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Medical Terminolgy > Chapter-5 The Nervous System (Neurology and Psychiatry) > Flashcards

Chapter-5 The Nervous System (Neurology and Psychiatry) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is one of the unique abilities as humans?

A

The ability to think. Aristotle says that we are “rational animals. “ Rene Descartes remarked, “ I think, therefore I am”

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2
Q

The nervous system is made up of what 2 parts?

A
  1. The central nervous system

2. The peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Describe the functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The peripheral nervous system collects data. It receives information such as temperature, pain, light, and pressure from its surroundings.

As quickly as it receives input, it transmits it to an analytic center via special conduits known as nerves.

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4
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

The unified collection of cells in the brain and spine are collectively known as the central nervous system.

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5
Q

Describe the functions of the central nervous system.

A

The central nervous system processes the details and formulates a response. Commands are directed back to the appropriate body parts via nerves.

This constant progression of receiving, reasoning, and reacting repeats itself continuously as we go about our daily lives.m

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6
Q

The nervous system handles what 2 actions of the body?

A

The nervous system handles both

  1. voluntary and
  2. involuntary action of the body.
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7
Q

What division of the nervous system handles voluntary command of the body’s actions?

A

The somatic nervous system.

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8
Q

What are involuntary actions of the body?

A

Things that our body does without our conscious choice or awareness.

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9
Q

What is the background control in which the body handles involuntary actions?

A

It is called the autonomic nervous system and it encompasses everything from the beating of our heart, to sweating, to digesting food.

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10
Q

What function does the skull serve for the brain?

A

The skull serve as a dense external layer to protect the brain from common inlury.

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11
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid provide?

A

The cerebrospinal fluid is also produced by the body. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber cushioning them from injury.

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12
Q

The brain consumes what percentage of the body’s oxygen?

A

The brain consumes 20 to 25 percent of the body’s oxygen.

This huge need for oxygen necessitates a rich blood supply. Nearly 20 percent of the blood pumped from the heart is sent to the brain. This demand is met through an extensive network of blood vessels.

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13
Q

How is the brain more than the neurological controller of the human body’s physical processes?

A

The brain don’t just move and react. We behave. We are more than just digestion, heartbeats, and breathing. We have emotions, opinions, and beliefs. We have more than brains. we have minds we call psyche (Greek for “mind”).

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14
Q

These more complex functions of emotions, opinions, beliefs, and psyche (mind) fit under the umbrella of what medical science discipline?

A

They fall under the umbrella of psychiatry and psychology, both of whose roots come from the Greek word psyche, which means “mind” or “soul.” These fields deal with problems in our perceptions, emotions, and behavior.

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15
Q

What is the function of the sensory system?

A

The sensory system- specifically the eyes, ears, nose, and skin- collects data from your surroundings and sends the information to your brain (encephalo) by wires known as nerves (neuro).

The brain make sense of the data and determines the appropriate action. Then it sends out the action plan to the rest of the body via a web of nerves.

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16
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

the nerves that send and receive signals from the brain are collectively known as the peripheral nervous system.

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17
Q

What is the largest portion of the brain called?

A

The cerebrum

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18
Q

Where is the cerebellum located and what does it do?

A

The cerebellum is under the cerebrum, it controls things like coordination of movements.

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19
Q

Is the central nervous system fragile?

A

It is fragile and needs a protective membrane (meninges). The tough outer layer is known as the dura.

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20
Q

cerebr/o

roots

A

Def: brain

Ex. cerebropathy, cerebrospinal

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21
Q

encephal/o

roots

A

Def: brain

Ex. cerebropathy, cerebrospinal

Notes: The encephalo root comes from en (inside) and cephalus (head) and literally means “stuff inside your head.”

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22
Q

cerebell/o

roots

A

Def: cerebellum

Ex. cerebellar, cerebellitis

Notes: This word is just the word cerebrum (brain) plus a diminutive suffix. It means the “little brain.” It refers to the region of the brain that controls voluntary movements and looks somewhat like a little version of the whole brain.

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23
Q

lob/o

roots

A

Def: lobe

Ex. lobotomy, lobectomy

Notes:

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24
Q

cephal/o

roots

A

Def: head

Ex. microcephaly, macrocephaly

Notes: the scientific term for octopus, squid, and other sea creatures that are made up of a head and tentacles is cephalopod -literally head (cephalo) + feet (pod).

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25
Q

crani/o

roots

A

Def: head, skull

Ex: craniometer, craniomalacia

Notes: the term migraine comes from the word hemicranias, meaning “half the head.” It reflects the fact most migraines are localized on the half the patient’s head.

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26
Q

mening/o

roots

A

Def: meninges (membrane surrouding the brain and spinal cord)

Ex: meningopathy

Skull-> meninges ( Dura mater -> arachnoid mater (web-like) -> pia mater) -> brain ( grey matter -> white matter).

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27
Q

meningi/o

roots

A

Def: meninges (membrane surrouding the brain and spinal cord)

Ex: meningitis

Skull-> meninges ( Dura mater -> arachnoid mater (web-like) -> pia mater) -> brain ( grey matter -> white matter).

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28
Q

dur/o

roots

A

Def: dura (tough membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)

Ex: epidural, subdural hematoma

Notes: This root literally means “hard.” The full name of the mebrane it refers to is dura mater cerebri, which translates to “the tough mother of the brain.” Words like endurance and durable come form the same word.

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29
Q

neur/o

roots

A

Def: nerve

Ex neuralgia, neruopathy

Notes: Neuron comes from a Greek word meaning “tendon” or “string.” In ancient times, when people first began examining brains, they thought neurons looked like string.

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30
Q

gangli/o *

roots

A

Def: nerve bundle

Ex: ganglion, gangliitis

Notes: According to Galen, a doctor in ancient Rome, the term ganglion means “knot” and could refer to anything gathered up into a ball, which is what Galen thought then nerve tissue coming out of the brain looked like.

