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MCAT Biological Sciences > Chapter 1- The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1- The Cell Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Cytosol

A

Allows for diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

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2
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

rRNA is synthesized (transcription occurs here)

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3
Q

Mitochondria replication

A

Contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of nucleus via binary fission

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4
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed Cell death caused by mitochondria releasing enzymes from ETC

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5
Q

Autolysis

A

Lysosomes releasing their hydrolytic enzymes resulting in apoptosis

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6
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons. Also transports proteins from rough ER to Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breakdown long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation. Participate in synthesis of phospholipids and contain some enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway

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8
Q

Three components of cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate filaments
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9
Q

9 + 2 structure

A

Seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility (so related to microtubules)

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10
Q

Epithelial cells and parenchyma

A

Diverse tissue. P- functional part of organ is made up of epithelial cell (ex: nephron of kidney is made from epithelial cells)

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11
Q

Epithelia cells classified by layers

A

Simple- 1 layer Stratified- multiple layers Pseudostratified- appear to have multiple layers due to height differences but actually 1 layer

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12
Q

Epithelia cells classified by shape

A

Cuboidal, columnar (long and thin), and squamous (flat and scalelike)

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13
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and BLOOD

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14
Q

Primary protein in microfilaments

A

Actin

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15
Q

Primary protein in microtubules

A

Tubulin

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16
Q

Primary protein in intermediate filaments

A

Keratin and desmin

17
Q

Bacteria by shape

A
  1. Cocci- spherical 2. Bacilli- rod shaped 3. Spirilli- spiral shaped
18
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can do both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

19
Q

Envelope

A

Cell wall and cell membrane

20
Q

2 types of cell wall

A
  1. Gram positive 2. Gram negative
21
Q

Gram positive cells

A

Absorbs CV stain. Thick layer of peptidoglycan (aa + sugar). Also has lipoteichoic acid. Protection from human immune system.

22
Q

Gram negative cells

A

Thin and have peptidoglycan but less than positive. Have another outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (which causes human inflammatory response).

23
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

24
Q

Three parts of flagella (prokaryotic)

A
  1. Filament (hallow helical structure filled with flagellin) 2. Basal body (motor and anchor) 3. Hook (connects filament to basal body)
25
Q

Prokaryotes lack…

A

Mitochondria (they use the cell membrane for ETC and generation of ATP)

26
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic ribosomes

A

P- 30 and 50S subunits E- 40 and 60D subunits

27
Q

Episomes

A

Subset of bacterial plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium

28
Q

Transformation

A

Results from integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome. Mainly gram-negative rods

29
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacterial mating. Transfer of genetic material. Bridge formed called sex pili.

30
Q

To form a sex pili bacteria must contain what?

A

Plasmids (sex factors). F-fertility- factor

31
Q

Transduction

A

Genetic recombination that requires a vector (virus that carries genetic material from 1 bacterium to another).

32
Q

Obligate intracellular pathogens

A

Cannot reproduce outside of a host cell

33
Q

Transposons

A

Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

34
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat on virus

35
Q

Retroviruses

A

Enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses. Carry reverse transcriptase (makes DNA from RNA)

36
Q

Extrusion

A

Viral progeny leaving the host cell without lysing the cell

37
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Bacteria doesn’t care about host cell. Makes enough virions to burst host cell and goes to infect other bacteria

38
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Virus does not lyse bacterium. Integrates its DNA into host genome

MCAT Biological Sciences (12 decks)

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