Chapter-7 The Endocrine System-- Endocrinology Flashcards
What is the overall function of the endocrine system?
For the human body, the endocrine system serves the function of sending signals to keep all the body’s many functions in balance (homeostasis).
How can the endocrine system be broken down?
1) the signal senders - the main signal senders are the endocrine glands, which include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries and testicles).
2) signals they send- endocrine glands specifically send chemical signals to different parts of the body/ chemical signals, which are hormones, generally cause slower, subtler changes than the nervous system, which uses electric signals.
3) the signals’ outcomes
How do endocrine signals travel generally through the body?
Signals travel through the rest of the body via the bloodstream, but only the intended cells in the body respond to these hormonal signals.
How do intended cells respond to hormones?
The cells are keyed with receptors that fit with the hormone- just like two matching puzzle pieces.
What does the hormone signal to the intended cell to do?
The hormone then signals the cell to perform a desired job, such as releasing another hormone, releasing or taking in nutrients, or changing the speed at which the body makes certain proteins.
What are some of the end results of the endocrine system?
The end result is that the endocrine system can adjust the levels of nutrients in the blood, excrete excess nutrients, help the body respond to its environment, and direct growth and development.
What are the signal makers and senders of the endocrine system called?
Glands.
These are located throughout your body, including in your brain, in the area above your kidneys, in your genitals, and in the front part of your neck
aden/o
roots
Def: gland
Ex: adenoma, adenopathy
Notes: This root refers to any gland. Since the endocrine system has a lot of glands, the term comes up often.
adren/o
roots
Def: adrenal gland
Ex: adrenarche
Notes: The name adrenal describes where this gland is located in the body. It literally means “on the kidney” - ad (to, on) + renal (kidney).
adrenal/o
roots
Def: adrenal gland
Ex: adrenalitis
Notes: The name adrenal describes where this gland is located in the body. It literally means “on the kidney” - ad (to, on) + renal (kidney).
cortic/o
roots
Def: the outer surface
Ex: corticotropic, adrenocorticohyperplasia
Notes: The root cortico and the noun cortex both come from a Latin word meaning “bark” or “husk.” It refers to the outer surface of any organ.
gonad/o
roots
Def: gonads (sex organs)
Ex: gonadopathy, gonadogenesis
Notes: Although it is sometimes used interchangeably with the term testicles, the term gonad actually refers to the sex organs of both men and women. Male gonads = testicles, Female gonads = ovaries.
You can easily recall the term gonad by remembering that its first three letters, gon, are from the same Greek root that places gen in the word genesis, which means “to create.” That makes sense because the gonads are the organs that aid in procreation.
pancreat/o
roots
Def: pancreas
Ex: pancreatitis, pancreatolith
Notes: The term pancreas comes from two Greek words: pan (all) and kreas (flesh). The reasoning for this has long been debated; some people think the name stuck because of the organ’s fleshy consistency.
If you ever find yourself tempted by the word sweetbreads on a menu, think carefully before ordering. That’s the term used by chefs to mean “cooked pancreas.”
pituitar/o
roots
Def: pituitary gland
Ex: hyperpituitarism
Notes: The word pituitary comes from a Latin word meaning “mucus,” because the Romans believed that the pituitary gland channeled mucus from the brain to the nose.
hypophys/o
roots
Def: pituitary gland
Ex: hypophysitis
Notes: The other root, hypophyso, comes from the Greek words hypo (under) +
physis (growth) and refers to the appearance and location of the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland located under the brain right behind the eyes. It looks a little like an abnormal growth underneath the brain - but it is a critical part of the endcocrine system.
thym/o
roots
Def: thymus
Ex: thymoma, thymectomy
Notes: The thymus is an organ found in the upper chest, under the sternum, and in front of the heart. Its name is derived from the name of the herb thyme. To those who first discovered it, the organ looked like a bunch of thyme.
thyr/o
roots
Def: thyroid
Ex: thyrotoxin
Notes: The word thyroid comes from the Greek word thyros, meaning “shield.”
