Chapter-5 The Nervous System (Neurology and Psychiatry) Flashcards
1
Q
What is one of the unique abilities as humans?
A
The ability to think. Aristotle says that we are “rational animals. “ Rene Descartes remarked, “ I think, therefore I am”
2
Q
The nervous system is made up of what 2 parts?
A
- The central nervous system
2. The peripheral nervous system
3
Q
Describe the functions of the peripheral nervous system?
A
The peripheral nervous system collects data. It receives information such as temperature, pain, light, and pressure from its surroundings.
As quickly as it receives input, it transmits it to an analytic center via special conduits known as nerves.
4
Q
What makes up the central nervous system?
A
The unified collection of cells in the brain and spine are collectively known as the central nervous system.
5
Q
Describe the functions of the central nervous system.
A
The central nervous system processes the details and formulates a response. Commands are directed back to the appropriate body parts via nerves.
This constant progression of receiving, reasoning, and reacting repeats itself continuously as we go about our daily lives.m
6
Q
The nervous system handles what 2 actions of the body?
A
The nervous system handles both
- voluntary and
- involuntary action of the body.
7
Q
What division of the nervous system handles voluntary command of the body’s actions?
A
The somatic nervous system.
8
Q
What are involuntary actions of the body?
A
Things that our body does without our conscious choice or awareness.
9
Q
What is the background control in which the body handles involuntary actions?
A
It is called the autonomic nervous system and it encompasses everything from the beating of our heart, to sweating, to digesting food.
10
Q
What function does the skull serve for the brain?
A
The skull serve as a dense external layer to protect the brain from common inlury.
11
Q
What does cerebrospinal fluid provide?
A
The cerebrospinal fluid is also produced by the body. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts as a shock absorber cushioning them from injury.
12
Q
The brain consumes what percentage of the body’s oxygen?
A
The brain consumes 20 to 25 percent of the body’s oxygen.
This huge need for oxygen necessitates a rich blood supply. Nearly 20 percent of the blood pumped from the heart is sent to the brain. This demand is met through an extensive network of blood vessels.
13
Q
How is the brain more than the neurological controller of the human body’s physical processes?
A
The brain don’t just move and react. We behave. We are more than just digestion, heartbeats, and breathing. We have emotions, opinions, and beliefs. We have more than brains. we have minds we call psyche (Greek for “mind”).
14
Q
These more complex functions of emotions, opinions, beliefs, and psyche (mind) fit under the umbrella of what medical science discipline?
A
They fall under the umbrella of psychiatry and psychology, both of whose roots come from the Greek word psyche, which means “mind” or “soul.” These fields deal with problems in our perceptions, emotions, and behavior.
15
Q
What is the function of the sensory system?
A
The sensory system- specifically the eyes, ears, nose, and skin- collects data from your surroundings and sends the information to your brain (encephalo) by wires known as nerves (neuro).
The brain make sense of the data and determines the appropriate action. Then it sends out the action plan to the rest of the body via a web of nerves.
16
Q
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
A
the nerves that send and receive signals from the brain are collectively known as the peripheral nervous system.
17
Q
What is the largest portion of the brain called?
A
The cerebrum
18
Q
Where is the cerebellum located and what does it do?
A
The cerebellum is under the cerebrum, it controls things like coordination of movements.
19
Q
Is the central nervous system fragile?
A
It is fragile and needs a protective membrane (meninges). The tough outer layer is known as the dura.
20
Q
cerebr/o
roots
A
Def: brain
Ex. cerebropathy, cerebrospinal
21
Q
encephal/o
roots
A
Def: brain
Ex. cerebropathy, cerebrospinal
Notes: The encephalo root comes from en (inside) and cephalus (head) and literally means “stuff inside your head.”
22
Q
cerebell/o
roots
A
Def: cerebellum
Ex. cerebellar, cerebellitis
Notes: This word is just the word cerebrum (brain) plus a diminutive suffix. It means the “little brain.” It refers to the region of the brain that controls voluntary movements and looks somewhat like a little version of the whole brain.
23
Q
lob/o
roots
A
Def: lobe
Ex. lobotomy, lobectomy
Notes:
24
Q
cephal/o
roots
A
Def: head
Ex. microcephaly, macrocephaly
Notes: the scientific term for octopus, squid, and other sea creatures that are made up of a head and tentacles is cephalopod -literally head (cephalo) + feet (pod).
25
crani/o
roots
Def: head, skull
Ex: craniometer, craniomalacia
Notes: the term migraine comes from the word hemicranias, meaning "half the head." It reflects the fact most migraines are localized on the half the patient's head.
26
mening/o
roots
Def: meninges (membrane surrouding the brain and spinal cord)
Ex: meningopathy
Skull-> meninges ( Dura mater -> arachnoid mater (web-like) -> pia mater) -> brain ( grey matter -> white matter).
27
meningi/o
roots
Def: meninges (membrane surrouding the brain and spinal cord)
Ex: meningitis
Skull-> meninges ( Dura mater -> arachnoid mater (web-like) -> pia mater) -> brain ( grey matter -> white matter).
28
dur/o
roots
Def: dura (tough membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
Ex: epidural, subdural hematoma
Notes: This root literally means "hard." The full name of the mebrane it refers to is dura mater cerebri, which translates to "the tough mother of the brain." Words like endurance and durable come form the same word.
29
neur/o
roots
Def: nerve
Ex neuralgia, neruopathy
Notes: Neuron comes from a Greek word meaning "tendon" or "string." In ancient times, when people first began examining brains, they thought neurons looked like string.
30
gangli/o *
roots
Def: nerve bundle
Ex: ganglion, gangliitis
Notes: According to Galen, a doctor in ancient Rome, the term ganglion means "knot" and could refer to anything gathered up into a ball, which is what Galen thought then nerve tissue coming out of the brain looked like.
