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MCAT Biological Sciences > Chapter 7- The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7- The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 parts of cardiovascular system

A
  1. 4 chambered heart
  2. blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins)
  3. blood
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2
Q

general movement of blood

A

veins –>right side of heart–>lungs–>left side of heart–>recirculated through arteries

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3
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side of heart accepts deoxygenated blood returning from body and moves it tot he lungs by way of pulmonary arteries

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4
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs by way of pulmonary veins and forces it out to the body through the aorta

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5
Q

4 chambers of heart

A

2 atria (thin walls) and 2 ventricles (more muscular. get blood after atria and once they fill the contract to send blood to lungs and systemic circulation)

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6
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

separate atria from ventricles (LAB RAT)
Left Atrium = Bicuspid
Right Atrium = Tricuspid

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7
Q

semilunar valves

A

separate ventricles from vasculature, these valves allow the pump to create the pressure within the ventricles necessary to propel the blood for circulation (also prevents backflow) (three leaflets)

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8
Q

tricuspid valve

A

three leaflets. valve b/w right atrium and right ventricle

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9
Q

mitral or bicuspid valve

A

two leaflets. valve b/w left atrium and left ventricle

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10
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary circulation

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11
Q

aortic valve

A

valve that separates left ventricle from aorta

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12
Q

right vs. left heart

A

R- supporting circulation to lungs

L- systemic circulation (more muscular side)

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13
Q

pathway of electrical conduction for heart

A

SA (sinoatrial) node –> both atria contract –> AV (atrioventricular) node –> signal delayed for a bit while ventricles fill up –> AV (bundle of His) bundle –> purkinje fibers

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14
Q

location of SA node

A

small collection of cells located in right atrium (starts electrical impulse of heart)

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15
Q

atrial systole and atrial kick

A

contraction, results in increase in atrial pressure that forces a little more blood into the ventricles. this additional volume of blood is an atrial kick (accounts for 5-30% of cardiac output)

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16
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

distribute electrical signal through the ventricular muscle

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17
Q

intercalated discs

A

connects muscle cells in heart. contain many gap junctions directly connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells thereby allowing for coordinated ventricular contraction

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18
Q

vagus nerve

A

provides parasympathetic signals to slow the heart down

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19
Q

Two phases involved in heartbeat

A

systole and diastole

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20
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction and closure of AV valves occurs and blood is pumped out of ventricles

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21
Q

diastole

A

heart is relaxed. semilunar valves are closed and blood from atria fills the ventricles

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22
Q

cardiac output

A

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute.

CO = (heartrate)(stroke volume) —about 5 L/min

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23
Q

artery

A

blood away from heart. largest in system is aorta. major arteries: coronary, common carotid, renal. very muscular and elastic (resist flow of blood which is why heart has to be so powerful)

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24
Q

arterioles

A

smaller, muscular arteries. arteries branch into these, which ultimately lead to capillaries that perfuse the tissue.

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25
Q

venules

A

smaller venous structures that connect capillaries to larger veins of body.

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26
Q

endothelial cells

A

lines all of the blood vessels. helps to maintain the vessel by releasing chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction. can allow white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall and into tissues during an inflammatory response. release chemicals when damaged that are necessary in formation of blood clots to repair the vessel and stop bleeding.

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27
Q

what to recognize regarding veins and arteries

A

same types of cells comprise the different vessels and that arteries have much more smooth muscle than veins

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28
Q

arteries typically carry oxygenated blood. which 2 arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary arteries (going to lungs) and umbilical arteries (fetus lungs do not work until birth)

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29
Q

capillaries

A

vessels w/ 1 endothelial layer and are so small that red blood cells travel in a single file line. thin- to allow for diffusion of gases/ nutrients/ waste/ hormones

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30
Q

what is a bruise?

A

damaged capillaries that leak blood in a closed space

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31
Q

veins

A

always carry deoxygenated blood. thin walled, inelastic vessels that transport blood to heart.

