor’s favor

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26
Q

-emia

suffixes for secretions, chemicals, and blood work

A

Def: blood condition

Ex: glycemia, calcemia

Notes: Because the endocrine system deals with internal secretions, blood analysis (which is, of course, analysis of a secretion of the body) is usually the best way to detect problems

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27
Q

-uria

suffixes for secretions, chemicals, and blood work

A

Def: urine condition

Ex: polyuria

Notes: Substances in the urine can be useful clues in diagnosing endocrine problems.

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28
Q

adenalgia

adrenal

subjective

A

Def: pain in a gland

Pron: AD-eh-NAL-jah

Word Analysis

aden/ algia

gland/ pain

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29
Q

adrenal virilism

adrenal

subjective

A

Def: development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland

Pron: ad-REE-nal VIR-il-izm

Word Analysis

adrenal viril/ ism

adrenal man/ condition

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30
Q

adrenarche

adrenal

subjective

A

Def: the beginning of adrenal secretion (at puberty)

Pron: AD-ren-AR-kay

Word Analysis

adren/ arche

adrenal/ beginning

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31
Q

hirsutism

adrenal

subjective

A

Def: excessive growth of facial and body hair in women

Pron: HIR-soo-tizm

From Latin, for “shaggy”

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32
Q

amenorrhea

gonad

subjective

A

Def: lack of menstrual flow

Pron: ah-MEN-oh-REE-ah

Word Analysis

a/ meno/ rrhea

no/ menstrual/ flow

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33
Q

gynecomastia

gonad

subjective

A

Def: development of breast tissue in males

Pron: GAI-neh-koh-MAS-tee-ah

Word Analysis

gyneco/ mast/ ia

woman/ breast/ condition

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34
Q

hypergonadism *

gonad

subjective

A

Def: a condition in which there is excessive secretion of the sex glands

Pron: HAI-per-GOH-nad-izm

Word Analysis

hyper/ gonad/ ism

over/ gonad/ condition

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35
Q

hypogonadism

gonad

subjective

A

Def: a condition in which there is undersecretion of the sex glands

Pron: HAI-poh-GOH-nad-izm

Word Analysis

hypo/ gonad/ ism

under/ gonad/ condition

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36
Q

menarche

gonad

subjective

A

Def: the beginning of first menstruation

Pron: MEN-ar-kee

Word Analysis

men/ arche

menstrual/ beginning

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37
Q

thelarche

gonad

subjective

A

Def: the beginning of breast development

Pron: thee-LAR-kay

Word Analysis

thel/ arche

breast/ beginning

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38
Q

hypoglycemic

pancreas

subjective

A

Def: pertaining to low blood sugar

Pron: HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mik

Word Analysis

hypo/ glyc/ em/ ic

under/ sugar/ blood/ pertaining to

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39
Q

pancreatalgia

pancreas

subjective

A

Def: pain in the pancreas

Pron: PAN-kree-ah-TAL-jah

Word Analysis

pancreat/ algia

pancreas/ pain

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40
Q

polydipsia

pancreas

subjective

A

Def: excessive thirst

Pron: PAW-lee-DIP-see-ah

Word Analysis

poly/ dips/ ia

excessive/ thirst/ condition

Note: You might expect hyperdipsia, but the term uses poly instead. The reason is because this word is not first a medical word but the ancient Greek term for “excessively thirsty.” In Greek, poly can mean “excessive” as well as “many.”

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41
Q

polyphagia

pancreas

subjective

A

Def: excessive eating

Pron: PAW-lee-FAY-jah

Word Analysis

poly/ phag/ ia

excessive/ eat/ condition

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42
Q

polyuria

pancreas

subjective

A

Def: excessive urination

Pron: PAW-lee-YOO-ree-ah

Word Analysis

poly/ uria

excessive/ urine condition

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43
Q

acromegaly

pituitary

subjective

A

Def: abnormal enlargement of the extremities

Pron: AK-roh-MEH-gah-lee

Word Analysis

acro/ megaly

extremities/ abnormal englargement

Note: The term acro mean “top” or “high,” as in acrophobia, the fear of heights, or it can mean “the end” or “extremity,” as it does here.