Thyro (shield) + oid (resembling) = the gland resembling a shield. It really does look like a shield spread out over the throat, doesn’t it?
thyroid/o
roots
Def: thyroid
Ex: thyroidectomy
gluc/o
roots
Def: sugar
Ex: glucocorticoid
Notes: Three common types of sugar are sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Sucrose is a complex molecule made up of glucose and fructose.
Glucose and fructose have the same chemical composition, but different molecular structures. For some reason, glucose (which requires insulin to break it down) is the universal fuel of all living things and is also used in brain functions. Neurologists often use glucose consumption as an indicator of brain activity. When the brain lacks glucose, certain mental functions, like self-control and decision making, become more difficult.
glucos/o
roots
Def: sugar
Ex: glucosuria
glyc/o
roots
Def: sugar
Ex: hypoglycemia
crin/o
roots
Def: to secrete
Ex: endocrine, exocrine
Notes: Endocrine means “to secrete internally”; it refers to chemicals secreted into the bloodstream. The opposite of this is exocrine, which means “to secrete externally’’
and refers to chemicals secreted through ducts to the surface of an organ. Examples of this include sweat glands and salivary glands. Next time you find yourself sweating through a workout or drooling over some food, you can say that you’re having an excessive exocrine response.
hormon/o
roots
Def: hormone
Ex: hormonopoesis
Notes: From the Greek word meaning “to rush” or “push,” hormones are chemicals secreted by certain glands for the purpose of stimulating an organ or part of the body to do something.
ket/o
roots
Def: ketone body
Ex: ketosis, ketogenic
Notes: A ketone body is a substance that increases in the blood as a result of faulty carbohydrate metabolism. Ketone bodies are toxic chemicals that build up in the blood and are detectable in the urine. When there isn’t enough insulin in the blood, the body cannot use sugar for energy, so it breaks down fat instead. The presence of ketone bodies is normally a sign of untreated or poorly controlled diabetes. Oddly enough, although ketones can be secreted in the urine, the primary way the body gets rid of them is through the lungs, giving sufferers fruity-smelling breath.
-tropin
suffixes for secretions, chemicals, and blood work
Def: stimulating hormone
Ex: thyrotropin, gonadotropin
Notes: If a term has the suffix -tropin. it refers to a hormone that has a stimulating effect on a target organ. The suffix comes from a Greek word meaning “to turn”– perhaps because it turns the target organ on and tells it to start working.
-Tropin has the same root as the word trophy. In ancient Greece, a trophy was a monument built on a battlefield to mark the spot where the battle turned in the victor’s favor
-emia
suffixes for secretions, chemicals, and blood work
Def: blood condition
Ex: glycemia, calcemia
Notes: Because the endocrine system deals with internal secretions, blood analysis (which is, of course, analysis of a secretion of the body) is usually the best way to detect problems
-uria
suffixes for secretions, chemicals, and blood work
Def: urine condition
Ex: polyuria
Notes: Substances in the urine can be useful clues in diagnosing endocrine problems.
