Chapter 4: Socializing The Individual

Question 0

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children

Answer 0

Heredity

Question 1

Behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that characterize an individual

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior patterns

Answer 2

Instinct

Question 3

Behavior is a result of social environment and learning

Answer 3

Nurture argument

Question 4

Systematic study of biological basis of all social behavior

Answer 4

Sociobiology

Question 5

Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge

Answer 5

Aptitude

Question 6

Parent responses encourage/ discourage developmental of aptitude

Answer 6

environmental factors

Question 7

• Parental reinforcement may effect traits such as shyness, sociability, and aggression.
• Provides you with biological needs but culture determines how you meet those needs.
• Setting limits on individuals
• Inherited characteristics limit what is possible.

Answer 7

Factors in Personality development ( Heredity)

Question 8

Achievement oriented, responsible, conservative in thinking and defenders of the status quo

Answer 8

First born

Question 9

More affectionate, more friendly, risk takers and social and intellectual rebels

Answer 9

Later born

Question 10

• Age of parents when children are born.
• Level of education.
• Religious orientation.
• Cultural heritage.
• Economic status.
• Occupational background.

Answer 10

Parental characteristics

Question 11

• Each culture gives rise to certain personality types ( model personalities )
• U.S. = Competitiveness, assertiveness, and individualism.
• Gender differences.
• Subcultural differences.
• Region of country or type of neighborhood.
• Influence of social environment.

Answer 11

The cultural environment

Question 12

• Born to an unmarried mother.
• Grandfather kept her in an attic room.
• Given minimal care.
  
  • Undernourished and Emaciated.
• No human contact.
• At 6-years old could not talk, walk, or feed herself.
• Learned to walk, feed herself, brush her teeth, and talk in simple phrases.
• Died at 10 years old.

Answer 12

Anna

Question 13

• Found at the same age as Anna.
• Kept in dark room with her deaf mother.
• Did not learn to speak.
• Found at 6 years old acted like an infant.
• Began to speak after training.
• After 2-years reached level of her peers.

Answer 13

Isabelle

Question 14

• Discovered in 1970 she was 13 years old.
• Confined from age of 20 months to small bedroom.
• Beaten if she made noise.
• Father interacted by acting like angry dog.
• Did not learn to talk.
• Had skills of 1 year old when found and could not stand straight.
• 8 years of training and did not progress past 3rd grade student.

Answer 14

Genie

Question 15

• 1945 study by Rene Spitz (children living in an orphanage)
• Given food and medical care.
• Given little human contact.
• 1/3 of children died within 2 years.
• Survivors : less than 25% could walk or dress by themselves or use a spoon.
• Could speak in complete sentences.

Answer 15

Institutionalization

Question 16

Interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values and beliefs and behavior patterns of a society

Answer 16

Socialization

Question 17

Conscious awareness of possessing identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society.

Answer 17

Self

Question 18

The Tabula Rasa:

• Each child is born a clean slate.
• We are all born without a personality.
• Acquire personality as result of social experiences.
• Could be molded into a particular personality.

Answer 18

John Locke

Question 19

The Looking- Glass Self:

• Interactionist perspective.
• Defentition: An interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.
• Child is influenced by primary group.

Answer 19

Charles Cooley

Question 20

Three Step Process:

• We imagine how we appear to others.
• We attempt to determine whether others view us as we view ourselves through their reactions.
• Develop feelings about ourselves based on our perceptions.

Answer 20

Charles Cooley

Question 21

Role taking:

• Role taking= take on, or pretend to take on the role of others.
• First: we internalize the expectations of people closest to us (significant others)
• Second: expectations/ attitudes of society guide us more.
  
  • Generalized others: attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society.

Answer 21

George Meade

Question 22

Three step process:
Imitation (under 3)- don't have a sense of self; mimic actions.
Play (under 3-6)- play and act out roles of specific people; trying to see world through someone else's eyes.
Organized games (over 6-7)- require children to take roles; anticipate the actions and expectations of others.

Answer 22

George Meade

Question 23

Parts of Self:

• “I” : unsocialized, spontaneous and self- interested component of personality.
• “Me” : aware of expectations and attitudes of society (socialized self)

Answer 23

George Meade

Question 24

Dramaturgy: social interaction is like a drama being performed on a stage.
Impression management: an effort people make to play their roles and manage the impressions that the audience receives.
- Because we are worried about impressing others, we change ourself that we display .

Answer 24

Erving Goffman

Question 25

College students reactions to exam scores were different depending on who they were with.

Answer 25

Albas and Albas study

Question 26

Specific individuals, groups and institutions that enable socialization to take place.

Answer 26

Agents of socialization

Question 27

• Most important agent.
• Socialization can be deliberate or unintended.
  
  • Unintended may have a greater impact.
• May be different from family to family.
  
  • Single parents, family relationships, subgroups they belong to, etc…

Answer 27

Family

Question 28

• Primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics.
• Influential during pre-teen and early teen years.
• Focus is the subculture of the group.

Answer 28

Peer group

Question 29

• Class activities= basic knowledge.
• Extracurriculars= prepare for life in society.
• Transmits cultural values.
• Teachers become role models.

Answer 29

School

Question 30

• Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact.
• Television has the largest influence.
  
  • Negatives:
    
    • Effect of violence: leads to more aggressive behavior.
    • Presents image of society limited to white middle class.
  • Positives:
    
    • Education tool.
    • Expands the viewers world.

Answer 30

Mass Media

Question 31

• Break down past experiences and the learning of new values and norms.
  
  • Voluntary:
    
    • People who assume a new status.
  • Involuntary:
    
    • Total institution: setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a time and are subject to tight control.
    • Try to change a persons personality and behavior ( remove a persons identity )

Answer 31

Resocialization

Question 32

Under 3: Don’t have a sense of self; mimic actions.

Answer 32

Imitation

Question 33

Under 3-6: Play and act out roles of specific people; trying to see world through someone else’s eyes.

Answer 33

Play

Question 34

Over 6-7: Require children to take roles; anticipate the actions and expectations of others.

Answer 34

Organized Games

Question 35

Unsocialized, spontaneous, and self- interested component of personality.

Answer 35

“I”

Question 36

Aware of expectations and attitudes of society (socialized self)

Answer 36

“Me”

Question 37

Social interaction is like a drama being performed on a stage.

Answer 37

Dramaturgy

Question 38

An effort people make to play their roles and manage the impressions that the audience receives.

Answer 38

Impression Management