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44
Q

galactorrhea

pituitary

subjective

A

Def: discharge of milk

Pron: gah-LAK-toh-REE-ah

Word Analysis

galacto/rrhea

milk/ discharge

Note: The word galaxy comes from this root. Our galaxy is called the Milky Way because early stargazers thought it looked like someone sprayed milk in the sky.

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45
Q

pituitary dwarfism

pituitary

subjective

A

Def: abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

Pron: pih-TOO-ih-TER-ee DWAR-fizm

Word Analysis

pituitary dwarfism

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46
Q

pituitary gigantism

pituitary

subjective

A

Def: abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

Pron: pih-TOO-ih-TER-ee jai-GAN-tizm

Word Analysis

pituitary gigantism

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47
Q

exophthalmos

thyroid

subjective

A

Def: protrusion of the eyes out of the eye socket

Pron: EKS-of-THAL-mohs

Word Analysis

ex/ ophthalmos

out/ eye

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48
Q

goiter

thyroid

subjective

A

Def: swollen thyroid gland

Pron: GOY-ter

Word Analysis

from Latin, for “gutter” (meaning “throat”)

Note: The most common caused of goiter is iodine deficiency. The easy solution to this, and to other health problems caused by low iodine, is to add iodine to salt.

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49
Q

thyrocele

thyroid

subjective

A

Def: another name for goiter

Pron: THAI-roh-seel

Word Analysis

thyro/ cele

thyroid/ tumor

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50
Q

thyromegaly

thyroid

subjective

A

Def: enlargement of the thyroid

Pron: THAI-roh-MEH-gah-lee

Word Analysis

thyro/ megaly

thyroid/ enlargement

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51
Q

thyroptosis

thyroid

subjective

A

Def: downward displacement (drooping) of the thyroid

Pron: THAI-rop-TOH-sis

Word Analysis

thyro/ ptosis

thyroid/ drooping condition

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52
Q

acidemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: abnormal acidity of the blood

Pron: A-sih-DEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

acid/ emia

acid/ blood condition

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53
Q

alkalemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: abnormal alkalinity (opposite of acidity) of the blood

Pron: AL-kah-LEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

alkal/ emia

alkali/ blood condition

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54
Q

calciuria

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: calcium in the urine

Pron: CAL-sih-YOO-ree-ah

Word Analysis

calci/ uria

calcium/ urine condition

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55
Q

chloremia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: increased chloride in the blood

Pron: klor-EE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

chlor/ emia

chloride/ blood condition

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56
Q

euglycemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: good blood sugar

Pron: YOO-glai-SEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

eu/ glyc/ emia

good/ sugar/ blood condition

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57
Q

glucosuria

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: sugar in the urine

Pron: GLOO-koh-SOO-ree-ah

Word Analysis

glucos/ uria

sugar/ urine condition

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58
Q

hypercalcemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: excessive calcium in the blood

Pron: HAI-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

hyper/ calc/ emia

over/ calcium/ blood condition

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59
Q

hypercholesterolemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: excessive cholesterol in the blood

Pron: HAI-per-koh-LES-ter-aw-LEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

hyper/ cholesterol/ emia

excessive/ cholesterol/ blood condition

Note: The term cholesterol breaks down as chole (bile) + stero (solid) + ol (substance) and means “a solid bile substance.” It gets the name because it was first discovered in gallstones.

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60
Q

hyperglycemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: high blood sugar

Pron: HAI-per-glai-SEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

hyper/ glyc/ emia

excessive/ sugar/ blood condition

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61
Q

hyperkalemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: excessive potassium in the blood

Pron: HAI-per-kah-LEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

hyper/ kal/ emia

over/ potassium/ blood condition

Note: The kal root comes from Latin word kalium, which means “potash.” The name comes from the fact that potassium is obtained by soaking ashes in water and then evaporating the liquid. This explains why the periodic table’s abbreviation for potassium is K. The name potassium is a Latinization of the words “pot ash.” Potassium really does mean “pot-ash-ium.”