adenalgia
adrenal
subjective
Def: pain in a gland
Pron: AD-eh-NAL-jah
Word Analysis
aden/ algia
gland/ pain
adrenal virilism
adrenal
subjective
Def: development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland
Pron: ad-REE-nal VIR-il-izm
Word Analysis
adrenal viril/ ism
adrenal man/ condition
adrenarche
adrenal
subjective
Def: the beginning of adrenal secretion (at puberty)
Pron: AD-ren-AR-kay
Word Analysis
adren/ arche
adrenal/ beginning
hirsutism
adrenal
subjective
Def: excessive growth of facial and body hair in women
Pron: HIR-soo-tizm
From Latin, for “shaggy”
amenorrhea
gonad
subjective
Def: lack of menstrual flow
Pron: ah-MEN-oh-REE-ah
Word Analysis
a/ meno/ rrhea
no/ menstrual/ flow
gynecomastia
gonad
subjective
Def: development of breast tissue in males
Pron: GAI-neh-koh-MAS-tee-ah
Word Analysis
gyneco/ mast/ ia
woman/ breast/ condition
hypergonadism *
gonad
subjective
Def: a condition in which there is excessive secretion of the sex glands
Pron: HAI-per-GOH-nad-izm
Word Analysis
hyper/ gonad/ ism
over/ gonad/ condition
hypogonadism
gonad
subjective
Def: a condition in which there is undersecretion of the sex glands
Pron: HAI-poh-GOH-nad-izm
Word Analysis
hypo/ gonad/ ism
under/ gonad/ condition
menarche
gonad
subjective
Def: the beginning of first menstruation
Pron: MEN-ar-kee
Word Analysis
men/ arche
menstrual/ beginning
thelarche
gonad
subjective
Def: the beginning of breast development
Pron: thee-LAR-kay
Word Analysis
thel/ arche
breast/ beginning
hypoglycemic
pancreas
subjective
Def: pertaining to low blood sugar
Pron: HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mik
Word Analysis
hypo/ glyc/ em/ ic
under/ sugar/ blood/ pertaining to
pancreatalgia
pancreas
subjective
Def: pain in the pancreas
Pron: PAN-kree-ah-TAL-jah
Word Analysis
pancreat/ algia
pancreas/ pain
polydipsia
pancreas
subjective
Def: excessive thirst
Pron: PAW-lee-DIP-see-ah
Word Analysis
poly/ dips/ ia
excessive/ thirst/ condition
Note: You might expect hyperdipsia, but the term uses poly instead. The reason is because this word is not first a medical word but the ancient Greek term for “excessively thirsty.” In Greek, poly can mean “excessive” as well as “many.”
polyphagia
pancreas
subjective
Def: excessive eating
Pron: PAW-lee-FAY-jah
Word Analysis
poly/ phag/ ia
excessive/ eat/ condition
polyuria
pancreas
subjective
Def: excessive urination
Pron: PAW-lee-YOO-ree-ah
Word Analysis
poly/ uria
excessive/ urine condition
acromegaly
pituitary
subjective
Def: abnormal enlargement of the extremities
Pron: AK-roh-MEH-gah-lee
Word Analysis
acro/ megaly
extremities/ abnormal englargement
Note: The term acro mean “top” or “high,” as in acrophobia, the fear of heights, or it can mean “the end” or “extremity,” as it does here.
galactorrhea
pituitary
subjective
Def: discharge of milk
Pron: gah-LAK-toh-REE-ah
Word Analysis
galacto/rrhea
milk/ discharge
Note: The word galaxy comes from this root. Our galaxy is called the Milky Way because early stargazers thought it looked like someone sprayed milk in the sky.
pituitary dwarfism
pituitary
subjective
Def: abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
Pron: pih-TOO-ih-TER-ee DWAR-fizm
Word Analysis
pituitary dwarfism
pituitary gigantism
pituitary
subjective
Def: abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland
Pron: pih-TOO-ih-TER-ee jai-GAN-tizm
Word Analysis
pituitary gigantism
exophthalmos
thyroid
subjective
Def: protrusion of the eyes out of the eye socket
Pron: EKS-of-THAL-mohs
Word Analysis
ex/ ophthalmos
out/ eye
goiter
thyroid
subjective
Def: swollen thyroid gland
Pron: GOY-ter
Word Analysis
from Latin, for “gutter” (meaning “throat”)
Note: The most common caused of goiter is iodine deficiency. The easy solution to this, and to other health problems caused by low iodine, is to add iodine to salt.