31
myel/o *
roots
Def: spinal cord, bone marrow
Ex: myelitis, myelodysplasia
Notes: this root comes from a Greek word meaning "the innermost part" and is used in medicine to refer to two different things- bone marrow and the spinal cord. But if you think about it, it makes sense, as both are in the innermost part of something else. Bone marrow is in the center of bones, The spinal cord is in the center of the spine.
32
What does neurology vs psyche focuses on?
Neurology focuses on actions. The more complex functions often fit under the umbrella of what we call psyche (from Greek, for "mind"). We don't just move and react. We behave. This is the realm of psychiatry and psychology. These fields of study deal with problems in human perceptions, emotions, and behavior.
33
esthesi/o
roots
Def: feeling, sensation
Ex: anesthesia, hyperesthesia
Notes: Esthetics (also sometimes spelled aesthetics).
34
phas/o
roots
Def: speech
Ex: aphasia
Notes: If a firend is talking too fast, perhaps he or she is stricken with the disease tachyphasia.
35
phren/o *
roots
Def: mind
Ex: phrenetic
36
psych/o *
roots
Def: mind
Ex: psychology
37
somn/o
roots
Def: sleep
Ex: somnography
Notes: Someone who walks while sleeping is experiencing somnambulation, which comes from the words somno (sleep) + ambulo (walk).
38
somn/i
roots
Def: sleep
Ex: insomnia
Notes: Someone who walks while sleeping is experiencing somnambulation, which comes from the words somno (sleep) + ambulo (walk).
39
hypn/o
roots
Def: sleep
Ex: hypnosis
Notes: Someone who walks while sleeping is experiencing somnambulation, which comes from the words somno (sleep) + ambulo (walk).
40
gnosi/o *
roots
Def: know
Ex: agnosia, diagnosis, prognosis
Notes: Frequently, people who have had a limb amputated report feeling or sensing the missing limb. Such an experience is called autosomatognosis, from auto (self) + somato (body) + gnosis (know).
41
-mania
suffix
Def: excessive desire
Ex: pyromania, kelptomania
42
-phobia
suffix
Def: excessive fear or sensitivity
Ex: photophobia, hydrophobia
43
-paresis
suffix
Def: slight or partial paralysis
Ex: hemiparesis
Notes: Paresis comes from Greek, for "to let go" or "to slacken"; it is used in health care to refer not to complete loss of sensation or control but instead to a partial or isolated form of paralysis.
44
ton/o
roots
Def: muscle tone, tension, pressure
Ex: dystonia, tonograph
45
tax/o
roots
Def: arrangement, order, coordination
Ex: ataxia, hypotaxia
46
-plegia
suffix
Def: paralysis
Ex: quadriplegia
47
-asthenia
suffix
Def: weakness
Ex: myasthenia, phonasthenia
48
aphasia
impairments
Def: inability to speak
Pron: ah-FAY-zhah
Word Analysis
a/ phas/ ia
not/ speaking/ condition
49
ataxia
impairments
Def: lack of coordination
Pron: ah-TAK-see-ah
Word Analysis
a/ taxia
no/ coordination/ condition
50
catatonia *
impairments
Def: condition characterized by reduced muscle tone
Pron: KAT-ah-TOH-nee-ah
Word Analysis
cata/ ton/ ia
down/ muscle tone/ condition
51
delirium
impairments
Def: brief loss of mental function
Pron: deh-LEER-ee-um
From Latin, for "to plow outside the furrow"; perhaps translates to "go off the tracks"
52
dementia
impairments
Def: loss/ decline in mental function
Pron: da-MEN-chah
Word Analysis
de/ ment/ ia
down/ mind/ condition
53
dyskinesia *
impairments
Def: difficulty moving
Pron: dis-kih-NEE-zhah
Word Analysis
dys/ kinesia
bad/ movement
54
dyslexia
impairments
Def: difficulty reading
Pron: dis-LEK-see-ah
Word Analysis
dys/ lex/ ia
bad/ reading/ condition
55
dysphasia
impairments
Def: difficulty speaking
Pron: dis-FAY-zhah
Word Analysis
dys/ phas/ ia
bad/ speaking/ condition
56
dystonia *
impairments
Def: condition characterized by involuntary muscle movements
Pron: dis-TOH-nee-ah
Word Analysis
dys/ ton/ ia
bad/ muscle tone/ condition
57
insomnia
impairments
Def: inability to sleep
Pron: in-SOM-nee-ah
Word Analysis
in/ somn/ ia
not/ sleeping/ condition
58
myoclonus *
impairments
Def: muscle twitching
Pron: mai-AWK-loh-nus
Word Analysis
myo/ clonus
muscle/ turmoil
59
myospasm
impairments
Def: involuntary muscle contraction
Pron: MAI-oh-spazm
Word Analysis
myo/ spasm
muscle/ involuntary contraction
60
neurasthenia
impairments
Def: nerve weakness
Pron: NUR-as-THEN-ee-ah
Word Analysis
neur/ asthenia
nerve/ weakness
61
somnambulism
impairments
Def: sleep walking
Pron: sawm-NAM-byoo-liz-um
Word Analysis
somn/ ambul/ ism
sleep/ walk/ condition
62
syncope
impairments
Def: fainting; losing consciousness due to temporary loss of blood flow to brain
Pron: SIN-koh-pee
From Greek, for "contraction" or "cut off"
63
cephalalgia
pain
Def: head pain
Pron: SEH-ful-AL-jah
Word Analysis
cephal/ algia
head/ pain
64
cephalodynia
pain
Def: head pain
Pron: SEH-fah-loh-DAI-nee-ah
Word Analysis
cephalo/ dynia
head/ pain
65
encephalalgia
pain
Def: brain pain
Pron: in-SE-ful-AL-jah
Word Analysis
encephal/ algia
brain/ pain
66
neuralgia
pain
Def: nerve pain
Pron: nur-AL-jah
Word Analysis
neur/ algia
nerve/ pain
67
neurodynia
pain
Def: nerve pain
Pron: NUR-oh-DAI-nee-ah
Word Analysis
neuro/ dynia
nerve/ pain
68
hemiparesis
paralysis
Def: partial paralysis on half the body
Pron: HEH-mee-puh-REE-sis
Word Analysis