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62
Q

hyperlipidemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: excessive fat in the blood

Pron: HAI-per-lih-pih-DEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

hyper/ lipid/ emia

excessive/ fat/ blood condition

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63
Q

hypernatremia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: excessive sodium in the blood

Pron: HAI-per-nah-TREE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

hyper/ natr/ emia

excessive/ sodium/ blood condition

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64
Q

hyperphosphatemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: excessive phosphate in the blood

Pron: HAI-per-FAWS-fay-TEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

hyper/ phosphat/ emia

excessive/ phosphate/ blood condition

65
Q

hypoglycemia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: low blood sugar

Pron: HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

hypo/ glyc/ emia

under/ sugar/ blood condition

66
Q

ketonuria

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: ketone bodies in the urine

Pron: KEE-toh-NYOO-ree-ah

Word Analysis

keton/ uria

ketone/ urine condition

67
Q

polyuria

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: excessive urination

Pron: PAW-lee-YOO-ree-ah

Word Analysis

poly/ uria

excessive/ urine condition

68
Q

uremia

blood and urine conditions

objective

A

Def: the presence of urinary waste in the blood

Pron: yoo-REE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

ur/ emia

urine/ blood condition

69
Q

adrenaline

hormones

objective

A

Def: hormone secreted by the adrenal gland

Pron: ad-REN-ah-lin

Word Analysis

ad/ renal/ ine

on/ kidney/ chemical

70
Q

epinephrine

hormones

objective

A

Def: a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland

Pron: EH-pee-NEF-rin

Word Analysis

epi/ nephr/ ine

upon/ kidney/ chemical

Note: Both adrenaline and epinephrine mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably. Adrenaline comes from Latin and epinephrine from Greek. In America, health care professionals prefer epinephrine.

71
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

hormones

objective

A

Def: hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland

Pron: ah-DREH-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik HOR-mohn

Word Analysis

adreno/ cortico/ trop/ ic

adrenal/ cortex/ stimulating/ pertaining to

72
Q

corticotropin

hormones

objective

A

Def: shorter name for adrenocorticotropic hormone

Pron: KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pin

Word Analysis

cortico/ tropin

cortex/ stimulating

73
Q

glucagon

hormones

objective

A

Def: a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar levels

Pron: GLOO-kah-gawn

Word Analysis

gluc/ agon

sugar/ lead

74
Q

glucocorticoid

hormones

objective

A

Def: a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with a role in carbohydrate metabolism

Pron: GLOO-koh-KOR-tih-koyd

Word Analysis

gluco/ cortic/ oid

sugar/ cortex/ resembling

75
Q

gonadotropin

hormones

objective

A

Def: a hormone that stimulates the gonads

Pron:goh-NAD-oh-TROH-pin

Word Analysis

gonado/ tropin

gonad/ stimulating

76
Q

insulin

hormones

objective

A

Def: a hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls the metabolism and uptake of sugar and fats

Pron: IN-suh-lin

Word Analysis

insul/ in

island/ chemical

Note: The root used to name this hormone comes from the fact that insulin is secreted by a cluster or island of cells in the pancreas called the islet of Langerhans.

