Chapter 7: Social Control And Deviance Flashcards
Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms.
Sanctions
Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality; individual conforms to society’s expectations.
Internalization of norms
An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.
Positive sanctions
Punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
Negative sanctions
Reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regularly agency.
Formal sanctions.
Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given my an individual or a group.
Informal sanctions
Enforcing norms through internal or external means.
Social control
Behavior that violates significant social norms.
Deviance
1) repeating an offense
2) act has serious negative consequences for society
Labeling someone as deviant
Mark of social disgrace that sets them apart from the rest of society.
Stigma
Deviance helps clarify norms, unit the group, diffuse tension and promote social charge.
Emile Durkheim
2) provides jobs in various fields( lawyers, law enforcement, judges )
3) defines boundaries of acceptable behavior.
4) punishment of violators serves as warning to others.
5) draws line between conforming members of society and “outsiders”
6) minor deviance allows people to “vent”
7) prompts social change by identifying problem areas
social functions of deviance
Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society
Strain theory ( Robert K. Merton)
Situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable
Anomie
Accept society’s goals and means to achieve them.
Conformity
Accept goals of society but do not accept the means for reaching these goals
Innovation
Abandon societal goals while continuing to observe the expected rules of behavior (pass up promotion to avoid failure)
Ritualism
Reject cultural goals and the acceptable means of attaining them.
( may drop out of society )
Retreatism
Want to substitute new goals and means for the approved set.
may use violent or nonviolent methods
Rebellion
Ruling class declares anything that threatens their power as deviant
Richard Quinney
Deviance is a natural occurrence; look at why people conform
Control theory
People develop bonds in four ways
Travis Hirschi
Form bonds in four ways
1) form attachment with others who accept norms
2) strong belief in society’s moral codes
3) show commitment to traditional societal values/ goals
4) involved in non deviant activities (time consuming )
Behavior is learned through interaction with others
Cultural transmission theory
Frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and non deviant individuals.
Differential association
Focuses on how individuals were identified as deviant.
Labeling theory
Occasional violation of norms
Primary deviance
Deviance is a lifestyle, labeled as deviant and believes the label
Secondary deviance
1) murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
2) occurs every 22 seconds in the U.S.
3) mist victims are African American: for murder it is African American men 18-24.
4) majority of murders committed by the use of guns.
Violent crime
1) involves stealing or intentionally damaging someone else’s property.
2) burglary, larceny (theft other than auto) motor vehicle theft, and arson.
3) committed every 3 seconds in the U.S.
4) people under 25 years old commit a large part of crimes.
5) drug use/ habits have strong correlation with crime rates.
Property crime
1) prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use and vagrancy.
2) supposedly harm no one other than themselves.
Victimless crime
1) offenses committed by people of high social status in the course of their profession.
2) misrepresentation, fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, price-fixing, toxic pollution, insider trading, and political corruption.
3) costs the U.S. more than $300 billion.
4) not always dealt with equally.
White- collar crime
Large scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or legitimate business through violence or the threat of violence.
Crime Syndricate
many have legitimate businesses that they use as a front.
Organized crime
Power to decide who is actually arrested.
Police discretion
1) seriousness of the offense.
2) wishes of the victim taken onto consideration.
3) suspects attitude.
4) make arrest if bystanders are present
5) more likely to arrest against African American (racial profiling)
Police (hold most immediate control)
1) holds a trial to determine guilt
2) penalty phase
Role (courts)
Legal negotiation that allows accused to plead guilty to a lesser charge.
Plea bargaining
Sanctions used to punish criminals
Corrections
socially acceptable act of revenge for victim and society.
retribution
Discourage offenders from committing future crimes
Deterrence
Reform criminals so they could be law abiding citizens.
Rehablilitation
Limiting freedom of offenders protects society
Social protection
repeated criminal behavior
recidivism
1) laws become more specific for juvenile offenders in the 1960s.
2) juveniles could not be expected to be as responsible as adults.
3) Juveniles needed special, more considerate treatment.
Juvenile Justice System
People don’t have equal access to achieve goal.
Society places a high value on certain goals.
Functionalist perspective
People with power commit deviant acts to keep power.
People without power commit deviant acts to get power.
Conflict perspective
Social ties among individuals.
Individuals integrated into community will conform.
Interactionist perspective
What role does deviance play?
Acting out in society