hemi/ paresis
half/ paratial paralysis
69
hemiplegia
paralysis
Def: paralysis on half the body
Pron: HEH-mee-PLEE-jah
Word Analysis
hemi/ plegia
half/ paralysis
70
monoparesis
paralysis
Def: partial paralysis of one limb
Pron: MAW-noh-puh-REE-sis
Word Analysis
mono/ paresis
one/ partial paralysis
71
monoplegia
paralysis
Def: paralysis of one limb
Pron: MAW-noh-PLEE-jah
Word Analysis
mono/ plegia
one/ paralysis
72
paralysis
paralysis
Def: complete loss of sensation and motor function
Pron: puh-RAH-lu-sis
Word Analysis
from Greek, for "to disable"
73
paresis
paralysis
Def: partial paralysis characterized by varying degrees of sensation and motor function
Pron: puh-REE-sis
from Greek, for " to let go"
74
causalgia
sensation/ feeling
Def: painful sensation of burning
Pron: kaw-ZAL-jah
Word Analysis
caus/ algia
burn/ pain
75
dysesthesia *
sensation/ feeling
Def: bad feeling
Pron: DIS-es-THEE-zhah
Word Analysis
dys/ esthesia
bad/ sensation
76
hyperesthesia
sensation/ feeling
Def: increased sensation
Pron: HAI-per-es-THEE-zhah
Word Analysis
hyper/ esthesia
over/ sensation
77
paresthesia *
sensation/ feeling
Def: abnormal sensation (usually numbness or tingling in the skin)
Pron: PAR-es-THEE-zhah
Word Analysis
par/ esthesia
beside/ sensation
78
pseudesthesia
sensation/ feeling
Def: false sensation
Pron: SOO-des-THEE-zhah
Word Analysis
pseud/ esthesia
false/ sensation
79
synesthesia *
sensation/ feeling
Def: condition where one sensation is experienced as another
Pron: SIN-es-THEE-zhah
Word Analysis
syn/ esthesia
together/ sensation
80
acrophobia *
phobia/ mania
Def: fear of heights
Pron: AK-roh-FOH-bee-ah
Word Analysis
acro/ phobia
heights/ excessive fear
81
agoraphobia *
phobia/ mania
Def: fear of outdoor spaces
Note: agora is Greek for "marketplace"; similar to the Roman forum
Pron: ah-GOR-ah-FOH-bee-ah
Word Analysis
agora/ phobia
marketplace/ excessive fear
82
hydrophobia
phobia/ mania
Def: fear of water
Pron: HAI-druh-FOH-bee-ah
Word Analysis
hydro/ phobia
water/ excessive fear
83
kleptomania *
phobia/ mania
Def: desire to steal
Pron: KLEP-toh-MAY-nee-ah
Word Analysis
klepto/ mania
theft/ excessive desire
84
photophobia
phobia/ mania
Def: excessive sensitivity to light
Note: This is an example of phobia meaning not just "fear of" but also "sensitivity to" something. Someone with photophobia isn't afraid of light, but rather is extremely sensitive to light.
Pron: FOH-toh-FOH-bee-ah
Word Analysis
photo/ phobia
light/ excessive sensitivity
85
pyromania
phobia/ mania
Def: desire to set fire
Pron: PAI-roh-MAY-nee-ah
Word Analysis
pyro/ mania
fire/ excessive desire
86
What is a reflex?
A reflex is a muscle contraction that bypasses the brain.
When certain tendons are tapped, an impulse flows directly to the spinal cord, which sends a quick command to the nearby muscle to contract.
87
What does checking sensation involve?
Checking sensation involves studying afferent nerve paths, which are the paths that lead from the peripheral to the central nervous system.
88
What does checking strength and coordination involve?
Strength and coordination check efferent pathways, the pathways that lead from the brain to the peripheral nerves.
89
Is psychiatric evaluation very involved?
Psychiatric evaluation is very involved, because it depends on extensive questions and history to help discover the root of the patient's problem.
90
echoencephalography
diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: procedures used to examine the brain using sound waves
Pron: EH-koh-in-SEH-fah-LAW-grah-fee
Word Analysis
echo/ encephalo/ graphy
echo/ brain/ writing procedure
91
electroencephalography (EEG)
diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: procedure used to examine the electrical activity of the brain
Pron: eh-LEK-troh-in-SEH-fah-LAW-grah-fee
Word Analysis
electro/ encephalo/ graphy
electricity/ brain/ writing procedure
92
lumbar puncture (LP)
diagnostic procedures
objective
Def: inserting a needle into lumbar region of the spine in order to collect spinal fluid, commonly called a spinal tap
Pron: LUM-bar PUNK-chir
Word Analysis
lumb/ ar puncture
lower back/ pertaining to
93
cerebral angiography *
radiology
objective
Def: procedure used to examine blood vessels in the brain
Pron: seh-REE-bral AN-gee-AW-grah-fee
Word Analysis
cerebr/ al angio/graphy
brain/ pertaining to vessel/ writing procedure
94
magnetic resonance *angiography (MRA)
radiology
objective
Def: procedure used to examine blood vessels
Pron: mag-NET-ik REH-zawn-ants AN-gee-AW-grah-fee
Word Analysis
angio/ graphy
vessel/ writing procedure
95
myelogram *
radiology
objective
Def: image of the spinal cord, usually done using x-ray
Pron: MAI-el-oh-gram
Word Analysis
myelo/ gram
spinal cord/ record
96
positron emission tomography (PET) scan *
radiology
objective
Def: an imaging procedure that uses radiation (positrons) to produce cross sections of the brain
Pron: PAWZ-ih-trawn ee-MISH-un taw-MAW-gra-fee
Word Analysis
e/ mission tomo/ graphy
out/ send cut/ writing procedure
97
transcranial Doppler sonography *
radiology
objective
Def: an imaging technique that produces an image of the brain using sound waves sent through the skull.