77
Q

thyrotropin

hormones

objective

A

Def: a hormone that stimulates the thyroid

Pron: THAI-roh-TROH-pin

Word Analysis

thryo/ tropin

thyroid/ stimulating

78
Q

adenomegaly

results

objective

A

Def: abnormal enlargement of a gland

Pron: ah-DEN-oh-MEH-gah-lee

Word Analysis

adeno/ megaly

gland/ enlargement

79
Q

adrenomegaly

results

objective

A

Def: abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland

Pron: ad-REN-oh-MEH-gah-lee

Word Analysis

adreno/ megaly

adrenal/ enlargement

80
Q

euthyroid

results

objective

A

Def: normal functioning thyroid

Pron: YOO-thai-royd

Word Analysis

eu/ thyroid

good/ thyroid

81
Q

gluconeogenesis

results

objective

A

Def: formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Pron: GLOO-koh-nEE-oh-JIN-eh-sis

Word Analysis

gluco/ neo/ genesis

sugar/ new/ formation

82
Q

glycolysis

results

objective

A

Def: breakdown of sugar

Pron: glai-KAW-lih-sis

Word Analysis

glyco/ lysis

sugar/ loosen

Note: This is done in cells in order to release energy.

83
Q

glycopenia

results

objective

A

Def: deficiency of sugar

Pron: GLAI-koh-PEE-nee-ah

Word Analysis

glyco/ penia

sugar/ deficiency

84
Q

gonadogenesis

results

objective

A

Def: creation/ development of gonads

Pron: goh-NAD-oh-JIN-eh-sis

Word Analysis

gonado/ genesis

gonad/ formation

85
Q

metabolism

results

objective

A

Def: breakdown of matter into energy

Pron: meh-TAB-oh-LIZM

Word Analysis

meta/ bol/ ism

over/ throw/ condition

Note: The root bol is the source of the English word ball.

86
Q

endocrine

professional terms, diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: to secrete internally (i.e., into the bloodstream)

Pron: EN-doh-krin

Word Analysis

endo/ crine

inside/ secretion

87
Q

endocrinologist

professional terms, diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: specialist in internal secretion

Pron: EN-doh-krih-NAW-loh-jist

Word Analysis

endo/ crino/ logist

inside/ secretion/ specialist

88
Q

exocrine

professional terms, diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: to secrete externally (through ducts to the surface of an organ, i.e., sweat glands and salivary glands)

Pron: EKS-oh-krin

Word Analysis

exo/ crine

outside/ secretion

89
Q

glycemic index

professional terms, diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood

Pron: glai-SEE-mik In-deks

Word Analysis

glyc/ em/ ic

sugar/ blood/ pertaining to

90
Q

ketogenesis

professional terms, diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: creation of ketone bodies

Pron: KEE-toh-JIN-eh-sis

Word Analysis

keto/ genesis

ketone/ creation

91
Q

thyroid function tests

professional terms, diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid

Pron: THAI-roid FUNK-shun TESTS

Word Analysis

thyroid function tests

92
Q

cholangiopancreatography

radiology

objective

A

Def: procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas

Pron: KOHL-AN-jee-oh-PAN-kree-ah-TAW-grah-fee

Word Analysis

chol/ angio/ pancreato/ graphy

bile/ vessel/ pancreas/ writing procedure

93
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

radiology

objective

A

Def: procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract into the bile duct