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31
Q

myel/o *

roots

A

Def: spinal cord, bone marrow

Ex: myelitis, myelodysplasia

Notes: this root comes from a Greek word meaning “the innermost part” and is used in medicine to refer to two different things- bone marrow and the spinal cord. But if you think about it, it makes sense, as both are in the innermost part of something else. Bone marrow is in the center of bones, The spinal cord is in the center of the spine.

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32
Q

What does neurology vs psyche focuses on?

A

Neurology focuses on actions. The more complex functions often fit under the umbrella of what we call psyche (from Greek, for “mind”). We don’t just move and react. We behave. This is the realm of psychiatry and psychology. These fields of study deal with problems in human perceptions, emotions, and behavior.

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33
Q

esthesi/o

roots

A

Def: feeling, sensation

Ex: anesthesia, hyperesthesia

Notes: Esthetics (also sometimes spelled aesthetics).

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34
Q

phas/o

roots

A

Def: speech

Ex: aphasia

Notes: If a firend is talking too fast, perhaps he or she is stricken with the disease tachyphasia.

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35
Q

phren/o *

roots

A

Def: mind

Ex: phrenetic

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36
Q

psych/o *

roots

A

Def: mind

Ex: psychology

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37
Q

somn/o

roots

A

Def: sleep

Ex: somnography

Notes: Someone who walks while sleeping is experiencing somnambulation, which comes from the words somno (sleep) + ambulo (walk).

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38
Q

somn/i

roots

A

Def: sleep

Ex: insomnia

Notes: Someone who walks while sleeping is experiencing somnambulation, which comes from the words somno (sleep) + ambulo (walk).

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39
Q

hypn/o

roots

A

Def: sleep

Ex: hypnosis

Notes: Someone who walks while sleeping is experiencing somnambulation, which comes from the words somno (sleep) + ambulo (walk).

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40
Q

gnosi/o *

roots

A

Def: know

Ex: agnosia, diagnosis, prognosis

Notes: Frequently, people who have had a limb amputated report feeling or sensing the missing limb. Such an experience is called autosomatognosis, from auto (self) + somato (body) + gnosis (know).

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41
Q

-mania

suffix

A

Def: excessive desire

Ex: pyromania, kelptomania

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42
Q

-phobia

suffix

A

Def: excessive fear or sensitivity

Ex: photophobia, hydrophobia

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43
Q

-paresis

suffix

A

Def: slight or partial paralysis

Ex: hemiparesis

Notes: Paresis comes from Greek, for “to let go” or “to slacken”; it is used in health care to refer not to complete loss of sensation or control but instead to a partial or isolated form of paralysis.

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44
Q

ton/o

roots

A

Def: muscle tone, tension, pressure

Ex: dystonia, tonograph

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45
Q

tax/o

roots

A

Def: arrangement, order, coordination

Ex: ataxia, hypotaxia

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46
Q

-plegia

suffix

A

Def: paralysis

Ex: quadriplegia

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47
Q

-asthenia

suffix

A

Def: weakness

Ex: myasthenia, phonasthenia

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48
Q

aphasia

impairments

A

Def: inability to speak

Pron: ah-FAY-zhah

Word Analysis

a/ phas/ ia

not/ speaking/ condition

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49
Q

ataxia

impairments

A

Def: lack of coordination

Pron: ah-TAK-see-ah

Word Analysis

a/ taxia

no/ coordination/ condition

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50
Q

catatonia *

impairments

A

Def: condition characterized by reduced muscle tone

Pron: KAT-ah-TOH-nee-ah

Word Analysis

cata/ ton/ ia

down/ muscle tone/ condition

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51
Q

delirium

impairments

A

Def: brief loss of mental function

Pron: deh-LEER-ee-um

From Latin, for “to plow outside the furrow”; perhaps translates to “go off the tracks”

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52
Q

dementia

impairments

A

Def: loss/ decline in mental function

Pron: da-MEN-chah

Word Analysis

de/ ment/ ia

down/ mind/ condition

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53
Q

dyskinesia *

impairments

A

Def: difficulty moving

Pron: dis-kih-NEE-zhah

Word Analysis

dys/ kinesia

bad/ movement

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54
Q

dyslexia

impairments

A

Def: difficulty reading

Pron: dis-LEK-see-ah

Word Analysis

dys/ lex/ ia

bad/ reading/ condition

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55
Q

dysphasia

impairments

A

Def: difficulty speaking

Pron: dis-FAY-zhah

Word Analysis

dys/ phas/ ia

bad/ speaking/ condition

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56
Q

dystonia *

impairments

A

Def: condition characterized by involuntary muscle movements

Pron: dis-TOH-nee-ah

Word Analysis

dys/ ton/ ia

bad/ muscle tone/ condition

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57
Q

insomnia

impairments

A

Def: inability to sleep

Pron: in-SOM-nee-ah

Word Analysis

in/ somn/ ia

not/ sleeping/ condition

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58
Q

myoclonus *

impairments

A

Def: muscle twitching

Pron: mai-AWK-loh-nus

Word Analysis

myo/ clonus

muscle/ turmoil

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59
Q

myospasm

impairments

A

Def: involuntary muscle contraction

Pron: MAI-oh-spazm

Word Analysis

myo/ spasm

muscle/ involuntary contraction

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60
Q

neurasthenia

impairments

A

Def: nerve weakness

Pron: NUR-as-THEN-ee-ah

Word Analysis

neur/ asthenia

nerve/ weakness

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61
Q

somnambulism

impairments

A

Def: sleep walking

Pron: sawm-NAM-byoo-liz-um

Word Analysis

somn/ ambul/ ism

sleep/ walk/ condition

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62
Q

syncope

impairments

A

Def: fainting; losing consciousness due to temporary loss of blood flow to brain

Pron: SIN-koh-pee

From Greek, for “contraction” or “cut off”