thyrocele
thyroid
subjective
Def: another name for goiter
Pron: THAI-roh-seel
Word Analysis
thyro/ cele
thyroid/ tumor
thyromegaly
thyroid
subjective
Def: enlargement of the thyroid
Pron: THAI-roh-MEH-gah-lee
Word Analysis
thyro/ megaly
thyroid/ enlargement
thyroptosis
thyroid
subjective
Def: downward displacement (drooping) of the thyroid
Pron: THAI-rop-TOH-sis
Word Analysis
thyro/ ptosis
thyroid/ drooping condition
acidemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: abnormal acidity of the blood
Pron: A-sih-DEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
acid/ emia
acid/ blood condition
alkalemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: abnormal alkalinity (opposite of acidity) of the blood
Pron: AL-kah-LEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
alkal/ emia
alkali/ blood condition
calciuria
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: calcium in the urine
Pron: CAL-sih-YOO-ree-ah
Word Analysis
calci/ uria
calcium/ urine condition
chloremia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: increased chloride in the blood
Pron: klor-EE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
chlor/ emia
chloride/ blood condition
euglycemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: good blood sugar
Pron: YOO-glai-SEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
eu/ glyc/ emia
good/ sugar/ blood condition
glucosuria
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: sugar in the urine
Pron: GLOO-koh-SOO-ree-ah
Word Analysis
glucos/ uria
sugar/ urine condition
hypercalcemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: excessive calcium in the blood
Pron: HAI-per-kal-SEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
hyper/ calc/ emia
over/ calcium/ blood condition
hypercholesterolemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: excessive cholesterol in the blood
Pron: HAI-per-koh-LES-ter-aw-LEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
hyper/ cholesterol/ emia
excessive/ cholesterol/ blood condition
Note: The term cholesterol breaks down as chole (bile) + stero (solid) + ol (substance) and means “a solid bile substance.” It gets the name because it was first discovered in gallstones.
hyperglycemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: high blood sugar
Pron: HAI-per-glai-SEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
hyper/ glyc/ emia
excessive/ sugar/ blood condition
hyperkalemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: excessive potassium in the blood
Pron: HAI-per-kah-LEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
hyper/ kal/ emia
over/ potassium/ blood condition
Note: The kal root comes from Latin word kalium, which means “potash.” The name comes from the fact that potassium is obtained by soaking ashes in water and then evaporating the liquid. This explains why the periodic table’s abbreviation for potassium is K. The name potassium is a Latinization of the words “pot ash.” Potassium really does mean “pot-ash-ium.”
hyperlipidemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: excessive fat in the blood
Pron: HAI-per-lih-pih-DEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
hyper/ lipid/ emia
excessive/ fat/ blood condition
hypernatremia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: excessive sodium in the blood
Pron: HAI-per-nah-TREE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
hyper/ natr/ emia
excessive/ sodium/ blood condition
hyperphosphatemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: excessive phosphate in the blood
Pron: HAI-per-FAWS-fay-TEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
hyper/ phosphat/ emia
excessive/ phosphate/ blood condition
hypoglycemia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: low blood sugar
Pron: HAI-poh-glai-SEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
hypo/ glyc/ emia
under/ sugar/ blood condition
ketonuria
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: ketone bodies in the urine
Pron: KEE-toh-NYOO-ree-ah
Word Analysis
keton/ uria
ketone/ urine condition
polyuria
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: excessive urination
Pron: PAW-lee-YOO-ree-ah
Word Analysis
poly/ uria
excessive/ urine condition
uremia
blood and urine conditions
objective
Def: the presence of urinary waste in the blood
Pron: yoo-REE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
ur/ emia
urine/ blood condition
adrenaline
hormones
objective
Def: hormone secreted by the adrenal gland
Pron: ad-REN-ah-lin
Word Analysis
ad/ renal/ ine
on/ kidney/ chemical
epinephrine
hormones
objective
Def: a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland
Pron: EH-pee-NEF-rin
Word Analysis
epi/ nephr/ ine
upon/ kidney/ chemical
Note: Both adrenaline and epinephrine mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably. Adrenaline comes from Latin and epinephrine from Greek. In America, health care professionals prefer epinephrine.
