Chapter 7: Terms

Question 1

KC: Management

Answer 1

Management is a broad term that is applied to a range of people in different types of organization and in dif-ferent contexts. In essence, management is the balancing of external and internal influences, the coordination of activities and of people to achieve the goals of the organization. There is often some discrepancy between definitions of management in theory and management practice.

Question 2

Types of power:

Answer 2

1. position power
2. reward power
3. charisma power
4. political power
5. expertise power

Question 3

Activities of managers:

Answer 3

• forecasting* planning* commanding* organizing* coordinating* communicating* motivating* controlling

Question 4

Models of management:

Answer 4

• rational goal models* internal process models administrative management * human relations models motivation models* open systems models* responsive management models* fashions, fads and gurus.

Question 5

Core management tasks for administrative management:

Answer 5

1. planning
2. organising
3. commanding
4. coordinating
5. controlling

Question 6

Informational roles

Answer 6

1. monitor
2. disseminator
3. spokesperson

Question 7

Interpersonal roles

Answer 7

Figurehead
Leader
Liaison

Question 7

Decisional roles

Answer 7

Entrepreneur
Disturbance handler
Resource allocator
Negotiator

Question 8

Luthans meaning of success and effectiveness

Answer 8

Success was measured in terms of whether managers had been promoted. Effectiveness was measured by reference to the team’s performance and their level of satisfaction.

Question 9

Luthans four types of activity

Answer 9

• communicating
• traditional management seen in terms of planning, decision making, controlling and so on
• networking, especially outside the organization and engaging in organizational politics
• human resource management in terms of staffing, motivating, handling conflict and so on.

Question 10

KC: Leadership

Answer 10

Whereas management focuses on coordination, leadership is concerned with influencing the performance of individuals and groups and inspiring them to higher levels of performance. There are links between leadership and innovative thinking, and leadership is currently thought by many to be the determining factor in the success of the organization.

Question 11

Six traits that differentiate leaders from non-leaders

Answer 11

• ambition and energy* desire to lead* honesty and integrity* self-confidence* intelligence* job relevant knowledge.

Question 12

Core skills of leadership

Answer 12

1. technical skills (internal and external)
2. conceptual skills
3. people skills

Question 13

The Ohio studies two leadership styles

Answer 13

1. considerate style
2. initiating structure

Question 14

Michigan studies two leadership styles

Answer 14

1. employee or relationship oriented
2. task oriented

Question 15

Four systems of management/leadership

Answer 15

1. exploitative autocratic
2. benevolent autocratic
3. participative
4. democratic

Question 16

Blake and mouton on the Ohio studies

Answer 16

Leaders have one dominant stye but that style could be varied, most had a backup plan

Question 17

Fiedler’s contingency theory

Answer 17

1. leaders preferred style
2. leader-member relations
3. task structure
4. leader position power

Question 18

Path goal model

Answer 18

1. directive
2. supportive
3. achievement oriented
4. participative

Question 19

Transformational leadership:

Answer 19

is suited to conditions of uncertainty and change. Burns intro-duced the concept of transformational leadership, which he summed up as occurring when, ‘. . . one of more persons engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality’ (Burns, 1978, p. 26). It is associated with charisma, vision and inspiring the group to change and achieve exceptional performance

Question 20

Transactional leadership

Answer 20

s seen as the standard management approach. It is an exchange process. Employees are told what is expected of them and what rewards will follow if they meet these expec-tations and what punishments will follow if they do not

Question 21

Charismatic leadership

Answer 21

is about inspiring others to follow and focuses on the characteristics and behaviour of the leader.