Pron: EN-doh-SKAW-pik REH-troh-GRAYD KOHL-AN-jee-oh-PAN-kree-ah-TAW-grah-fee

Word Analysis

endo/ scop/ ic retro/ grade

inside/ looking/ pertaining to backward/ step

chol/ angio/ pancreato/ graphy

bile/ vessel/ pancreas/ writing procedure

94
Q

adenitis

general terms

Assessments

A

Def: inflammation of a gland

Pron: AD-en-AI-tis

Word Analysis

aden/ itis

gland/ inflammation

95
Q

adenopathy

general terms

Assessments

A

Def: gland disease

Pron: AD-eh-NOP-ah-thee

Word Analysis

adeno/ pathy

gland/ disease

96
Q

adenosis

general terms

Assessments

A

Def: gland condition

Pron: AD-en-OH-sis

Word Analysis

aden/ osis

gland/ condition

97
Q

dysmetabolic syndrome

general terms

Assessments

A

Def: combination of medical disorders associated with faulty metabolism

Pron: DIS-meh-tah-BAW-lik SIN-drohm

Word Analysis

dys/ metabolic syn/ drome

bad/ metabolism together/ running

98
Q

ketosis

general terms

Assessments

A

Def: a condition characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood

Pron: kee-TOH-sis

Word Analysis

ket/ osis

ketone body/ condition

99
Q

polyadenopathy

general terms

Assessments

A

Def: disease involving many glands

Pron: PAW-lee-AD-eh-NOP-ah-thee

Word Analysis

poly/ adeno/ pathy

many/ gland/ disease

100
Q

adrenal insufficiency

adrenal

Assessments

A

Def: a condition in which the adrenal glands underproduce necessary hormones

Pron: ad-REE-nal IN-suh-FIH-shun-see

Word Analysis

adrenal in/ sufficiency

adrenal not/ adequate

101
Q

adrenalitis

adrenal

Assessments

A

Def: inflammation of the adrenal gland

Pron: ad-REE-nah-LAI-tis

Word Analysis

adrenal/ itis

adrenal/ inflammation

102
Q

adrenocortical insufficiency

adrenal

Assessments

A

Def: a condition in which the adrenal cortex underproduces necessary hormones

Pron: ad-REE-noh-KOR-tih-kal IN-suh-FIH-shun-see

Word Analysis

adreno/ cortic/ al in/ sufficiency

adrenal/ cortex/ pertaining to not/ adequate

103
Q

adrenocorticohyperplasia

adrenal

Assessments

A

Def: overdevelopment of the cortex of the adrenal gland

Pron: ad-REE-noh-KOR-tih-koh-HAI-per-PLAY-zhah

Word Analysis

adreno/ cortico/ hyper/ plasia

adrenal/ cortex/ over/ formation

104
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

adrenal

Assessments

A

Def: genetic disease in which the adrenal gland is overdeveloped, resulting in a deficiency of certain hormones and an overproduction of others.

Pron: con/ genit/ al adrenal

Word Analysis

with/ birth/ pertaining to adrenal

hyper/ plasia

over/ formation

105
Q

diabetes mellitus

pancreas

Assessments

A

Def: metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia

Pron: DAI-ah-BEE-teez MEH-lih-tis

Word Analysis

diabetes mellitus

pass through honey

Note: Diabetes is an ancient Greek word that refers to any condition that causes excessive urination. Metllitus (which means “honey”) was added to describe a specific kind of diabetes characterized by excessive sugar in the urine.