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
hormones
objective
Def: hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland
Pron: ah-DREH-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik HOR-mohn
Word Analysis
adreno/ cortico/ trop/ ic
adrenal/ cortex/ stimulating/ pertaining to
corticotropin
hormones
objective
Def: shorter name for adrenocorticotropic hormone
Pron: KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pin
Word Analysis
cortico/ tropin
cortex/ stimulating
glucagon
hormones
objective
Def: a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the liver to increase blood sugar levels
Pron: GLOO-kah-gawn
Word Analysis
gluc/ agon
sugar/ lead
glucocorticoid
hormones
objective
Def: a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with a role in carbohydrate metabolism
Pron: GLOO-koh-KOR-tih-koyd
Word Analysis
gluco/ cortic/ oid
sugar/ cortex/ resembling
gonadotropin
hormones
objective
Def: a hormone that stimulates the gonads
Pron:goh-NAD-oh-TROH-pin
Word Analysis
gonado/ tropin
gonad/ stimulating
insulin
hormones
objective
Def: a hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls the metabolism and uptake of sugar and fats
Pron: IN-suh-lin
Word Analysis
insul/ in
island/ chemical
Note: The root used to name this hormone comes from the fact that insulin is secreted by a cluster or island of cells in the pancreas called the islet of Langerhans.
thyrotropin
hormones
objective
Def: a hormone that stimulates the thyroid
Pron: THAI-roh-TROH-pin
Word Analysis
thryo/ tropin
thyroid/ stimulating
adenomegaly
results
objective
Def: abnormal enlargement of a gland
Pron: ah-DEN-oh-MEH-gah-lee
Word Analysis
adeno/ megaly
gland/ enlargement
adrenomegaly
results
objective
Def: abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland
Pron: ad-REN-oh-MEH-gah-lee
Word Analysis
adreno/ megaly
adrenal/ enlargement
euthyroid
results
objective
Def: normal functioning thyroid
Pron: YOO-thai-royd
Word Analysis
eu/ thyroid
good/ thyroid
gluconeogenesis
results
objective
Def: formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
Pron: GLOO-koh-nEE-oh-JIN-eh-sis
Word Analysis
gluco/ neo/ genesis
sugar/ new/ formation
glycolysis
results
objective
Def: breakdown of sugar
Pron: glai-KAW-lih-sis
Word Analysis
glyco/ lysis
sugar/ loosen
Note: This is done in cells in order to release energy.
glycopenia
results
objective
Def: deficiency of sugar
Pron: GLAI-koh-PEE-nee-ah
Word Analysis
glyco/ penia
sugar/ deficiency
gonadogenesis
results
objective
Def: creation/ development of gonads
Pron: goh-NAD-oh-JIN-eh-sis
Word Analysis
gonado/ genesis
gonad/ formation
metabolism
results
objective
Def: breakdown of matter into energy
Pron: meh-TAB-oh-LIZM
Word Analysis
meta/ bol/ ism
over/ throw/ condition
Note: The root bol is the source of the English word ball.
endocrine
professional terms, diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: to secrete internally (i.e., into the bloodstream)
Pron: EN-doh-krin
Word Analysis
endo/ crine
inside/ secretion
endocrinologist
professional terms, diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: specialist in internal secretion
Pron: EN-doh-krih-NAW-loh-jist
Word Analysis
endo/ crino/ logist
inside/ secretion/ specialist
exocrine
professional terms, diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: to secrete externally (through ducts to the surface of an organ, i.e., sweat glands and salivary glands)
Pron: EKS-oh-krin
Word Analysis
exo/ crine
outside/ secretion
glycemic index
professional terms, diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood
Pron: glai-SEE-mik In-deks
