Chapter 2- Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

G0 stage

A

cell living and serving its purpose and serving its function, without any preparation for division

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2
Q

p53

A

main protein in control of making sure the DNA is not damaged at checkpoints G1/S and G2/M

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3
Q

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)

A

responsible for the cell cycle. cyclins bind to CDKs creating an activated complex which will phosphorylate transcription factors allowing gene transcription to occur.

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4
Q

hemizygous

A

males b/c they only have one X-chromosome, so if that X has a disease on it then they are likely to express that disease.

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5
Q

notable gene on Y-chromosome

A

SRY (sex-determining region Y). initiates testis differentiation and thus the formation of male gonads.

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6
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produces sperm that are nourished by the sertoli cells.

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7
Q

2 functional components of the testes

A
  1. seminiferous tubules

2. interstitial cells (leydig)

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8
Q

cells of leydig

A

secrete testosterone and androgens

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9
Q

scrotum

A

location of testes. temperature 2-4degrees lower than body temp for optimal sperm production.

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10
Q

pathway of sperm through male reproductive system

A

SEVE(N) UP. Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, NOTHING, urethra, penis

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11
Q

epididymis

A

sperms flagella gain motility (stored here until ejaculation)

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12
Q

three parts that help with seminal survival and what they do

A
  1. seminal vesicles- contribute fructose to nourish sperm
  2. prostate gland- fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive in acidic vagina
  3. bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland- produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans urethra during sexual arousal
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13
Q

spermatogonia

A

diploid stem cells (probably going to turn into gametic cells)

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14
Q

mid(connecting) piece of sperm

A

makes ATP, connects head to tail of sperm (filled with mitochondria)

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15
Q

acrosome

A

covers head of sperm, derived from golgi apparatus, necessary to penetrate ovum

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16
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries (produce estrogen and progesterone)

17
Q

first menstrual cycle

A

menarche

18
Q

which stage are primary oocytes frozen in until they continue the cycle during a womans period

A

prophase 1

19
Q

which stage are secondary oocytes frozen in until fertilization occurs

A

metaphase II

20
Q

2 layers surrounding oocytes

A
  1. zona pellucida- surrounds oocyte and is an acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect oocyte and contain compounds necessary for sperm cell binding
  2. corona radiata- lies outside (1) and is a layer of cells that adhered to oocyte during ovulation
21
Q

hypothalamus and reproduction ability

A

at puberty the hypothalamus allows the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

22
Q

becoming fertile at puberty (both sexes)

A

GnRH is produced by hypothalamus triggering anterior pituitary to synthesize and release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). these trigger production of other sex hormones that develop and maintain the reproductive system.

23
Q

amenorrhea

A

failure to menstruate

24
Q

estrogen

A

(ESTABLISHES ENDOMETRIUM) secreted in response to FSH. result in development/maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sexual characteristics. stimulate development of reproductive tract in embryo. thickens lining of uterus (endometrium) each month

25
Q

progesterone

A

(PROTECTS ENDOMETRIUM) secreted by corpus luteum- remnant follicle that remains after ovulation- in response to LH. development and maintenance of endometrium. IN PREGNANCY: progesterone is supplied by placenta and corpus luteum atrophies and ceases to function.

26
Q

4 phases of menstrual cycle

A
  1. follicular phase (menstrual flow)
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal phase
  4. menstruation
27
Q

what does a surge in LH do?

A

induces ovulation (release of the ovum from the ovary into the abdominal- peritoneal- cavity

28
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

after a zygote forms it develops into a blastocyst that will implant in uterine lining and secrete hCG

29
Q

corpus luteum

A

formed from ruptured follicle and secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation for implantation (LH and FSH are inhibited)

30
Q

sequence of development of mature sperm cell

A

spermatogonium, primary/secondary spermocyte, spermatid, spermatozoan

31
Q

what happens during ovulation?

A

the oocyte is released into the abdominal cavity after the ruptured ovarian follicle pushes it there

32
Q

seminal vesicles

A

produce alkaline fructose containing secretions

33
Q

epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation

34
Q

vas deferens

A

tube connecting epididymis to ejaculatory duct. also surroded by muscle to raise and lower the testes

35
Q

cowpers gland

A

produce a fluid to clear traces of urine in the urethra

36
Q

nondisjunction

A

incorrect segregation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I (or of sister chromatids duirng anaphase II)– so one daugher cell has two copies of related genetic material and the other has none.

37
Q

during which phase does progesterone peak?

A

luteal phase (supports the endometrium for potential implantation of a blastua) –withdrawal of progesterone causes menses

38
Q

what do high levels of progesterone and estrogen do during pregnancy

A

inhibit GnRH secretion, thus preventing FSH and LH secretion and the onset of a new menstrual cycle