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32
Q

veins typically carry deoxygenated blood. which 2 veins carry oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary veins and umbilical veins

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33
Q

what causes varicose veins?

A

when blood tries to move backward the valves will slam shut. distended valves where blood has pooled.

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34
Q

typically blood will pass through how many capillary beds before returning to the heart? exceptions?

A

1, but there are three portal systems where it will pass through two capillary beds in series before returning to heart. (hepatic, hypophyseal, and renal)

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35
Q

hepatic portal system

A

blood leaving capillary beds in walls of gut passes through the hepatic portal vein before reaching the capillary beds in the liver

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36
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

blood leaving capillary beds in hypothalamus travels to a capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones

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37
Q

renal portal system

A

blood leaving the glomerulus travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephron in a capillary network called the vasa recta.

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38
Q

where does a capillary carry blood?

A

from arterioles to venules

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39
Q

2 components of blood

A
  1. 55% plasma (water, nutrients, salt, gas, hormones, proteins)
  2. 45% cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)
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40
Q

formation of blood cells

A

hematopoietic stem cells (originate in bone marrow)

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41
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cells. designed with about 250 molecules of hemoglobin in order to carry about 1 billion molecules of Oxygen per cell. typically live for 120 days until recyceld for parts.

42
Q

shape and reason for red blood cell shape

A

biconcave. smaller and more surface area to allow for greater gas exchange

43
Q

what happens when red blood cells mature?

A

they lose their nuclei, mitochondria, and other membrane bound organelles to make more space for hemoglobin

44
Q

why is it a good thing that mature red blood cells dont have mitochondria?

A

so it doesn’t metabolize the oxygen its carrying. thus red blood cells rely on glycolysis to generate ATP

45
Q

hematocrit

A

measurement of how much of the blood sample consists of red blood cells (normal is between 36-53%, higher for males)

46
Q

normal hemoglobin levels

A

between 12 and 17.5 (higher for males)

47
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells. less than 1% of total blood volume in healthy person.

48
Q

2 categories of leukocytes

A
  1. granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

2. agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

49
Q

granulocytes (granular leukocytes)

A

contain cytoplasmic granules that are visible by microscopy. involved in inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus formation, and destruction of bacteria and parasites

50
Q

agranulocytes

A

do not contain granules released through exocytosis, like granulocytes.

51
Q

lymphocytes

A

primary responder against infection. specific immune response, they learn from experience and are prepared to mount a fast response upon repeated exposure to familiar pathogens. bodys targeted fight against particular pathogens (ex: viruses, bacteria)

52
Q

B-cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in spleen/lymph nodes. responsible for antibody generation

53
Q

T-cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in thymus and kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells

54
Q

monocytes

A

phagocytize foreign matter (ex: bacteria)

55
Q

macrophages

A

monocytes that leave bloodstream and enter an organ (ex: microglia in CNS, Langerhans cells in skin, osteoclasts in bone)

56
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets. cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow known as megakaryocytes. assist in blood clotting.

57
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells and platelets. triggered by a number of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines

58
Q

erythropoietin

A

secreted by the kidney and stimulates mainly red blood cell development

59
Q

thrombopoietin

A

secreted by the liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development

60
Q

antigens

A

on surface of red blood cells. any specific target (usually protein) to which the immune system can react. (ex: ABO and Rh factor)

61
Q

ABO system

A

A and B are codominant and O(i) is recessive (4 blood types: A, B, AB, O)

62
Q

universal blood donor

A

O blood, will not cause ABO-hemolysis in any recipient. can only receive O blood.

63
Q

universal recipient

A

receive from all blood types

64
Q

during blood transfusions, what is actually being transfused?

A

red blood cells ONLY. no plasma.

65
Q

If you have A, B, AB, or O blood… what type of antigens do you produce?

A

you produce the SAME antigens as the type of blood that you have. (no O antigens, people with O blood have no antigens)

66
Q

If you have A, B, AB, or O blood… what type of antibodies do you produce?

A

anit-(what you dont have), people with AB blood produce no antibodies.