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63
Q

cephalalgia

pain

A

Def: head pain

Pron: SEH-ful-AL-jah

Word Analysis

cephal/ algia

head/ pain

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64
Q

cephalodynia

pain

A

Def: head pain

Pron: SEH-fah-loh-DAI-nee-ah

Word Analysis

cephalo/ dynia

head/ pain

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65
Q

encephalalgia

pain

A

Def: brain pain

Pron: in-SE-ful-AL-jah

Word Analysis

encephal/ algia

brain/ pain

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66
Q

neuralgia

pain

A

Def: nerve pain

Pron: nur-AL-jah

Word Analysis

neur/ algia

nerve/ pain

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67
Q

neurodynia

pain

A

Def: nerve pain

Pron: NUR-oh-DAI-nee-ah

Word Analysis

neuro/ dynia

nerve/ pain

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68
Q

hemiparesis

paralysis

A

Def: partial paralysis on half the body

Pron: HEH-mee-puh-REE-sis

Word Analysis

hemi/ paresis

half/ paratial paralysis

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69
Q

hemiplegia

paralysis

A

Def: paralysis on half the body

Pron: HEH-mee-PLEE-jah

Word Analysis

hemi/ plegia

half/ paralysis

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70
Q

monoparesis

paralysis

A

Def: partial paralysis of one limb

Pron: MAW-noh-puh-REE-sis

Word Analysis

mono/ paresis

one/ partial paralysis

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71
Q

monoplegia

paralysis

A

Def: paralysis of one limb

Pron: MAW-noh-PLEE-jah

Word Analysis

mono/ plegia

one/ paralysis

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72
Q

paralysis

paralysis

A

Def: complete loss of sensation and motor function

Pron: puh-RAH-lu-sis

Word Analysis

from Greek, for “to disable”

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73
Q

paresis

paralysis

A

Def: partial paralysis characterized by varying degrees of sensation and motor function

Pron: puh-REE-sis

from Greek, for “ to let go”

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74
Q

causalgia

sensation/ feeling

A

Def: painful sensation of burning

Pron: kaw-ZAL-jah

Word Analysis

caus/ algia

burn/ pain

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75
Q

dysesthesia *

sensation/ feeling

A

Def: bad feeling

Pron: DIS-es-THEE-zhah

Word Analysis

dys/ esthesia

bad/ sensation

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76
Q

hyperesthesia

sensation/ feeling

A

Def: increased sensation

Pron: HAI-per-es-THEE-zhah

Word Analysis

hyper/ esthesia

over/ sensation

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77
Q

paresthesia *

sensation/ feeling

A

Def: abnormal sensation (usually numbness or tingling in the skin)

Pron: PAR-es-THEE-zhah

Word Analysis

par/ esthesia

beside/ sensation

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78
Q

pseudesthesia

sensation/ feeling

A

Def: false sensation

Pron: SOO-des-THEE-zhah

Word Analysis

pseud/ esthesia

false/ sensation

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79
Q

synesthesia *

sensation/ feeling

A

Def: condition where one sensation is experienced as another

Pron: SIN-es-THEE-zhah

Word Analysis

syn/ esthesia

together/ sensation

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80
Q

acrophobia *

phobia/ mania

A

Def: fear of heights

Pron: AK-roh-FOH-bee-ah

Word Analysis

acro/ phobia

heights/ excessive fear

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81
Q

agoraphobia *

phobia/ mania

A

Def: fear of outdoor spaces
Note: agora is Greek for “marketplace”; similar to the Roman forum

Pron: ah-GOR-ah-FOH-bee-ah

Word Analysis

agora/ phobia

marketplace/ excessive fear

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82
Q

hydrophobia

phobia/ mania

A

Def: fear of water

Pron: HAI-druh-FOH-bee-ah

Word Analysis

hydro/ phobia

water/ excessive fear

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83
Q

kleptomania *

phobia/ mania

A

Def: desire to steal

Pron: KLEP-toh-MAY-nee-ah

Word Analysis

klepto/ mania

theft/ excessive desire

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84
Q

photophobia

phobia/ mania

A

Def: excessive sensitivity to light

Note: This is an example of phobia meaning not just “fear of” but also “sensitivity to” something. Someone with photophobia isn’t afraid of light, but rather is extremely sensitive to light.

Pron: FOH-toh-FOH-bee-ah

Word Analysis

photo/ phobia

light/ excessive sensitivity

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85
Q

pyromania

phobia/ mania

A

Def: desire to set fire

Pron: PAI-roh-MAY-nee-ah

Word Analysis

pyro/ mania

fire/ excessive desire

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86
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A reflex is a muscle contraction that bypasses the brain.

When certain tendons are tapped, an impulse flows directly to the spinal cord, which sends a quick command to the nearby muscle to contract.

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87
Q

What does checking sensation involve?

A

Checking sensation involves studying afferent nerve paths, which are the paths that lead from the peripheral to the central nervous system.

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88
Q

What does checking strength and coordination involve?

A

Strength and coordination check efferent pathways, the pathways that lead from the brain to the peripheral nerves.

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89
Q

Is psychiatric evaluation very involved?

A

Psychiatric evaluation is very involved, because it depends on extensive questions and history to help discover the root of the patient’s problem.