106
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

pancreas

Assessments

A

Def: acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat for energy

Pron: DAI-ah-BEH-tik KEE-toh-ASS-ih-DOH-sis

Word Analysis

diabet/ ic keto/ acid/ osis

diabetes/ pertaining to ketone/ acid/ condition

107
Q

pancreatic pseudocyst

pancreas

Assessments

A

Def: abnormally expanded area in the pancreas resembling a cyst

Pron: PAN-kree-at-ik SOO-doh-sist

Word Analysis

pancreat/ ic pseudo/ cyst

pancreas/ pertaining to false/ cyst

108
Q

pancreatitis

pancreas

Assessments

A

Def: inflammation of the pancreas

Pron: PAN-kree-ah-TAI-tis

Word Analysis

pancreat/ itis

pancreas/ inflammation

109
Q

pancreatolith

pancreas

Assessments

A

Def: stone in the pancreas

Pron: PAN-kree-AT-oh-lith

Word Analysis

pancreato/ lith

pancreas/ stone

110
Q

pancreatolithiasis

pancreas

Assessments

A

Def: the presence of a stone in the pancreas

Pron: PAN-kree-at-oh-lih-THAI-ah-sis

Word Analysis

pancreato/ lith/ iasis

pancreas/ stone/ presence

111
Q

hyperpituitarism

pituitary

Assessments

A

Def: overfunctioning of the pituitary gland

Pron: HAI-per-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM

Word Analysis

hyper/ pituitar/ ism

over/ pituitary/ condition

112
Q

hypophysitis

pituitary

Assessments

A

Def: inflammation of the pituitary gland

Pron: hai-PAWF-ih-SAI-tis

Word Analysis

hypophys/ itis

pituitary/ inflammation

113
Q

hypopituitarism

pituitary

Assessments

A

Def: condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland

Pron: HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM

Word Analysis

hypo/ pituitar/ ism

under/ pituitary/ condition

114
Q

panhypopituitarism

pituitary

Assessments

A

Def: a defective or absent function of the entire pituitary gland

Pron: PAN-HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM

Word Analysis

pan/ hypo/ pituitar/ ism

all/ under/ pituitary/ condition

115
Q

pituitary infarction

pituitary

Assessments

A

Def: death of the pituitary gland

Pron: pih-TOO-ih-TEH-ree in-FARK-shun

Word Analysis

pituitary in/ farc/ tion

pituitary in/ stuff/ condtion

Note: The term infarction normally refers to a blocked blood vessel, but it can also refer to the death of tissue resulting from the blockage. In fact, it can refer to the death of any tissue- as is the case here- whether or not a blockage is involved.

116
Q

hyperparathyroidism

thyroid

Assessments

A

Def: overproduction by the parathyroid glands

Pron: HAI-per-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-IZM

Word Analysis

hyper/ para/ thyroid/ ism

over/ beside/ thyroid/ condition

117
Q

hyperthyroidism

thyroid

Assessments

A

Def: overproduction by the thyroid

Pron: HAI-per-THAI-roid-IZM

Word Analysis

hyper/ thyroid/ ism

over/ thyroid/ condition

118
Q

hypoparathyroidism

thyroid

Assessments

A

Def: under production by the parathyroid

Pron: HAI-poh-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-IZM

Word Analysis

hypo/ para/ thyroid/ ism

under/ beside/ thyroid/ condition

119
Q

hypothyroidism

thyroid

Assessments

A

Def: underproduction by the thyroid

Pron: HAI-poh-THAI-roid-IZM

Word Analysis

hypo/ thyroid/ ism

under/ thyroid/ condition

120
Q

thyroiditis

thyroid

Assessments

A

Def: inflammation of the thyroid

Pron: THAI-roid-AI-tis

Word Analysis

thyroid/ itis

thyroid/ inflammation

121
Q

thyrotoxicosis

thyroid

Assessments

A

Def: a condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone (an extreme version of this is known as “thyroid storm”)

Pron: THAI-roh-TOKS-ih-KOH-sis

Word Analysis

thyro/ toxic/ osis

thyroid/ poison/ condition

122
Q

adenocarcinoma

oncology

Assessments

A

Def: cancerous tumor of a gland

Pron: ad-EN-oh-KAR-sih-NOH-mah

Word Analysis

adeno/ carcin/ oma

gland/ cancer/ tumor

123
Q

adenoma

oncology

Assessments

A

Def: glandular tumor

Pron: AD-eh-NOH-mah

Word Analysis

aden/ oma

gland/ tumor

124
Q

adrenal adenoma

oncology

Assessments

A

Def: tumor of the adrenal gland

Pron: ad-REE-nal AD-eh-NOH-mah

Word Analysis

adrenal aden/ oma

adrenal gland/ tumor

125
Q

adrenocortical carcinoma

oncology

Assessments

A

Def: cancerous tumor originating in the cortex of the adrenal gland

Pron: ad-REE-noh-KOR-tih-kal KAR-sih-NOH-mah

Word Analysis

adreno/ cortic/ al carcin/ oma

adrenal/ cortex/ pertaining to cancer/ tumor

126
Q

insulinoma

oncology

Assessments

A

Def: tumor that secretes insulin (found in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas)