67
Q

Rh factor

A

surface protein on red blood cells. either Rh+ (present D allele) or Rh- (absent D allele)
Rh+ –> autosomal dominant

68
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+ she will become sensitized to Rh factor and her immune system will make antibodies against it. if she chooses to have a second child and its also Rh+ then the mothers antibodies will attack the fetus blood and kill the fetus.

69
Q

which cell types in blood do not contain nuclei?

A

erythrocytes and platelets

70
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure (may result in damage to blood vessel/ organ system)

71
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measure the gauge pressure in the systemic circulation. ratio of systolic/diastolic = ventricular contraction/ ventricular relaxation

72
Q

normal blood pressure

A

between 90/60 and 120/80

73
Q

largest drop in blood pressure

A

across arterioles to the capillaries. necessary b/c capillaries are thin-walled and unable to withstand the pressure of the arterial side of the vasculature

74
Q

how can ohms law (V=IR) be applied to the cardiovascular system?

A

pressure differential = (cardiac output)(total peripheral resistance)

75
Q

what acts like resistors in a circuit?

A

arterioles and capillaries because resistance is based on resistivity, length, cross-sectional area

76
Q

baroreceptors

A

in walls of vasculature. specialized neurons that detect changes in the mechanical forces on the walls of the vessel. (ex: if blood pressure is too low they will stimulate sympathetic nervous system for vasoconstriction so bp will increase)

77
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

if bp is too high. specialized atrial cells secrete this hormone. it aids in loss of salt within the nephron acting as a natural diuretic with loss of fluid.

78
Q

where does gas and solute exchange occur between blood and tissues?

A

capillaries and it moves with concentration gradients

79
Q

binding of oxygen to the heme group

A

oxidation-reduction reaction

80
Q

healthy oxygen saturation

A

above 97%

81
Q

in lungs, where does the oxygen diffuse?

A

alveolar capillaries

82
Q

cooperative binding

A

as O is added or removed from heme group it continuously gets easier to do it. (sigmoidal curve)

83
Q

how CO2 enters the circulatory system to leave the body?

A

partially through heme (it has a lower affinity for CO2), but mainly through the blood plasma as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

84
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyzes the combination reaction between CO2 and water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)

85
Q

Bohr effect

A

hemoglobins binding affinity is inversely related to both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide

86
Q

what does a left shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve mean?

A

higher affinity (like fetal hemoglobin)

87
Q

what does a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve mean?

A

lower affinity

88
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

force per unit area that blood exerts against the vessel walls. (pushes fluid out and is dependent on blood pressure)

89
Q

oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure)

A

drawing fluid into the vessels and is dependent on the number of particles dissolved in the plasma

90
Q

starling forces

A

balance of opposing forces. essential for maintaining the proper fluid volumes and solute concentrations inside and outside the vasculature.

91
Q

edema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitium

92
Q

what happens if the lymph nodes are blocked so lymphatic fluid cannot empty though the thoracic duct?

A

edema

93
Q

clots

A

cagulation factors (proteins released by liver) and platelets and prevent/minimize blood loss

94
Q

endpoint of coagulation cascade

A

activation of prothrombin to form thrombin and thromboplastin which can then convert fibrinogen into fibrin

95
Q

what breaks down a clot?

A

plasmin which is generated from plasminogen.

96
Q

cause of right shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

increased CO2, increased H+, decreased pH, increased temp

97
Q

cause of left shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

decrease CO2, decreased H+, increased pH, decreased temp

98
Q

exposure of which subendothelial compounds start coagulation cascade? what stabilizes the clot?

A

exposure on collagen and tissue factor. fibrin stabilizes the clot.

99
Q

pericardium

A

sac that protects heart

100
Q

more acidic blood does what to the hemoglobins affinity for O2

A

decreases as bloods pH decreases

101
Q

what happens when you lose albumin into the urine

A

albumin = plasma protein, so this would decrease the oncotic pressure in the capillaries

MCAT Biological Sciences (12 decks)

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