Word Analysis
glyc/ em/ ic
sugar/ blood/ pertaining to
ketogenesis
professional terms, diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: creation of ketone bodies
Pron: KEE-toh-JIN-eh-sis
Word Analysis
keto/ genesis
ketone/ creation
thyroid function tests
professional terms, diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid
Pron: THAI-roid FUNK-shun TESTS
Word Analysis
thyroid function tests
cholangiopancreatography
radiology
objective
Def: procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas
Pron: KOHL-AN-jee-oh-PAN-kree-ah-TAW-grah-fee
Word Analysis
chol/ angio/ pancreato/ graphy
bile/ vessel/ pancreas/ writing procedure
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
radiology
objective
Def: procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract into the bile duct
Pron: EN-doh-SKAW-pik REH-troh-GRAYD KOHL-AN-jee-oh-PAN-kree-ah-TAW-grah-fee
Word Analysis
endo/ scop/ ic retro/ grade
inside/ looking/ pertaining to backward/ step
chol/ angio/ pancreato/ graphy
bile/ vessel/ pancreas/ writing procedure
adenitis
general terms
Assessments
Def: inflammation of a gland
Pron: AD-en-AI-tis
Word Analysis
aden/ itis
gland/ inflammation
adenopathy
general terms
Assessments
Def: gland disease
Pron: AD-eh-NOP-ah-thee
Word Analysis
adeno/ pathy
gland/ disease
adenosis
general terms
Assessments
Def: gland condition
Pron: AD-en-OH-sis
Word Analysis
aden/ osis
gland/ condition
dysmetabolic syndrome
general terms
Assessments
Def: combination of medical disorders associated with faulty metabolism
Pron: DIS-meh-tah-BAW-lik SIN-drohm
Word Analysis
dys/ metabolic syn/ drome
bad/ metabolism together/ running
ketosis
general terms
Assessments
Def: a condition characterized by elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood
Pron: kee-TOH-sis
Word Analysis
ket/ osis
ketone body/ condition
polyadenopathy
general terms
Assessments
Def: disease involving many glands
Pron: PAW-lee-AD-eh-NOP-ah-thee
Word Analysis
poly/ adeno/ pathy
many/ gland/ disease
adrenal insufficiency
adrenal
Assessments
Def: a condition in which the adrenal glands underproduce necessary hormones
Pron: ad-REE-nal IN-suh-FIH-shun-see
Word Analysis
adrenal in/ sufficiency
adrenal not/ adequate
adrenalitis
adrenal
Assessments
Def: inflammation of the adrenal gland
Pron: ad-REE-nah-LAI-tis
Word Analysis
adrenal/ itis
adrenal/ inflammation
adrenocortical insufficiency
adrenal
Assessments
Def: a condition in which the adrenal cortex underproduces necessary hormones
Pron: ad-REE-noh-KOR-tih-kal IN-suh-FIH-shun-see
Word Analysis
adreno/ cortic/ al in/ sufficiency
adrenal/ cortex/ pertaining to not/ adequate
adrenocorticohyperplasia
adrenal
Assessments
Def: overdevelopment of the cortex of the adrenal gland
Pron: ad-REE-noh-KOR-tih-koh-HAI-per-PLAY-zhah
Word Analysis
adreno/ cortico/ hyper/ plasia
adrenal/ cortex/ over/ formation
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
adrenal
Assessments
Def: genetic disease in which the adrenal gland is overdeveloped, resulting in a deficiency of certain hormones and an overproduction of others.
Pron: con/ genit/ al adrenal
Word Analysis
with/ birth/ pertaining to adrenal
hyper/ plasia
over/ formation
diabetes mellitus
pancreas
Assessments
Def: metabolic disease characterized by excessive urination and hyperglycemia
Pron: DAI-ah-BEE-teez MEH-lih-tis
Word Analysis
diabetes mellitus
pass through honey
Note: Diabetes is an ancient Greek word that refers to any condition that causes excessive urination. Metllitus (which means “honey”) was added to describe a specific kind of diabetes characterized by excessive sugar in the urine.