Pron: tranz-KRAY-nee-al DAW-plir saw-NAW-gra-fee
Word Analysis
trans/ cranial Doppler sono/ graphy
through/ skull Doppler sound/ writing procedure
98
cerebellitis *
structure
objective
Def: inflammation of the cerebellum
Pron: ser-eh-bell-AI-tis
Word Analysis
cerebell/ itis
cerebellum/ inflammation
99
cerebral atrophy *
structure
objective
Def: wasting away of brain tissue
Pron: seh-REE-bral A-troh-fee
Word Analysis
cerebr/ al a/ trophy
brain/ pertaining to no/ nourishment
100
duritis
structure
objective
Def: inflammation of the dura
Pron: dur-AI-tis
Word Analysis
dur/ itis
dura/ inflammation
101
encephalocele
structure
objective
Def: hernia of the brain ( normally through a defect in the skull)
Pron: en-SEF-ah-loh-SEEL
Word Analysis
encephalo/ cele
brain/ hernia
102
hematoma
structure
objective
Def: a tumorlike mass made up of blood
Pron: HEE-mah-TOH-mah
Word Analysis
hemat/ oma
blood/ tumor
103
cranial hematoma *
structure
objective
Def: a hematoma beneath the skull
Pron: KRAY-nee-al HEE-mah-TOH-mah
Word Analysis
crani/ al hemat/ oma
skull/ pertaining to blood/ tumor
104
epidural hematoma
structure
objective
Def: a hematoma located on top of the dura
Pron: EH-pi-DIR-al HEE-mah-TOH-mah
Word Analysis
epi/ dur/ al hemat/ oma
upon/ dura/ pertaining to blood/ tumor
105
intracerebral hematoma
structure
objective
Def: a hematoma located inside the brain
Pron: IN-trah-se-REE-bral HEE-mah-TOH-mah
Word Analysis
intra/ cerebr/ al hemat/ oma
inside/ brain/ pertaining to blood/ tumor
106
subdural hematoma
structure
objective
Def: a hematoma located beneath the dura
Pron: sub-DIR-al HEE-mah-TOH-mah
Word Analysis
sub/ dur/ al hemat/ oma
beneath/ dura/ pertaining to blood/ tumor
107
macrocephaly
structure
objective
Def: abnormally large head
Pron: MA-kroh-SEH-fah-lee
Word Analysis
macro/ cephal/ y
large/ head/ condition
108
microcephaly
structure
objective
Def: abnormally small head
Pron: MAI-kroh-SEH-fah-lee
Word Analysis
micro/ cephal/ y
small/ head/ condition
109
meningocele
structure
objective
Def: a hernia of the meninges
Pron: meh-NIN-goh-seel
Word Analysis
meningo/ cele
meninges/ hernia
110
myelocele *
structure
objective
Def: a hernia of the spinal cord
Pron: MAI-eh-loh-SEEL
Word Analysis
myelo/ cele
spinal cord/ hernia
111
myelomalacia
structure
objective
Def: abnormal softening of the spinal cord
Pron: MAI-eh-loh-mah-LAY-shah
Word Analysis
myelo/ malacia
spinal cord/ softening
112
myelomeningocele
structure
objective
Def: a hernia of the spinal cord and meninges
Pron: MAI-eh-loh-meh-NIN-goh-seel
Word Analysis
myelo/ meningo/ cele
spinal cord/ meninges/ hernia
113
neuritis
structure
objective
Def: nerve inflammation
Pron: nir-AI-tis
Word Analysis
neur/ itis
nerve/ inflammation
114
neuroma
structure
objective
Def: a nerve tumor
Pron: nir-OH-mah
Word Analysis
neur/ oma
nerve/ tumor
115
neurosclerosis
structure
objective
Def: hardening of nerve
Pron: NIR-oh-skleh-ROH-sis
Word Analysis
neuro/ scler/ osis
nerve/ hardening/ condition
116
polyneuritis
structure
objective
Def: inflammation of multiple nerves
Pron: PAW-lee-nir-AI-tis
Word Analysis
poly/ neur/ itis
many/ nerve/ inflammation
117
agnosia *
function
objective
Def: inability to comprehend
Pron: AG-noh-zhah
Word Analysis
a/ gnos/ ia
not/ knowledge/ condition
118
apathy *
function
objective
Def: lack of emotion
Pron: A-pah-thee
Word Analysis
a/ path/ y
no/ suffering/ condition
119
hyperkinesia
function
objective
Def: increase in muscle movement or activity
Pron: HAI-per-kih-NEE-shah
Word Analysis
hyper/ kinesia
over/ movement
120
neurasthenia
function
objective
Def: nerve weakness
Pron: NIR-as-THEN-ee-ah
Word Analysis
neur/ asthenia
nerve/ weakness
121
neuroglycopenia *
function
objective
Def: deficiency of sugar that interferes with normal brain activity.