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90
Q

echoencephalography

diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: procedures used to examine the brain using sound waves

Pron: EH-koh-in-SEH-fah-LAW-grah-fee

Word Analysis

echo/ encephalo/ graphy

echo/ brain/ writing procedure

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91
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: procedure used to examine the electrical activity of the brain

Pron: eh-LEK-troh-in-SEH-fah-LAW-grah-fee

Word Analysis

electro/ encephalo/ graphy

electricity/ brain/ writing procedure

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92
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

diagnostic procedures

objective

A

Def: inserting a needle into lumbar region of the spine in order to collect spinal fluid, commonly called a spinal tap

Pron: LUM-bar PUNK-chir

Word Analysis

lumb/ ar puncture

lower back/ pertaining to

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93
Q

cerebral angiography *

radiology

objective

A

Def: procedure used to examine blood vessels in the brain

Pron: seh-REE-bral AN-gee-AW-grah-fee

Word Analysis

cerebr/ al angio/graphy

brain/ pertaining to vessel/ writing procedure

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94
Q

magnetic resonance *angiography (MRA)

radiology

objective

A

Def: procedure used to examine blood vessels

Pron: mag-NET-ik REH-zawn-ants AN-gee-AW-grah-fee

Word Analysis

angio/ graphy

vessel/ writing procedure

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95
Q

myelogram *

radiology

objective

A

Def: image of the spinal cord, usually done using x-ray

Pron: MAI-el-oh-gram

Word Analysis

myelo/ gram

spinal cord/ record

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96
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan *

radiology

objective

A

Def: an imaging procedure that uses radiation (positrons) to produce cross sections of the brain

Pron: PAWZ-ih-trawn ee-MISH-un taw-MAW-gra-fee

Word Analysis

e/ mission tomo/ graphy

out/ send cut/ writing procedure

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97
Q

transcranial Doppler sonography *

radiology

objective

A

Def: an imaging technique that produces an image of the brain using sound waves sent through the skull.

Pron: tranz-KRAY-nee-al DAW-plir saw-NAW-gra-fee

Word Analysis

trans/ cranial Doppler sono/ graphy

through/ skull Doppler sound/ writing procedure

98
Q

cerebellitis *

structure

objective

A

Def: inflammation of the cerebellum

Pron: ser-eh-bell-AI-tis

Word Analysis

cerebell/ itis

cerebellum/ inflammation

99
Q

cerebral atrophy *

structure

objective

A

Def: wasting away of brain tissue

Pron: seh-REE-bral A-troh-fee

Word Analysis

cerebr/ al a/ trophy

brain/ pertaining to no/ nourishment

100
Q

duritis

structure

objective

A

Def: inflammation of the dura

Pron: dur-AI-tis

Word Analysis

dur/ itis

dura/ inflammation

101
Q

encephalocele

structure

objective

A

Def: hernia of the brain ( normally through a defect in the skull)

Pron: en-SEF-ah-loh-SEEL

Word Analysis

encephalo/ cele

brain/ hernia

102
Q

hematoma

structure

objective

A

Def: a tumorlike mass made up of blood

Pron: HEE-mah-TOH-mah

Word Analysis

hemat/ oma

blood/ tumor

103
Q

cranial hematoma *

structure

objective

A

Def: a hematoma beneath the skull

Pron: KRAY-nee-al HEE-mah-TOH-mah

Word Analysis

crani/ al hemat/ oma

skull/ pertaining to blood/ tumor

104
Q

epidural hematoma

structure

objective

A

Def: a hematoma located on top of the dura

Pron: EH-pi-DIR-al HEE-mah-TOH-mah

Word Analysis

epi/ dur/ al hemat/ oma

upon/ dura/ pertaining to blood/ tumor

105
Q

intracerebral hematoma

structure

objective

A

Def: a hematoma located inside the brain

Pron: IN-trah-se-REE-bral HEE-mah-TOH-mah

Word Analysis

intra/ cerebr/ al hemat/ oma

inside/ brain/ pertaining to blood/ tumor

106
Q

subdural hematoma

structure

objective

A

Def: a hematoma located beneath the dura

Pron: sub-DIR-al HEE-mah-TOH-mah

Word Analysis

sub/ dur/ al hemat/ oma

beneath/ dura/ pertaining to blood/ tumor

107
Q

macrocephaly

structure

objective

A

Def: abnormally large head

Pron: MA-kroh-SEH-fah-lee

Word Analysis

macro/ cephal/ y

large/ head/ condition

108
Q

microcephaly

structure

objective

A

Def: abnormally small head

Pron: MAI-kroh-SEH-fah-lee

Word Analysis

micro/ cephal/ y

small/ head/ condition

109
Q

meningocele

structure

objective

A

Def: a hernia of the meninges

Pron: meh-NIN-goh-seel

Word Analysis

meningo/ cele

meninges/ hernia

110
Q

myelocele *

structure

objective

A

Def: a hernia of the spinal cord

Pron: MAI-eh-loh-SEEL

Word Analysis

myelo/ cele

spinal cord/ hernia

111
Q

myelomalacia

structure

objective

A

Def: abnormal softening of the spinal cord

Pron: MAI-eh-loh-mah-LAY-shah

Word Analysis

myelo/ malacia

spinal cord/ softening

112
Q

myelomeningocele

structure

objective

A

Def: a hernia of the spinal cord and meninges

Pron: MAI-eh-loh-meh-NIN-goh-seel

Word Analysis

myelo/ meningo/ cele

spinal cord/ meninges/ hernia

113
Q

neuritis

structure

objective

A

Def: nerve inflammation

Pron: nir-AI-tis

Word Analysis

neur/ itis

nerve/ inflammation

114
Q

neuroma

structure

objective

A

Def: a nerve tumor

Pron: nir-OH-mah

Word Analysis

neur/ oma

nerve/ tumor

115
Q

neurosclerosis

structure

objective

A

Def: hardening of nerve

Pron: NIR-oh-skleh-ROH-sis

Word Analysis

neuro/ scler/ osis

nerve/ hardening/ condition

116
Q

polyneuritis

structure

objective

A

Def: inflammation of multiple nerves

Pron: PAW-lee-nir-AI-tis

Word Analysis

poly/ neur/ itis

many/ nerve/ inflammation

117
Q

agnosia *

function

objective

A

Def: inability to comprehend

Pron: AG-noh-zhah

Word Analysis

a/ gnos/ ia

not/ knowledge/ condition

118
Q

apathy *

function

objective

A

Def: lack of emotion

Pron: A-pah-thee

Word Analysis

a/ path/ y

no/ suffering/ condition

119
Q

hyperkinesia

function

objective

A

Def: increase in muscle movement or activity

Pron: HAI-per-kih-NEE-shah

Word Analysis

hyper/ kinesia

over/ movement

120
Q

neurasthenia

function

objective

A

Def: nerve weakness

Pron: NIR-as-THEN-ee-ah

Word Analysis

neur/ asthenia

nerve/ weakness

121
Q

neuroglycopenia *

function

objective

A

Def: deficiency of sugar that interferes with normal brain activity.