diabetic ketoacidosis
pancreas
Assessments
Def: acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat for energy
Pron: DAI-ah-BEH-tik KEE-toh-ASS-ih-DOH-sis
Word Analysis
diabet/ ic keto/ acid/ osis
diabetes/ pertaining to ketone/ acid/ condition
pancreatic pseudocyst
pancreas
Assessments
Def: abnormally expanded area in the pancreas resembling a cyst
Pron: PAN-kree-at-ik SOO-doh-sist
Word Analysis
pancreat/ ic pseudo/ cyst
pancreas/ pertaining to false/ cyst
pancreatitis
pancreas
Assessments
Def: inflammation of the pancreas
Pron: PAN-kree-ah-TAI-tis
Word Analysis
pancreat/ itis
pancreas/ inflammation
pancreatolith
pancreas
Assessments
Def: stone in the pancreas
Pron: PAN-kree-AT-oh-lith
Word Analysis
pancreato/ lith
pancreas/ stone
pancreatolithiasis
pancreas
Assessments
Def: the presence of a stone in the pancreas
Pron: PAN-kree-at-oh-lih-THAI-ah-sis
Word Analysis
pancreato/ lith/ iasis
pancreas/ stone/ presence
hyperpituitarism
pituitary
Assessments
Def: overfunctioning of the pituitary gland
Pron: HAI-per-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
Word Analysis
hyper/ pituitar/ ism
over/ pituitary/ condition
hypophysitis
pituitary
Assessments
Def: inflammation of the pituitary gland
Pron: hai-PAWF-ih-SAI-tis
Word Analysis
hypophys/ itis
pituitary/ inflammation
hypopituitarism
pituitary
Assessments
Def: condition caused by the undersecretion of the pituitary gland
Pron: HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
Word Analysis
hypo/ pituitar/ ism
under/ pituitary/ condition
panhypopituitarism
pituitary
Assessments
Def: a defective or absent function of the entire pituitary gland
Pron: PAN-HAI-poh-pih-TOO-ih-tar-IZM
Word Analysis
pan/ hypo/ pituitar/ ism
all/ under/ pituitary/ condition
pituitary infarction
pituitary
Assessments
Def: death of the pituitary gland
Pron: pih-TOO-ih-TEH-ree in-FARK-shun
Word Analysis
pituitary in/ farc/ tion
pituitary in/ stuff/ condtion
Note: The term infarction normally refers to a blocked blood vessel, but it can also refer to the death of tissue resulting from the blockage. In fact, it can refer to the death of any tissue- as is the case here- whether or not a blockage is involved.
hyperparathyroidism
thyroid
Assessments
Def: overproduction by the parathyroid glands
Pron: HAI-per-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-IZM
Word Analysis
hyper/ para/ thyroid/ ism
over/ beside/ thyroid/ condition
hyperthyroidism
thyroid
Assessments
Def: overproduction by the thyroid
Pron: HAI-per-THAI-roid-IZM
Word Analysis
hyper/ thyroid/ ism
over/ thyroid/ condition
hypoparathyroidism
thyroid
Assessments
Def: under production by the parathyroid
Pron: HAI-poh-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-IZM
Word Analysis
hypo/ para/ thyroid/ ism
under/ beside/ thyroid/ condition
hypothyroidism
thyroid
Assessments
Def: underproduction by the thyroid
Pron: HAI-poh-THAI-roid-IZM
Word Analysis
hypo/ thyroid/ ism
under/ thyroid/ condition
thyroiditis
thyroid
Assessments
Def: inflammation of the thyroid
Pron: THAI-roid-AI-tis
Word Analysis
thyroid/ itis
thyroid/ inflammation
thyrotoxicosis
thyroid
Assessments
Def: a condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone (an extreme version of this is known as “thyroid storm”)
Pron: THAI-roh-TOKS-ih-KOH-sis
Word Analysis
thyro/ toxic/ osis
thyroid/ poison/ condition
adenocarcinoma
oncology
Assessments
Def: cancerous tumor of a gland
Pron: ad-EN-oh-KAR-sih-NOH-mah
Word Analysis
adeno/ carcin/ oma
gland/ cancer/ tumor
adenoma
oncology
Assessments
Def: glandular tumor
Pron: AD-eh-NOH-mah
Word Analysis
aden/ oma
gland/ tumor
adrenal adenoma
oncology
Assessments
Def: tumor of the adrenal gland
Pron: ad-REE-nal AD-eh-NOH-mah
Word Analysis
adrenal aden/ oma
adrenal gland/ tumor
adrenocortical carcinoma
oncology
Assessments
Def: cancerous tumor originating in the cortex of the adrenal gland
Pron: ad-REE-noh-KOR-tih-kal KAR-sih-NOH-mah
Word Analysis
adreno/ cortic/ al carcin/ oma
adrenal/ cortex/ pertaining to cancer/ tumor
insulinoma
oncology
Assessments
Def: tumor that secretes insulin (found in the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas)
Pron: IN-suh-lih-NOH-mah
Word Analysis