Pron: NIR-oh-GLAI-koh-PEE-nee-ah
Word Analysis
neuro/ glyco/ penia
nerve/ sugar/ deficiency
122
nystagmus *
function
objective
Def: involuntary back and forth eye movements
Pron: nih-STAG-mus
from Greek, for "to nod"
123
prosopagnosia *
function
objective
Def: inability to recognize faces
Pron: PRAW-soh-pag-NOH-zhah
Word Analysis
prosop/ a/ gnos/ ia
face/ no/ knowledge/ condition
124
anesthesiologist
professional terms
objective
Def: doctor who specializes in anesthesiology
Pron: A-neh-STHEE-zee-AW-loh-jist
Word Analysis
an/ esthesio/ logist
no/ sensation/ specialist
125
afferent nerve
professional terms
objective
Def: a nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system
Note: the prefix af- is actually ad- (toward), like in admit or address. When ad- is added to -ferent, the word adferent changes to afferent -- it's just easier to say.
Pron: A-fir-ent nirv
Word Analysis
af/ ferent nerve
toward/ carry
126
efferent nerve
professional terms
objective
Def: a nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system
Pron: EH-fir-ent nirv
Word Analysis
ef/ ferent nerve
away/ carry
127
neurogenic *
professional terms
objective
Def: originating from/ created by nerves
Pron: NIR-oh-JIN-ik
Word Analysis
neuro/ gen/ ic
nerve/ creation/ pertaining to
128
psychiatrist
professional terms
objective
Def: doctor who specializes in the treatment of the mind
Pron: sai-KAI-ah-trist
Word Analysis
psych/ iastrist
mind/ specialist
129
psychiatry
professional terms
objective
Def: branch of medicine that focuses on the treatment of the mind
Pron: sai-KAI-ah-tree
Word Analysis
psych/ iatry
mind/ specialty
130
psychogenic
professional terms
objective
Def: originating in/created by the mind
Pron: SAI-koh-JIN-ik
Word Analysis
psycho/ gen/ ic
mind/ creation/ pertaining to
131
psychologist
professional terms
objective
Def: doctor who specializes in the study fo the mind
Pron: sai-KAW-loh-jist
Word Analysis
psycho/ logist
mind/ specialist
132
psychology
professional terms
objective
Def: branch of medicine that focuses on the study of the mind
Note: the cheif differences between a psychologist and a psychiatrist are their training and approach; a psychologist has a PhD and normally uses psychotherapy, and a psychiatrist has an MD or a DO and can prescribe medication.
Pron: sai-KAW-loh-jee
Word Analysis
psycho/ logy
mind/ study
133
psychosomatic *
professional terms
objective
Def: pertaining to the relationship between the body and the mind
Pron: SAI-koh-soh-MA-tik
Word Analysis
psycho/ somat/ ic
mind/ body/ pertaining to
134
idiopathic
seizure
objective
Def: having no known cause or origin
Pron: IH-dee-oh-PAH-thik
Word Analysis
idio/ path/ ic
private/ disease/ pertaining to
135
interictal
seizure
objective
Def: time between seizures
Pron: IN-ter-IK-tal
Word Analysis
inter/ ictal
between/ seizure
136
postictal
seizure
objective
Def: time after a seizure
Pron: post-IK-tal
Word Analysis
post/ ictal
after/ seizure
137
preictal
seizure
objective
Def: time before the seizure
Pron: pree-IK-tal
Word Analysis
pre/ ictal
before/ seizure
138
tonic
seizure
objective
Def: pertaining to muscle tone (normally weak or unresponsive)
Pron: TAW-nik
Word Analysis
ton/ ic
muscle tone/ pertaining to
139
clonus *
seizure
objective
Def: muscle spasm or twitching
Pron: CLAH-nis
From Greek, for "violent"
140
tonic-clonic seizure
seizure
objective
Def: a seizure characterized by both a tonic and a clonic phase
Pron: TAW-nik CLAH-nik SEE-zhir
Word Analysis
ton/ ic clon/ ic
muscle tone/ pertaining to spasm/ pertaining to
141
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
structure
assessment
Def: an accident involving the blood vessels of the brain
Pron: seh-REE-broh-VAS-kyoo-lar AK-sih-dent
Word Analysis
cerebro/ vascul/ ar
brain/ blood vessel/ pertaining to
142
stroke
structure
assessment
Def: loss of brain function caused by interruption of blood flow/ supply to the brain
Pron: STROHK
143
hemorrhagic stroke
structure
assessment
Def: a stroke where the blood loss is caused by the rupture of a blood vessel
Pron: HEM-oh-RA-jik- STROHK
Word Analysis
hemo/ rrhag/ ic
blood/ excessive bleeding/ pertaining to
144
ischemic stroke
structure
assessment
Def: a stroke where the blood loss is caused by a blockage
Pron: ihs-KEE-mik STROHK
Word Analysis
isch/ em/ ic
hold back/ blood/ pertaining to
145
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
structure
assessment
Def: a "mini-stroke" caused by the blockage of a blood vessel, which resolves (goes away) within 24 hours
Pron: TRAN-zee-ent ih-SKEE-mik ah-TAK
Word Analysis
trans/ ient isch/ em/ ic
across/ go hold back/ blood/ pertaining to
146
cerebrovascular disease
structure
assessment
Def: a disease of the blood vessels of the brain
Pron: seh-REE-broh-VAS-kyoo-lar dih-ZEEZ
Word Analysis
cerebro/ vascul/ ar
brain/ blood vessel/ pertaining to
147
cerebral aneurysm
structure
assessment
Def: the widening or abnormal dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
Note: In aneurysm the an- prefix doesn't come from a (not) but from ana (meaning "up" or "out"). Another word you can see this in is analysis, ana (up) + lysis (loose). So to analyze something means "to break something up and look at the parts."