Pron: NIR-oh-GLAI-koh-PEE-nee-ah

Word Analysis

neuro/ glyco/ penia

nerve/ sugar/ deficiency

122
Q

nystagmus *

function

objective

A

Def: involuntary back and forth eye movements

Pron: nih-STAG-mus

from Greek, for “to nod”

123
Q

prosopagnosia *

function

objective

A

Def: inability to recognize faces

Pron: PRAW-soh-pag-NOH-zhah

Word Analysis

prosop/ a/ gnos/ ia

face/ no/ knowledge/ condition

124
Q

anesthesiologist

professional terms

objective

A

Def: doctor who specializes in anesthesiology

Pron: A-neh-STHEE-zee-AW-loh-jist

Word Analysis

an/ esthesio/ logist

no/ sensation/ specialist

125
Q

afferent nerve

professional terms

objective

A

Def: a nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system

Note: the prefix af- is actually ad- (toward), like in admit or address. When ad- is added to -ferent, the word adferent changes to afferent – it’s just easier to say.

Pron: A-fir-ent nirv

Word Analysis

af/ ferent nerve

toward/ carry

126
Q

efferent nerve

professional terms

objective

A

Def: a nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system

Pron: EH-fir-ent nirv

Word Analysis

ef/ ferent nerve

away/ carry

127
Q

neurogenic *

professional terms

objective

A

Def: originating from/ created by nerves

Pron: NIR-oh-JIN-ik

Word Analysis

neuro/ gen/ ic

nerve/ creation/ pertaining to

128
Q

psychiatrist

professional terms

objective

A

Def: doctor who specializes in the treatment of the mind

Pron: sai-KAI-ah-trist

Word Analysis

psych/ iastrist

mind/ specialist

129
Q

psychiatry

professional terms

objective

A

Def: branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of the mind

Pron: sai-KAI-ah-tree

Word Analysis

psych/ iatry

mind/ specialty

130
Q

psychogenic

professional terms

objective

A

Def: originating in/created by the mind

Pron: SAI-koh-JIN-ik

Word Analysis

psycho/ gen/ ic

mind/ creation/ pertaining to

131
Q

psychologist

professional terms

objective

A

Def: doctor who specializes in the study fo the mind

Pron: sai-KAW-loh-jist

Word Analysis

psycho/ logist

mind/ specialist

132
Q

psychology

professional terms

objective

A

Def: branch of medicine that focuses on the study of the mind

Note: the cheif differences between a psychologist and a psychiatrist are their training and approach; a psychologist has a PhD and normally uses psychotherapy, and a psychiatrist has an MD or a DO and can prescribe medication.

Pron: sai-KAW-loh-jee

Word Analysis

psycho/ logy

mind/ study

133
Q

psychosomatic *

professional terms

objective

A

Def: pertaining to the relationship between the body and the mind

Pron: SAI-koh-soh-MA-tik

Word Analysis

psycho/ somat/ ic

mind/ body/ pertaining to

134
Q

idiopathic

seizure

objective

A

Def: having no known cause or origin

Pron: IH-dee-oh-PAH-thik

Word Analysis

idio/ path/ ic

private/ disease/ pertaining to

135
Q

interictal

seizure

objective

A

Def: time between seizures

Pron: IN-ter-IK-tal

Word Analysis

inter/ ictal

between/ seizure

136
Q

postictal

seizure

objective

A

Def: time after a seizure

Pron: post-IK-tal

Word Analysis

post/ ictal

after/ seizure

137
Q

preictal

seizure

objective

A

Def: time before the seizure

Pron: pree-IK-tal

Word Analysis

pre/ ictal

before/ seizure

138
Q

tonic

seizure

objective

A

Def: pertaining to muscle tone (normally weak or unresponsive)

Pron: TAW-nik

Word Analysis

ton/ ic

muscle tone/ pertaining to

139
Q

clonus *

seizure

objective

A

Def: muscle spasm or twitching

Pron: CLAH-nis

From Greek, for “violent”

140
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

seizure

objective

A

Def: a seizure characterized by both a tonic and a clonic phase

Pron: TAW-nik CLAH-nik SEE-zhir

Word Analysis

ton/ ic clon/ ic

muscle tone/ pertaining to spasm/ pertaining to

141
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

structure

assessment

A

Def: an accident involving the blood vessels of the brain

Pron: seh-REE-broh-VAS-kyoo-lar AK-sih-dent

Word Analysis

cerebro/ vascul/ ar

brain/ blood vessel/ pertaining to

142
Q

stroke

structure

assessment

A

Def: loss of brain function caused by interruption of blood flow/ supply to the brain

Pron: STROHK

143
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

structure

assessment

A

Def: a stroke where the blood loss is caused by the rupture of a blood vessel

Pron: HEM-oh-RA-jik- STROHK

Word Analysis

hemo/ rrhag/ ic

blood/ excessive bleeding/ pertaining to

144
Q

ischemic stroke

structure

assessment

A

Def: a stroke where the blood loss is caused by a blockage

Pron: ihs-KEE-mik STROHK

Word Analysis

isch/ em/ ic

hold back/ blood/ pertaining to

145
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

structure

assessment

A

Def: a “mini-stroke” caused by the blockage of a blood vessel, which resolves (goes away) within 24 hours

Pron: TRAN-zee-ent ih-SKEE-mik ah-TAK

Word Analysis

trans/ ient isch/ em/ ic

across/ go hold back/ blood/ pertaining to

146
Q

cerebrovascular disease

structure

assessment

A

Def: a disease of the blood vessels of the brain

Pron: seh-REE-broh-VAS-kyoo-lar dih-ZEEZ

Word Analysis

cerebro/ vascul/ ar

brain/ blood vessel/ pertaining to

147
Q

cerebral aneurysm

structure

assessment

A

Def: the widening or abnormal dilation of a blood vessel in the brain

Note: In aneurysm the an- prefix doesn’t come from a (not) but from ana (meaning “up” or “out”). Another word you can see this in is analysis, ana (up) + lysis (loose). So to analyze something means “to break something up and look at the parts.”

