Chapter 2- Reproduction

Question 1

G0 stage

Answer 1

cell living and serving its purpose and serving its function, without any preparation for division

Question 2

p53

Answer 2

main protein in control of making sure the DNA is not damaged at checkpoints G1/S and G2/M

Question 3

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)

Answer 3

responsible for the cell cycle. cyclins bind to CDKs creating an activated complex which will phosphorylate transcription factors allowing gene transcription to occur.

Question 4

hemizygous

Answer 4

males b/c they only have one X-chromosome, so if that X has a disease on it then they are likely to express that disease.

Question 5

notable gene on Y-chromosome

Answer 5

SRY (sex-determining region Y). initiates testis differentiation and thus the formation of male gonads.

Question 6

seminiferous tubules

Answer 6

produces sperm that are nourished by the sertoli cells.

Question 7

2 functional components of the testes

Answer 7

1. seminiferous tubules

2. interstitial cells (leydig)

Question 8

cells of leydig

Answer 8

secrete testosterone and androgens

Question 9

scrotum

Answer 9

location of testes. temperature 2-4degrees lower than body temp for optimal sperm production.

Question 10

pathway of sperm through male reproductive system

Answer 10

SEVE(N) UP. Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, NOTHING, urethra, penis

Question 11

epididymis

Answer 11

sperms flagella gain motility (stored here until ejaculation)

Question 12

three parts that help with seminal survival and what they do

Answer 12

1. seminal vesicles- contribute fructose to nourish sperm
2. prostate gland- fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive in acidic vagina
3. bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland- produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans urethra during sexual arousal

Question 13

spermatogonia

Answer 13

diploid stem cells (probably going to turn into gametic cells)

Question 14

mid(connecting) piece of sperm

Answer 14

makes ATP, connects head to tail of sperm (filled with mitochondria)

Question 15

acrosome

Answer 15

covers head of sperm, derived from golgi apparatus, necessary to penetrate ovum

Question 16

female gonads

Answer 16

ovaries (produce estrogen and progesterone)

Question 17

first menstrual cycle

Answer 17

menarche

Question 18

which stage are primary oocytes frozen in until they continue the cycle during a womans period

Answer 18

prophase 1

Question 19

which stage are secondary oocytes frozen in until fertilization occurs

Answer 19

metaphase II

Question 20

2 layers surrounding oocytes

Answer 20

1. zona pellucida- surrounds oocyte and is an acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect oocyte and contain compounds necessary for sperm cell binding
2. corona radiata- lies outside (1) and is a layer of cells that adhered to oocyte during ovulation

Question 21

hypothalamus and reproduction ability

Answer 21

at puberty the hypothalamus allows the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Question 22

becoming fertile at puberty (both sexes)

Answer 22

GnRH is produced by hypothalamus triggering anterior pituitary to synthesize and release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). these trigger production of other sex hormones that develop and maintain the reproductive system.

Question 23

amenorrhea

Answer 23

failure to menstruate

Question 24

estrogen

Answer 24

(ESTABLISHES ENDOMETRIUM) secreted in response to FSH. result in development/maintenance of female reproductive system and female secondary sexual characteristics. stimulate development of reproductive tract in embryo. thickens lining of uterus (endometrium) each month

Question 25

progesterone

Answer 25

(PROTECTS ENDOMETRIUM) secreted by corpus luteum- remnant follicle that remains after ovulation- in response to LH. development and maintenance of endometrium. IN PREGNANCY: progesterone is supplied by placenta and corpus luteum atrophies and ceases to function.

Question 26

4 phases of menstrual cycle

Answer 26

1. follicular phase (menstrual flow)
2. ovulation
3. luteal phase
4. menstruation

Question 27

what does a surge in LH do?

Answer 27

induces ovulation (release of the ovum from the ovary into the abdominal- peritoneal- cavity

Question 28

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 28

after a zygote forms it develops into a blastocyst that will implant in uterine lining and secrete hCG

Question 29

corpus luteum

Answer 29

formed from ruptured follicle and secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation for implantation (LH and FSH are inhibited)

Question 30

sequence of development of mature sperm cell

Answer 30

spermatogonium, primary/secondary spermocyte, spermatid, spermatozoan

Question 31

what happens during ovulation?

Answer 31

the oocyte is released into the abdominal cavity after the ruptured ovarian follicle pushes it there

Question 32

seminal vesicles

Answer 32

produce alkaline fructose containing secretions

Question 33

epididymis

Answer 33

site of sperm maturation

Question 34

vas deferens

Answer 34

tube connecting epididymis to ejaculatory duct. also surroded by muscle to raise and lower the testes

Question 35

cowpers gland

Answer 35

produce a fluid to clear traces of urine in the urethra

Question 36

nondisjunction

Answer 36

incorrect segregation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase I (or of sister chromatids duirng anaphase II)– so one daugher cell has two copies of related genetic material and the other has none.

Question 37

during which phase does progesterone peak?

Answer 37

luteal phase (supports the endometrium for potential implantation of a blastua) –withdrawal of progesterone causes menses

Question 38

what do high levels of progesterone and estrogen do during pregnancy

Answer 38

inhibit GnRH secretion, thus preventing FSH and LH secretion and the onset of a new menstrual cycle