Pron: seh-REE-bral AN-yir-IZ-um
Word Analysis
cerebr/ al an/ eury/sm
brain/ pertaining to out/ wide/ condition
148
cerebral arteriosclerosis*
structure
assessment
Def: the hardening of an artery in the brain
Pron: seh-REE-bral ar-TIH-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis
Word Analysis
cerebr/ al arterio/ scler/ osis
brain/ pertaining to artery/ hardening/ condition
149
cerebral atherosclerosis *
structure
assessment
Def: the hardening of an artery in the brain caused by the buildup of fatty plaque
Pron: seh-REE-bral ATH-er-oh-skleh-ROH-sis
Word Analysis
cerebr/ al athero/ scler/ osis
brain/ pertaining to fatty/ hardening/ condition
150
cerebral embolism *
structure
assessment
Def: the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain caused by a foreign object (embolus) such as fat or bacteria
Pron: seh-REE-bral EM-boh-lih-zum
Word Analysis
cerebr/ al embol/ ism
brain/ pertaining to stopper/ condition
151
cerebral thrombosis *
structure
assessment
Def: the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain caused by a blood clot
Pron: seh-REE-bral throm-BOH-sis
Word Analysis
cerebr/ al thromb/ osis
brain/ pertaining to clot/ condition
152
craniomalacia
structure
assessment
Def: abnormal softening of the skull
Pron: KRAY-nee-oh-mah-LAY-shah
Word Analysis
cranio/ malacia
skull/ softening
153
craniosclerosis
structure
assessment
Def: abnormal hardening of the skull
Pron: KRAY-nee-oh-skleh-ROH-sis
Word Analysis
cranio/ scler/ osis
skull/ hardening/ condition
154
craniostenosis
structure
assessment
Def: abnormal narrowing of the skull
Pron: KRAY-nee-oh-steh-NOH-sis
Word Analysis
cranio/ sten/ osis
skull/ narrow/ condition
155
craniosynostosis
structure
assessment
Def: premature fusing of the skull bones
Pron: KRAY-nee-oh-SIN-aw-STOH-sis
Word Analysis
cranio/ syn/ ost/ osis
skull/ together/ bone/ condition
156
hydrocephaly
structure
assessment
Def: abnormal accumulation of spinal fluid in the brain
Pron: HAI-droh-SEH-fah-lee
Word Analysis
hydro/ cephal/ y
water/ head/ condition
157
astrocytoma
structure
assessment
Def: a tumor arising from astrocyte glial cells
Pron: ASS-troh-sai-TOH-mah
Word Analysis
astro/ cyt/ oma
star/ cell/ tumor
158
ganglioma
structure
assessment
Def: ganglion tumor
Pron: GAN-glee-OH-mah
Word Analysis
gangli/ oma
ganglion/ tumor
159
glioblastoma
structure
assessment
Def: a brain tumor arising from glioblast cells
Pron: GLEE-oh-blas-TOH-mah
Word Analysis
glio/ blast/ oma
glue/ sprout/ tumore
Note: Glio means "glue" and refers to cells in the brain that serve as support structures for neurons
160
meningioma
structure
assessment
Def: tumor of the meninges
Pron: meh-NIN-jee-OH-mah
Word Analysis
meningi/ oma
meninges/ tumor
161
cerebellitis
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of the cerebellum
Pron: SEH-rah-bell-AI-tis
Word Analysis
cerebell/ itis
cerebellum/ inflammation
162
cerebromeningitis
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of the brain and meninges
Pron:seh-REE-broh-MEN-in-JAI-tis
Word Anaysis
cerebro/ mening/ itis
brain/ meninges/ inflammation
163
encephalitis
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of the brain
Pron: in-SEF-ah-LAI-tis
Word Analysis
encephal/ itis
brain/ inflammation
164
encephalomyelitis
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
Pron: in-SEF-ah-loh-MAI-eh-LAI-tis
Word Analysis
encephalo/ myel/ itis
brain/ spinal cord/ inflammation
165
encephalomyeloneuropathy
structure
assessment
Def: disease of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Pron: in-SEF-ah-loh-MAI-el-oh-nir-AW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
encephalo/ myelo/ neuro/ pathy
brain/ spinal cord/ nerve/ disease
166
encephalopathy
structure
assessment
Def: disease of the brain
Pron: in-SEF-ah-LAW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
encephalo/ pathy
brain/ disease
167
encephalopyrosis
structure
assessment
Def: a pus-filled abscess in the brain
Pron: in-SEF-ah-loh-pai-OH-sis
Word Analysis
encephalo/ py/ osis
brain/ pus/ condition
168
gangliitis
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of a ganglion
Pron: GAN-glee-AI-tis
Word Analysis
gangli/ itis
ganglion/ inflammation
169
intracerebral hemorrhage
structure
assessment
Def: excessive bleeding inside the brain
Pron: IN-trah-sih-REE-bral HIH-moh-rij
Word Analysis
intra/ cerebr/ al hemo/rrhage
inside/ brain/ pertaining to blood/ excessive bleeding
170
meningopathy
structure
assessment
Def: disease of the meninges
Pron: MEH-nin-GAW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
meningo/ pathy
meninges/ disease
171
meningitis
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of the meninges
Pron: MEH-nin-JAI-tus
Word Analysis
mening/ itis
meninges/ inflammation
172
meningoencephalitis
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of the meninges and brain
Pron: meh-NIN-goh-in-SEF-ah-LAI-tis
Word Analysis
meningo/ encephal/ itis
meninges/ brain/ inflammation
173
myelitis
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of the spinal cord
Pron: MAI-eh-LAI-tis
Word Analysis
myel/ itis
spinal cord/ inflammation
174
myelodysplasia *
structure
assessment
Def: defective formation of the spinal cord
