Chapter 2- Reproduction Flashcards
G0 stage
cell living and serving its purpose and serving its function, without any preparation for division
p53
main protein in control of making sure the DNA is not damaged at checkpoints G1/S and G2/M
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)
responsible for the cell cycle. cyclins bind to CDKs creating an activated complex which will phosphorylate transcription factors allowing gene transcription to occur.
hemizygous
males b/c they only have one X-chromosome, so if that X has a disease on it then they are likely to express that disease.
notable gene on Y-chromosome
SRY (sex-determining region Y). initiates testis differentiation and thus the formation of male gonads.
seminiferous tubules
produces sperm that are nourished by the sertoli cells.
2 functional components of the testes
- seminiferous tubules
2. interstitial cells (leydig)
cells of leydig
secrete testosterone and androgens
scrotum
location of testes. temperature 2-4degrees lower than body temp for optimal sperm production.
pathway of sperm through male reproductive system
SEVE(N) UP. Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, NOTHING, urethra, penis
epididymis
sperms flagella gain motility (stored here until ejaculation)
three parts that help with seminal survival and what they do
- seminal vesicles- contribute fructose to nourish sperm
- prostate gland- fluid mildly alkaline properties so sperm can survive in acidic vagina
- bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland- produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans urethra during sexual arousal
spermatogonia
diploid stem cells (probably going to turn into gametic cells)
mid(connecting) piece of sperm
makes ATP, connects head to tail of sperm (filled with mitochondria)
acrosome
covers head of sperm, derived from golgi apparatus, necessary to penetrate ovum