Pron: seh-REE-bral AN-yir-IZ-um

Word Analysis

cerebr/ al an/ eury/sm

brain/ pertaining to out/ wide/ condition

148
Q

cerebral arteriosclerosis*

structure

assessment

A

Def: the hardening of an artery in the brain

Pron: seh-REE-bral ar-TIH-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis

Word Analysis

cerebr/ al arterio/ scler/ osis

brain/ pertaining to artery/ hardening/ condition

149
Q

cerebral atherosclerosis *

structure

assessment

A

Def: the hardening of an artery in the brain caused by the buildup of fatty plaque

Pron: seh-REE-bral ATH-er-oh-skleh-ROH-sis

Word Analysis

cerebr/ al athero/ scler/ osis

brain/ pertaining to fatty/ hardening/ condition

150
Q

cerebral embolism *

structure

assessment

A

Def: the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain caused by a foreign object (embolus) such as fat or bacteria

Pron: seh-REE-bral EM-boh-lih-zum

Word Analysis

cerebr/ al embol/ ism

brain/ pertaining to stopper/ condition

151
Q

cerebral thrombosis *

structure

assessment

A

Def: the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain caused by a blood clot

Pron: seh-REE-bral throm-BOH-sis

Word Analysis

cerebr/ al thromb/ osis

brain/ pertaining to clot/ condition

152
Q

craniomalacia

structure

assessment

A

Def: abnormal softening of the skull

Pron: KRAY-nee-oh-mah-LAY-shah

Word Analysis

cranio/ malacia

skull/ softening

153
Q

craniosclerosis

structure

assessment

A

Def: abnormal hardening of the skull

Pron: KRAY-nee-oh-skleh-ROH-sis

Word Analysis

cranio/ scler/ osis

skull/ hardening/ condition

154
Q

craniostenosis

structure

assessment

A

Def: abnormal narrowing of the skull

Pron: KRAY-nee-oh-steh-NOH-sis

Word Analysis

cranio/ sten/ osis

skull/ narrow/ condition

155
Q

craniosynostosis

structure

assessment

A

Def: premature fusing of the skull bones

Pron: KRAY-nee-oh-SIN-aw-STOH-sis

Word Analysis

cranio/ syn/ ost/ osis

skull/ together/ bone/ condition

156
Q

hydrocephaly

structure

assessment

A

Def: abnormal accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain

Pron: HAI-droh-SEH-fah-lee

Word Analysis

hydro/ cephal/ y

water/ head/ condition

157
Q

astrocytoma

structure

assessment

A

Def: a tumor arising from astrocyte glial cells

Pron: ASS-troh-sai-TOH-mah

Word Analysis

astro/ cyt/ oma

star/ cell/ tumor

158
Q

ganglioma

structure

assessment

A

Def: ganglion tumor

Pron: GAN-glee-OH-mah

Word Analysis

gangli/ oma

ganglion/ tumor

159
Q

glioblastoma

structure

assessment

A

Def: a brain tumor arising from glioblast cells

Pron: GLEE-oh-blas-TOH-mah

Word Analysis

glio/ blast/ oma

glue/ sprout/ tumore

Note: Glio means “glue” and refers to cells in the brain that serve as support structures for neurons

160
Q

meningioma

structure

assessment

A

Def: tumor of the meninges

Pron: meh-NIN-jee-OH-mah

Word Analysis

meningi/ oma

meninges/ tumor

161
Q

cerebellitis

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of the cerebellum

Pron: SEH-rah-bell-AI-tis

Word Analysis

cerebell/ itis

cerebellum/ inflammation

162
Q

cerebromeningitis

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of the brain and meninges

Pron:seh-REE-broh-MEN-in-JAI-tis

Word Anaysis

cerebro/ mening/ itis

brain/ meninges/ inflammation

163
Q

encephalitis

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of the brain

Pron: in-SEF-ah-LAI-tis

Word Analysis

encephal/ itis

brain/ inflammation

164
Q

encephalomyelitis

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

Pron: in-SEF-ah-loh-MAI-eh-LAI-tis

Word Analysis

encephalo/ myel/ itis

brain/ spinal cord/ inflammation

165
Q

encephalomyeloneuropathy

structure

assessment

A

Def: disease of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Pron: in-SEF-ah-loh-MAI-el-oh-nir-AW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