Pron: MAI-eh-loh-dis-PLAY-zhah
Word Analysis
myelo/ dys/ plas/ ia
spinal cord/ bad/ formation/ condition
175
myelopathy
structure
assessment
Def: disease of the spinal cord
Pron: MAI-el-AW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
myelo/ pathy
spinal cord/ disease
176
neuroarthropathy
structure
assessment
Def: disease of the joint associated with nerves
Pron: NIR-oh-ar-THRAW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
neuro/ arthro/ pathy
nerve/ joint/ disease
177
neuroencephalomyelopathy
structure
assessment
Def: disease of the nerves, brain, and spinal cord
Pron: NIR-oh-in-SEF-ah-loh-MAI-el-AW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
neuro/ encephalo/ myelo/ pathy
nerve/ brain/ spinal cord/ disease
178
neuropathy
structure
assessment
Def: disease of the nervous system
Pron: nir-AW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
neuro/ pathy
nerve/ disease
179
poliomyelitis *
structure
assessment
Def: inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
Pron: POH-lee-oh-MAI-el-AI-tis
Word Analysis
polio/ myel/ itis
gray/ spinal cord/ inflammation
180
polyneuropathy
structure
assessment
Def: disease affecting multiple nerves
Pron: PAW-lee-nir-AW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
poly/ neuro/ pathy
many/ nerve/ disease
181
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS) *
function
assessment
Def: a degenerative disease of the central nervous system causing loss of muscle control. Literally, the hardening (sclerosis) of the nerve cells on the sides (lateral) of the spine leading to the loss of muscle tissue from disuse.
Pron: a-MAI-aw-TROH-fik LAT-tih-ral skleh-ROH-sis
Word Analysis
a/ myo/ troph/ ic/ lateral scler/ osis
not/ muscle/ nourishment/ pertaining to side hardening/ condition.
182
anorexia
function
assessment
Def: an eating disorder characterized by the patient's refusal to eat
Pron: a-noh-REK-see-ah
Word Analysis
an/ orex/ ia
no/ appetite/ condition
183
autism *
function
assessment
Def: a psychiatric disorder characterized by withdrawal from communication with others; the patient is focused only on the self
Pron: AH-tiz-um
Word Analysis
aut/ ism
self/ condition
184
bulimia *
function
assessment
Def: an eating disorder characterized by overeating and usually followed by forced vomiting
Pron: boo-LEE-mee-ah
Word Analysis
bu/ lim/ ia
ox/ hunger/ condition
185
cerebral palsy *
function
assessment
Def: paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement
Pron: seh-REE-bral PAL-zee
Word Analysis
cerebr/ al palsy
brain/ pertaining to paralysis
186
dysphoria *
function
assessment
Def: a negative emotional state
Pron: dis-FOR-ee-ah
Word Analysis
dys/ phor/ ia
bad/ carry/ condition
187
epilepsy *
function
assessment
Def: a disease marked by seizures
Pron: eh-pih-LEP-see
Word Analysis
epi/ lepsy
upon/ seize
188
euphoria
function
assessment
Def: a positive emotional state
Pron: yoo-FOR-ee-ah
Word Analysis
eu/ phor/ ia
good/ carry/ condition
189
hypomania
function
assessment
Def: a mental state just below mania
Pron: HAI-poh-MAY-nee-ah
Word Analysis
hypo/ mania
under/ excessive anger
190
manic depression (bipolar)
function
assessment
Def: a psychiatric disorder characterized by alternating bouts of excitement and depression
Note: This disease is referred to by the name bipolar because the patient fluctuates between two extremes.
Pron: MAN-ik de-PREH-shun
Word Analysis
manic depression
excitement depression
191
myasthenia
function
assessment
Def: muscle weakness
Pron: mai-as-THEH-nee-ah
Word Analysis
my/ asthenia
muscle/ weakness
192
narcolepsy *
function
assessment
Def: a disease characterized by sudden, uncontrolled sleepiness
Pron: NAR-coh-LEP-see
Word Analysis
narco/ lepsy
sleep/ seize
193
neurosis
function
assessment
Def: a nerve condition
Pron: neh-ROH-sis
Word Analysis
neur/ osis
nerve/ condition
194
psychosis
function
assessment
Def: a mind condition
Pron: sai-KOH-sis
Word Analysis
psych/ osis
mind/ condition
195
psychopathy
function
assessment
Def: a mental illness
Pron: sai-KAW-pah-thee
Word Analysis
psycho/ pathy
mind/ disease
196
schizophrenia
function
assessment
Def: a mental illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech
Note: Schizo refers to the division in the mind between the mind itself and reality, not the division of the mind into multiple personalities
Pron: SKIT-zoh-FREH-nee-ah
Word Analysis
schizo/ phren/ ia
divide/ mind/ condition
197
anesthetic
anesthesiology
plan
Def: a drug that causes loss of sensation
Pron: an-es-THET-ik
Word Analysis
an/ esthetic
not/ sensation
198
general anesthetic
anesthesiology
plan
Def: anesthetic that causes complete loss of consciousness
Pron: JEH-nir-al an-es-THET-ik
Word Analysis
general anesthetic
199
local anesthetic
anesthesiology
plan
Def: anesthetic that does not affect consciousness
Pron: LOH-kai an-es-THET-ik
Word Analysis
local anesthetic
200
regional anesthetic
anesthesiology
plan
Def: anesthetic that is injected into a nerve causing loss of sensation over a particular area
Pron: REE-jih-nal an-es-THET-ik
Word Analysis
regional anesthetic
201
topical anesthetic
anesthesiology
plan
Def: local anesthesia applied to the surface of the area to be anesthetized