Pron: IN-suh-lih-NOH-mah

Word Analysis

insulin/ oma

insulin/ tumor

127
Q

parathyroidoma

oncology

Assessments

A

Def: tumor of the parathyroid

Pron: PAR-ah-THAI-roid-OH-mah

Word Analysis

para/ thyroid/ oma

beside/ thyroid/ tumor

128
Q

pituitary adenoma

oncology

Assessments

A

Def: tumor on the pituitary gland

Pron: pih-TOO-ih-TEH-ree AD-en-NOH-mah

Word Analysis

pituitary aden/ oma

pituitary gland/ tumor

129
Q

thymoma

oncology

Assessments

A

Def: tumor of the thymus

Pron: thai-MOH-mah

Word Analysis

thym/ oma

thymus/ tumor

130
Q

adenectomy

general terms

Plans

A

Def: removal of a gland

Pron: AD-eh-NEK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

aden/ ectomy

gland/ removal

131
Q

ketogenic diet

general terms

Plans

A

Def: diet that aids in the production of ketones in the body

Pron: KEE-toh-JIN-ik DAI-et

Word Analysis

keto/ genic diet

ketone body/ creating

132
Q

thymectomy

general terms

Plans

A

Def: removal of the thymus

Pron: thai-MEK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

thym/ ectomy

thymus/ removal

133
Q

adrenalectomy

adrenal

Plans

A

Def: removal of the adrenal gland

Pron: ad-REE-nal-EK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

adrenal/ ectomy

adrenal/ removal

134
Q

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

adrenal

Plans

A

Def: removal of an adrenal gland by means of a laparascope (instrument inserted into the abdomen for viewing)

Pron: LAP-ah-roh-SKAW-pik ad-REE-nal-EK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

laparo/ scop/ ic adrenal/ ectomy

abdomen/ looking/ pertaining to

adrenal/ removal

135
Q

pancreatectomy

pancreas

Plans

A

Def: removal of the pancreas

Pron: PAN-kree-ah-TEK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

pancreat/ ectomy

pancreas/ removal

136
Q

pancreatolithectomy

pancreas

Plans

A

Def: removal of a stone in the pancreas

Pron: PAN-kree-ah-toh-lih-THEK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

pancreato/ lith/ ectomy

pancreas/ stone/ removal

137
Q

hypophysectomy

pituitary

Plans

A

Def: removal of the pituitary gland

Pron: hai-POF-is-EK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

hypophys/ ectomy

pituitary/ removal

138
Q

parathyroidectomy

thyroid

Plans

A

Def: removal of the parathyroid

Pron: PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

para/ thyroid/ ectomy

beside/ thyroid/ removal

139
Q

thyroidectomy

thyroid

Plans

A

Def: removal of the thyroid

Pron: THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

thyroid/ ectomy

thyroid/ removal

140
Q

thyroidotomy

thyroid

Plans

A

Def: incision into the thyroid

Pron: THAI-roid-AW-toh-mee

Word Analysis

thyroido/ tomy

thyroid/ incision

141
Q

thyroparathyroidectomy

thyroid

Plans

A

Def: removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

Pron: THAI-roh-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-me

Word Analysis

thyro/ para/ thyroid/ ectomy

thyroid/ beside/ thyroid/ removal

142
Q

ACTH

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: adrenocorticotropic hormone

143
Q

BS

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: blood sugar

144
Q

CGM

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: continuous glucose monitor

145
Q

DI

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: diabetes insipidus

146
Q

DM

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: diabetes mellitus

147
Q

ERCP

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

148
Q

FBS

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: fasting blood sugar

149
Q

GDM

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: gestational diabetes mellitus

150
Q

GH

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: growth hormone

151
Q

GTT

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: glucose tolerance test

152
Q

HgA1C

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: hemoglobin A1C test (used by diabetes patients to monitor blood sugar levels)

153
Q

HRT

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: hormone replacement therapy

154
Q

TFT

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: thyroid function test

155
Q

TSH

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin)

156
Q

T3

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

157
Q

T4

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: thyroxine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)

158
Q

IDDM

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

159
Q

NIDDM

endocrine system abbreviations

A

Def: non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Medical Terminolgy (10 decks)

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