insulin/ oma
insulin/ tumor
parathyroidoma
oncology
Assessments
Def: tumor of the parathyroid
Pron: PAR-ah-THAI-roid-OH-mah
Word Analysis
para/ thyroid/ oma
beside/ thyroid/ tumor
pituitary adenoma
oncology
Assessments
Def: tumor on the pituitary gland
Pron: pih-TOO-ih-TEH-ree AD-en-NOH-mah
Word Analysis
pituitary aden/ oma
pituitary gland/ tumor
thymoma
oncology
Assessments
Def: tumor of the thymus
Pron: thai-MOH-mah
Word Analysis
thym/ oma
thymus/ tumor
adenectomy
general terms
Plans
Def: removal of a gland
Pron: AD-eh-NEK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
aden/ ectomy
gland/ removal
ketogenic diet
general terms
Plans
Def: diet that aids in the production of ketones in the body
Pron: KEE-toh-JIN-ik DAI-et
Word Analysis
keto/ genic diet
ketone body/ creating
thymectomy
general terms
Plans
Def: removal of the thymus
Pron: thai-MEK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
thym/ ectomy
thymus/ removal
adrenalectomy
adrenal
Plans
Def: removal of the adrenal gland
Pron: ad-REE-nal-EK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
adrenal/ ectomy
adrenal/ removal
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
adrenal
Plans
Def: removal of an adrenal gland by means of a laparascope (instrument inserted into the abdomen for viewing)
Pron: LAP-ah-roh-SKAW-pik ad-REE-nal-EK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
laparo/ scop/ ic adrenal/ ectomy
abdomen/ looking/ pertaining to
adrenal/ removal
pancreatectomy
pancreas
Plans
Def: removal of the pancreas
Pron: PAN-kree-ah-TEK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
pancreat/ ectomy
pancreas/ removal
pancreatolithectomy
pancreas
Plans
Def: removal of a stone in the pancreas
Pron: PAN-kree-ah-toh-lih-THEK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
pancreato/ lith/ ectomy
pancreas/ stone/ removal
hypophysectomy
pituitary
Plans
Def: removal of the pituitary gland
Pron: hai-POF-is-EK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
hypophys/ ectomy
pituitary/ removal
parathyroidectomy
thyroid
Plans
Def: removal of the parathyroid
Pron: PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
para/ thyroid/ ectomy
beside/ thyroid/ removal
thyroidectomy
thyroid
Plans
Def: removal of the thyroid
Pron: THAI-roid-EK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
thyroid/ ectomy
thyroid/ removal
thyroidotomy
thyroid
Plans
Def: incision into the thyroid
Pron: THAI-roid-AW-toh-mee
Word Analysis
thyroido/ tomy
thyroid/ incision
thyroparathyroidectomy
thyroid
Plans
Def: removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Pron: THAI-roh-PAR-ah-THAI-roid-EK-toh-me
Word Analysis
thyro/ para/ thyroid/ ectomy
thyroid/ beside/ thyroid/ removal
ACTH
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: adrenocorticotropic hormone
BS
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: blood sugar
CGM
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: continuous glucose monitor
DI
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: diabetes insipidus
DM
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: diabetes mellitus
ERCP
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
FBS
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: fasting blood sugar
GDM
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: gestational diabetes mellitus
GH
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: growth hormone
GTT
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: glucose tolerance test
HgA1C
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: hemoglobin A1C test (used by diabetes patients to monitor blood sugar levels)
HRT
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: hormone replacement therapy
TFT
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: thyroid function test
TSH
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin)
T3
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)
T4
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: thyroxine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)
IDDM
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NIDDM
endocrine system abbreviations
Def: non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