Pron: TAW-pih-kal an-es-THET-ik
Word Analysis
topical anesthetic
202
epidural anesthetic
anesthesiology
plan
Def: anesthetic applied in the dural region of the spinal cord
Pron: eh-pih-DUH-ral an-es-THET-ik
Word Analysis
epi/ dur/ al
upon/ dura/ pertaining to
203
analgesic
pharmacology
plan
Def: a drug that relieves pain
Pron: an-al-JEE-zik
Word Analysis
an/ alge/ sic
not/ pain/ agent
204
anticonvulsant
pharmacology
plan
Def: a drug that opposes convulsions
Pron: AN-tee-kon-VUL-sant
Word Analysis
anti/ convuls/ ant
against/ convulsion/ agent
205
antidepressant
pharmacology
plan
Def: a drug that opposes depression
Pron: AN-tee-deh-PREH-sant
Word Analysis
anti/ depress/ ant
against/ depression/ agent
206
antipsychotic
pharmacology
plan
Def: a drug that opposes psychoses
Pron: AN-tee-sai-KAW-tik
Word Analysis
anti/ psycho/ tic
against/ psychosis/ agent
207
anxiolytic *
pharmacology
plan
Def: a drug that lessens anxiety
Pron: ANG-zee-oh-LIH-tik
Word Analysis
anxio/ lytic
anxiety/ breakdown agent
208
hypnotic
pharmacology
plan
Def: a drug that aids sleep
Pron: hip-NAWT-ik
Word Analysis
hypno/ tic
sleep/ agent
209
neuropharmacology *
pharmacology
plan
Def: the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system
Pron: nir-oh-FAR-mah-KAW-loh-jee
Word Analysis
neuro/ pharmaco/ logy
nerve/ drug/ study
210
psychotropic *
pharmacology
plan
Def: drugs that are able to turn the mind
Pron: SAI-koh-TROH-pik
Word Analysis
psycho/ trop/ ic
mind/ turn/ agent
211
thrombolytic *
pharmacology
plan
Def: a drug that dissolves clots
Pron:THRAWM-boh-LIT-ik
Word Analysis
thrombo/ lytic
clot/ breakdown agent
212
cerebrotomy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: incision into the brain
Pron: seh-ree-BRAW-toh-mee
Word Analysis
cerebro/ tomy
brain. incision
213
chemotherapy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: treament using chemicals
Pron: KEE-moh-THER-ah-pee
Word Analysis
chemo/ therapy
chemical/ treatment
214
craniectomy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: removal of a piece of the skull and don't replace it
Pron: KRAY-nee-EK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
crani/ectomy
skull/ removal
215
craniotomy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: incision into the skull with replacement of skull piece
Pron: KRAY-nee-AW-toh-mee
Word Analysis
cranio/ tomy
skull/ incision
216
endarterectomy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: removal of the inside of an artery
Pron: EN-dar-tir-EK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
end/ arter/ ectomy
inside/ artery/ removal
217
endovascular neurosurgery *
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: surgery on the nervous system performed by entering the body through blood vessels
Pron: EN-doh-VAS-kyoo-lar NIR-oh-SIR-jir-ee
Word Analysis
endo/ vascul/ ar neuro/ surgery
inside/ vessel/ pertaining to nerve/ surgery
218
lobectomy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: removal of a lobe
Pron: loh-BEK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
lob/ ectomy
lobe/ removal
219
lobotomy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: incision into a lobe
Pron: loh-BAW-toh-mee
Word Analysis
lobo/ tomy
lobe/ incision
220
neurectomy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: removal of a nerve
Pron: nir-EK-toh-mee
Word Analysis
neur/ ectomy
nerve removal
221
neurolysis
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: destruction of nerve tissue
Pron: nir-AW-lih-sis
Word Analysis
neuro/ lysis
nerve/ loose
222
neuroplasty
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: reconstruction of a nerve
Pron: NIR-oh-PLAS-tee
Word Analysis
neuro/ plasty
nerve/ reconstruction
223
neurorrhaphy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: suturing of a nerve (often the severed ends of a nerve)
Pron: nir-OR-ah-fee
Word Analysis
neuro/ rrhaphy
nerve/ suture
224
neurotomy
surgical procedures and treatments
plan
Def: incision into a nerve
Pron: nir-AW-toh-mee
Word Analysis
neuro/ tomy
nerve/ incision
225
ADHD
nervous system abbreviations
Def: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
226
ALS
nervous system abbreviations
Def: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's Disease)
227
CNS
nervous system abbreviations
Def: central nervous system
228
CP
nervous system abbreviations
Def: cerebral palsy
229
CSF
nervous system abbreviations
Def: cerebrospinal fluid
230
CVA
nervous system abbreviations
Def: cerebrovascular accident
231
EEG
nervous system abbreviations
Def: electroencephalogram
232
EMG
nervous system abbreviations
Def: electromyogram
233
ICP
nervous system abbreviations
Def: intracranial pressure
234
LOC
nervous system abbreviations
Def: level of consciousness
235
LP
nervous system abbreviations
Def: lumbar puncture
236
MRA
nervous system abbreviations
Def: magnetic resonance angiography
237
MS
nervous system abbreviations
Def: multiple sclerosis
238
OCD
nervous system abbreviations
Def: obsessive compulsive disorder
239
PET
nervous system abbreviations
Def: positron emission tomography
240
PNS
nervous system abbreviations
Def: peripheral nervous system
241
TIA
nervous system abbreviations
Def: transient ischemic attack
