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Anatomy > Chapter 7 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Test Flashcards

0
Q

Voluntary control over swallowing, defecation, and urination is provided by skeletal muscles that

A

Guard entrances and exits

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1
Q

Highly coordinated activities such as swimming, skiing, or typing are examples of the skeletal muscle function of

A

Producing movement

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2
Q

The functions of layers of skeletal muscles that compromise the abdominal wall and floor of the pelvic cavity is to

A

Support soft tissues

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3
Q

Through continuous skeletal muscle contractions, the body is able to maintain ________ and _________

A

Body position and posture

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4
Q

The three layers of connective tissues comprising each muscle are

A

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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5
Q

The dense layer of collagen fibers that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the

A

Fascicle

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6
Q

Bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles are surrounded by connective tissue fibers of the

A

Perimysium

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7
Q

Tendons are bundles of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that

A

Attach muscle to bone

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8
Q

The layer of connective that contains blood vessels and nerves is the

A

Perimysium

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9
Q

The endomysium is the layer of connective tissue that

A

Surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and ties adjacent muscle fibers together

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10
Q

The thin filaments of a sarcomere consist of

A

Actin

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11
Q

The thick filaments of a sarcomere consist of

A

Myosin

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12
Q

The command to contract is distributed throughout a muscle fiber by the

A

Sarcomere

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13
Q

A motor neuron initiates skeletal muscle contraction by first

A

Releasing acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction

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14
Q

The final result of muscle relaxation is that

A

The muscle returns passively to its resting length

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15
Q

Active sites on the actin filaments become available for binding when

A

Calcium binds to troponin.

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16
Q

In response to actin potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, calcium ions are released from the

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

The neurotransmitter released from the synaptic vesicles that initiates an actin potential in the sarcolemma is

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

A twitch is a

A

Single stimulus contraction relaxation sequence

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19
Q

The process of recruitment is the smooth but steady increase in muscle tension produced by

A

Increasing the number of active motor units

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20
Q

In an isotonic contraction the

A

Tension rises and the skeletal muscles length changes

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21
Q

In an isometric contraction the

A

Tension produced never exceeds the resistance and the length of the muscle remains constant

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22
Q

Resting tension in a skeletal muscle is called _________

A

Muscle tone

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23
Q

A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in __________ tetanus

A

Incomplete

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24
Q

Mitochondrial activities are relatively efficient but their rate of ATP generation is limited by the

A

Availability of oxygen

25
Q

When muscles are actively contracting the process requires large amounts of energy in the form of

A

ATP

26
Q

The primary energy reserve in muscle tissue is

A

Creatine phosphate

27
Q

During anaerobic glycolysis

A

Lactic acid is produced

28
Q

When energy reserves in a muscle are exhausted or lactic acid levels increase

A

Fatigue occurs

29
Q

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

A

Aerobic respiration

30
Q

The amount of oxygen used in the recovery period to restore normal pre-exertion conditions is referred to as the

A

Oxygen debt

31
Q

Fast fibers are the type of muscle fibers that

A

Produce powerful contractions but fatigue rapidly

32
Q

Slow fibers are the type of muscle fibers that contain

A

An extensive network of capillaries, the red pigment myoglobin, a relatively large number of mitochondria

33
Q

In humans slow fibers are not found in the muscles of the

A

Eyes and hands

34
Q

What are 5 primary functions of the muscular system?

A 
A. Produce movement of the skeleton
B. Maintain posture and body position
C. Support soft tissues
D. Guard entrances and exits
E. Maintain body temperature
35
Q

Name 3 layers of connective tissue found in a muscle and describe the location of each

A

A. Epimysium- exterior of muscle
B. Perimysium- surrounds fascicles
C. Endomysium- surrounds fibers

36
Q

Where are blood vessels and nerves found in the muscle?

A

They will penetrate through all 3 connective tissue layers

37
Q

Skeletal muscles are considered _____________ because we have control over their contractions

A

Voluntary muscle

38
Q

What muscles are involuntary?

A

Smooth and cardiac

39
Q

Name the muscle layers in order from the exterior to the interior and describe what is found in each layer

A
  1. Muscle- group of muscle fascicles
  2. Fascicle- bundle of muscle fibers
  3. Fibers- repeating units of myofibrils
  4. Myofibrils- bundles of filaments
  5. Filaments- thick and thin filaments
40
Q

Name the two types of filaments and describe what type of molecules is found on each

A
  1. Thick- myosin molecules

2. Thin- actin molecules

41
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

Smallest function unit of muscle containing thick and thin filaments

42
Q

Describe the basic structure of a sarcomere

A

Myofibrils filled with thick and thin filaments

43
Q

Where would you expect to find the greatest amount of calcium in a resting skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

44
Q

Skeletal muscles contract under the ____________ control

A

Nervous system

45
Q

The connection between the nervous system and the muscular system is called a ____________

A

Neuromuscular junction

46
Q

Acetylcholine ACH is ______________

A

Neurotransmitter

47
Q

The release of ACH from the axon terminal results in changes in the _________ that trigger the _________ of the muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma, contraction

48
Q

What is the space called that is located between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma

A

Synaptic cleft

49
Q

The portion of the sarcolemma that contain receptors that bind ACH is called the

A

Motor end plate

50
Q

Calcium binds to _________ which leads to the exposure of the active site on ________ of the _______ filaments

A

Troponin, actin molecules, thin

51
Q

Once active sites are exposed the ______ heads bind to them forming ______

A

Myosin, cross bridges

52
Q

Stored energy in the ATP molecule is used to pivot the ______ head toward the _______ this activation is called the _________ releasing ADP

A

ATP, Myosin, M line, power stroke

53
Q

The link between the myosin head and the active sites breaks due to the binding of _______ the active site is now exposed is able to form another ________

A

ATP, cross bridges

54
Q

When a free myosin head splits ATP into ADP and P ____ is released and the myosin ________

A

Energy, recocks

55
Q

What is muscle fatigue

A

Exhaustion of energy reserves or decline of ph due to the release of lactic acid

56
Q

An intense burst of activity results in rising levels of _______ and lowers ph and the muscle can no longer function normally

A

Lactic acid

57
Q

What is oxygen debt

A

Loose of oxygen due to body’s demand during exercise

58
Q

What is fast fibers

A

Fibers that can reach peak tension very quick after stimulation

59
Q

What is slow fibers

A

Fibers that take longer to reach peak tension after stimulation more blood vessels for prolonged oxygen

60
Q

Three types of muscles

A

Skeletal striated, cardiac striated, smooth striated

Anatomy (12 decks)

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