Chapter 1- The Cell Flashcards
Cytosol
Allows for diffusion of molecules throughout the cell
What happens in the nucleolus?
rRNA is synthesized (transcription occurs here)
Mitochondria replication
Contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of nucleus via binary fission
Apoptosis
Programmed Cell death caused by mitochondria releasing enzymes from ETC
Autolysis
Lysosomes releasing their hydrolytic enzymes resulting in apoptosis
Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons. Also transports proteins from rough ER to Golgi apparatus
Peroxisomes
Breakdown long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation. Participate in synthesis of phospholipids and contain some enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway
Three components of cytoskeleton
- Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate filaments
9 + 2 structure
Seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility (so related to microtubules)
Epithelial cells and parenchyma
Diverse tissue. P- functional part of organ is made up of epithelial cell (ex: nephron of kidney is made from epithelial cells)
Epithelia cells classified by layers
Simple- 1 layer Stratified- multiple layers Pseudostratified- appear to have multiple layers due to height differences but actually 1 layer
Epithelia cells classified by shape
Cuboidal, columnar (long and thin), and squamous (flat and scalelike)
Examples of connective tissue
Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and BLOOD
Primary protein in microfilaments
Actin
Primary protein in microtubules
Tubulin
Primary protein in intermediate filaments
Keratin and desmin
Bacteria by shape
- Cocci- spherical 2. Bacilli- rod shaped 3. Spirilli- spiral shaped
Facultative anaerobes
Can do both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Envelope
Cell wall and cell membrane
2 types of cell wall
- Gram positive 2. Gram negative
Gram positive cells
Absorbs CV stain. Thick layer of peptidoglycan (aa + sugar). Also has lipoteichoic acid. Protection from human immune system.
Gram negative cells
Thin and have peptidoglycan but less than positive. Have another outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (which causes human inflammatory response).
Chemotaxis
Ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them
Three parts of flagella (prokaryotic)
- Filament (hallow helical structure filled with flagellin) 2. Basal body (motor and anchor) 3. Hook (connects filament to basal body)
Prokaryotes lack…
Mitochondria (they use the cell membrane for ETC and generation of ATP)
Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic ribosomes
P- 30 and 50S subunits E- 40 and 60D subunits
Episomes
Subset of bacterial plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium
Transformation
Results from integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome. Mainly gram-negative rods
Conjugation
Bacterial mating. Transfer of genetic material. Bridge formed called sex pili.
To form a sex pili bacteria must contain what?
Plasmids (sex factors). F-fertility- factor
Transduction
Genetic recombination that requires a vector (virus that carries genetic material from 1 bacterium to another).
Obligate intracellular pathogens
Cannot reproduce outside of a host cell
Transposons
Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome
Capsid
Protein coat on virus
Retroviruses
Enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses. Carry reverse transcriptase (makes DNA from RNA)
Extrusion
Viral progeny leaving the host cell without lysing the cell
Lytic cycle
Bacteria doesn’t care about host cell. Makes enough virions to burst host cell and goes to infect other bacteria
Lysogenic cycle
Virus does not lyse bacterium. Integrates its DNA into host genome