encephalo/ myelo/ neuro/ pathy

brain/ spinal cord/ nerve/ disease

166
Q

encephalopathy

structure

assessment

A

Def: disease of the brain

Pron: in-SEF-ah-LAW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

encephalo/ pathy

brain/ disease

167
Q

encephalopyrosis

structure

assessment

A

Def: a pus-filled abscess in the brain

Pron: in-SEF-ah-loh-pai-OH-sis

Word Analysis

encephalo/ py/ osis

brain/ pus/ condition

168
Q

gangliitis

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of a ganglion

Pron: GAN-glee-AI-tis

Word Analysis

gangli/ itis

ganglion/ inflammation

169
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

structure

assessment

A

Def: excessive bleeding inside the brain

Pron: IN-trah-sih-REE-bral HIH-moh-rij

Word Analysis

intra/ cerebr/ al hemo/rrhage

inside/ brain/ pertaining to blood/ excessive bleeding

170
Q

meningopathy

structure

assessment

A

Def: disease of the meninges

Pron: MEH-nin-GAW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

meningo/ pathy

meninges/ disease

171
Q

meningitis

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of the meninges

Pron: MEH-nin-JAI-tus

Word Analysis

mening/ itis

meninges/ inflammation

172
Q

meningoencephalitis

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of the meninges and brain

Pron: meh-NIN-goh-in-SEF-ah-LAI-tis

Word Analysis

meningo/ encephal/ itis

meninges/ brain/ inflammation

173
Q

myelitis

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of the spinal cord

Pron: MAI-eh-LAI-tis

Word Analysis

myel/ itis

spinal cord/ inflammation

174
Q

myelodysplasia *

structure

assessment

A

Def: defective formation of the spinal cord

Pron: MAI-eh-loh-dis-PLAY-zhah

Word Analysis

myelo/ dys/ plas/ ia

spinal cord/ bad/ formation/ condition

175
Q

myelopathy

structure

assessment

A

Def: disease of the spinal cord

Pron: MAI-el-AW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

myelo/ pathy

spinal cord/ disease

176
Q

neuroarthropathy

structure

assessment

A

Def: disease of the joint associated with nerves

Pron: NIR-oh-ar-THRAW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

neuro/ arthro/ pathy

nerve/ joint/ disease

177
Q

neuroencephalomyelopathy

structure

assessment

A

Def: disease of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord

Pron: NIR-oh-in-SEF-ah-loh-MAI-el-AW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

neuro/ encephalo/ myelo/ pathy

nerve/ brain/ spinal cord/ disease

178
Q

neuropathy

structure

assessment

A

Def: disease of the nervous system

Pron: nir-AW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

neuro/ pathy

nerve/ disease

179
Q

poliomyelitis *

structure

assessment

A

Def: inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Pron: POH-lee-oh-MAI-el-AI-tis

Word Analysis

polio/ myel/ itis

gray/ spinal cord/ inflammation

180
Q

polyneuropathy

structure

assessment

A

Def: disease affecting multiple nerves

Pron: PAW-lee-nir-AW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

poly/ neuro/ pathy

many/ nerve/ disease

181
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) *

function

assessment

A

Def: a degenerative disease of the central nervous system causing loss of muscle control. Literally, the hardening (sclerosis) of the nerve cells on the sides (lateral) of the spine leading to the loss of muscle tissue from disuse.

Pron: a-MAI-aw-TROH-fik LAT-tih-ral skleh-ROH-sis

Word Analysis

a/ myo/ troph/ ic/ lateral scler/ osis

not/ muscle/ nourishment/ pertaining to side hardening/ condition.

182
Q

anorexia

function

assessment

A

Def: an eating disorder characterized by the patient’s refusal to eat

Pron: a-noh-REK-see-ah

Word Analysis

an/ orex/ ia

no/ appetite/ condition

183
Q

autism *

function

assessment

A

Def: a psychiatric disorder characterized by withdrawal from communication with others; the patient is focused only on the self

Pron: AH-tiz-um

Word Analysis

aut/ ism

self/ condition

184
Q

bulimia *

function

assessment

A

Def: an eating disorder characterized by overeating and usually followed by forced vomiting

Pron: boo-LEE-mee-ah

Word Analysis

bu/ lim/ ia

ox/ hunger/ condition

185
Q

cerebral palsy *

function

assessment

A

Def: paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement

Pron: seh-REE-bral PAL-zee

Word Analysis

cerebr/ al palsy

brain/ pertaining to paralysis

186
Q

dysphoria *

function

assessment

A

Def: a negative emotional state

Pron: dis-FOR-ee-ah

Word Analysis

dys/ phor/ ia

bad/ carry/ condition

187
Q

epilepsy *

function

assessment

A

Def: a disease marked by seizures

Pron: eh-pih-LEP-see

Word Analysis

epi/ lepsy

upon/ seize

188
Q

euphoria

function

assessment

A

Def: a positive emotional state

Pron: yoo-FOR-ee-ah

Word Analysis

eu/ phor/ ia

good/ carry/ condition

189
Q

hypomania

function

assessment

A

Def: a mental state just below mania

Pron: HAI-poh-MAY-nee-ah

Word Analysis

hypo/ mania

under/ excessive anger

190
Q

manic depression (bipolar)

function

assessment

A

Def: a psychiatric disorder characterized by alternating bouts of excitement and depression

Note: This disease is referred to by the name bipolar because the patient fluctuates between two extremes.

Pron: MAN-ik de-PREH-shun

Word Analysis

manic depression

excitement depression

191
Q

myasthenia

function

assessment

A

Def: muscle weakness

Pron: mai-as-THEH-nee-ah

Word Analysis

my/ asthenia

muscle/ weakness

192
Q

narcolepsy *

function

assessment

A

Def: a disease characterized by sudden, uncontrolled sleepiness

Pron: NAR-coh-LEP-see

Word Analysis

narco/ lepsy

sleep/ seize

193
Q

neurosis

function

assessment

A

Def: a nerve condition

Pron: neh-ROH-sis

Word Analysis

neur/ osis

nerve/ condition

194
Q

psychosis

function

assessment

A

Def: a mind condition

Pron: sai-KOH-sis

Word Analysis

psych/ osis

mind/ condition

195
Q

psychopathy

function

assessment

A

Def: a mental illness

Pron: sai-KAW-pah-thee

Word Analysis

psycho/ pathy

mind/ disease

196
Q

schizophrenia

function

assessment

A

Def: a mental illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech

Note: Schizo refers to the division in the mind between the mind itself and reality, not the division of the mind into multiple personalities

Pron: SKIT-zoh-FREH-nee-ah

Word Analysis

schizo/ phren/ ia

divide/ mind/ condition

197
Q

anesthetic

anesthesiology

plan

A

Def: a drug that causes loss of sensation

Pron: an-es-THET-ik

Word Analysis

an/ esthetic

not/ sensation

198
Q

general anesthetic

anesthesiology

plan

A

Def: anesthetic that causes complete loss of consciousness

Pron: JEH-nir-al an-es-THET-ik

Word Analysis

general anesthetic

199
Q

local anesthetic

anesthesiology

plan

A

Def: anesthetic that does not affect consciousness

Pron: LOH-kai an-es-THET-ik

Word Analysis

local anesthetic

200
Q

regional anesthetic

anesthesiology

plan

A

Def: anesthetic that is injected into a nerve causing loss of sensation over a particular area

Pron: REE-jih-nal an-es-THET-ik

Word Analysis

regional anesthetic

201
Q

topical anesthetic

anesthesiology

plan

A

Def: local anesthesia applied to the surface of the area to be anesthetized

Pron: TAW-pih-kal an-es-THET-ik

Word Analysis

topical anesthetic

202
Q

epidural anesthetic

anesthesiology

plan

A

Def: anesthetic applied in the dural region of the spinal cord

Pron: eh-pih-DUH-ral an-es-THET-ik

Word Analysis

epi/ dur/ al

upon/ dura/ pertaining to

203
Q

analgesic

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: a drug that relieves pain

Pron: an-al-JEE-zik

Word Analysis

an/ alge/ sic

not/ pain/ agent

204
Q

anticonvulsant

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: a drug that opposes convulsions

Pron: AN-tee-kon-VUL-sant

Word Analysis

anti/ convuls/ ant

against/ convulsion/ agent

205
Q

antidepressant

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: a drug that opposes depression

Pron: AN-tee-deh-PREH-sant

Word Analysis

anti/ depress/ ant

against/ depression/ agent

206
Q

antipsychotic

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: a drug that opposes psychoses

Pron: AN-tee-sai-KAW-tik

Word Analysis

anti/ psycho/ tic

against/ psychosis/ agent

207
Q

anxiolytic *

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: a drug that lessens anxiety

Pron: ANG-zee-oh-LIH-tik

Word Analysis

anxio/ lytic

anxiety/ breakdown agent

208
Q

hypnotic

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: a drug that aids sleep

Pron: hip-NAWT-ik

Word Analysis

hypno/ tic

sleep/ agent

209
Q

neuropharmacology *

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system

Pron: nir-oh-FAR-mah-KAW-loh-jee

Word Analysis

neuro/ pharmaco/ logy

nerve/ drug/ study

210
Q

psychotropic *

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: drugs that are able to turn the mind

Pron: SAI-koh-TROH-pik

Word Analysis

psycho/ trop/ ic

mind/ turn/ agent

211
Q

thrombolytic *

pharmacology

plan

A

Def: a drug that dissolves clots

Pron:THRAWM-boh-LIT-ik

Word Analysis

thrombo/ lytic

clot/ breakdown agent

212
Q

cerebrotomy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: incision into the brain

Pron: seh-ree-BRAW-toh-mee

Word Analysis

cerebro/ tomy

brain. incision

213
Q

chemotherapy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: treament using chemicals

Pron: KEE-moh-THER-ah-pee

Word Analysis

chemo/ therapy

chemical/ treatment

214
Q

craniectomy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: removal of a piece of the skull and don’t replace it

Pron: KRAY-nee-EK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

crani/ectomy

skull/ removal

215
Q

craniotomy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: incision into the skull with replacement of skull piece

Pron: KRAY-nee-AW-toh-mee

Word Analysis

cranio/ tomy

skull/ incision

216
Q

endarterectomy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: removal of the inside of an artery

Pron: EN-dar-tir-EK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

end/ arter/ ectomy

inside/ artery/ removal

217
Q

endovascular neurosurgery *

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: surgery on the nervous system performed by entering the body through blood vessels

Pron: EN-doh-VAS-kyoo-lar NIR-oh-SIR-jir-ee

Word Analysis

endo/ vascul/ ar neuro/ surgery

inside/ vessel/ pertaining to nerve/ surgery

218
Q

lobectomy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: removal of a lobe

Pron: loh-BEK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

lob/ ectomy

lobe/ removal

219
Q

lobotomy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: incision into a lobe

Pron: loh-BAW-toh-mee

Word Analysis

lobo/ tomy

lobe/ incision

220
Q

neurectomy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: removal of a nerve

Pron: nir-EK-toh-mee

Word Analysis

neur/ ectomy

nerve removal

221
Q

neurolysis

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: destruction of nerve tissue

Pron: nir-AW-lih-sis

Word Analysis

neuro/ lysis

nerve/ loose

222
Q

neuroplasty

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: reconstruction of a nerve

Pron: NIR-oh-PLAS-tee

Word Analysis

neuro/ plasty

nerve/ reconstruction

223
Q

neurorrhaphy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: suturing of a nerve (often the severed ends of a nerve)

Pron: nir-OR-ah-fee

Word Analysis

neuro/ rrhaphy

nerve/ suture

224
Q

neurotomy

surgical procedures and treatments

plan

A

Def: incision into a nerve

Pron: nir-AW-toh-mee

Word Analysis

neuro/ tomy

nerve/ incision

225
Q

ADHD

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

226
Q

ALS

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

227
Q

CNS

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: central nervous system

228
Q

CP

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: cerebral palsy

229
Q

CSF

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: cerebrospinal fluid

230
Q

CVA

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: cerebrovascular accident

231
Q

EEG

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: electroencephalogram

232
Q

EMG

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: electromyogram

233
Q

ICP

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: intracranial pressure

234
Q

LOC

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: level of consciousness

235
Q

LP

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: lumbar puncture

236
Q

MRA

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: magnetic resonance angiography

237
Q

MS

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: multiple sclerosis

238
Q

OCD

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: obsessive compulsive disorder

239
Q

PET

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: positron emission tomography

240
Q

PNS

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: peripheral nervous system

241
Q

TIA

nervous system abbreviations

A

Def: transient ischemic attack

Medical Terminolgy (10 decks)

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