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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 7 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System

A

Groups of bone that work together

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2
Q

Parts of skeleton include

A

–Axial skeleton
–Appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

body’s longitudinal axis; encases body cavities (protect underlying organs)

-Skull
-Vertebral column
-Thoracic cage

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4
Q

Skull

A

22 bones (8 cranial and 14 facial bones)
-encases brain and form face

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5
Q

Vertebral column

A

33 bones
-24 individual vertebrae protect spinal cord
-remaining vertebrae fuse, forming sacrum and coccyx

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6
Q

Thoracic cage (rib cage)

A

12 pairs of ribs, sternum, and part of vertebral column
-encases and protects lungs, heart, and other delicate contents of thoracic cavity

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7
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb
-primarily suited for movement, support, and muscle attachment

-Pectoral girdle
- Upper limb
- Pelvic girdle
- Lower limb

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8
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

Clavicle and scapula
- anchors upper limb to trunk

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9
Q

Upper Limb

A

Three parts:
-arm (humerus)
-forearm (radius and ulna)
-wrist and hand (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges)

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10
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Two pelvic bones and sacrum, (collectively called pelvis)
-anchors lower limb to trunk

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11
Q

Lower Limp

A

Three parts:
-thigh (femur)
-leg (tibia and fibula)
-ankle and foot (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)

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12
Q

Surface features

A

-Depressions
-Openings
-Projections

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13
Q

Depressions

A

Pathways for blood vessels and nerves, or sites for articulations or joints between bones

ex:
-Facet
-Fossa
-Fovea
-Groove

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14
Q

Openings

A

Enclose delicate structures; allow them to travel through bone

ex:
-Canal
-Fissure
-Foramen

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15
Q

Projections

A

Sites where bones articulate or where ligaments and tendons attach

ex:
-Condyle
-Crest
-Head
-Tubercle and tuberosity
-Epicondyle
-Process
-Spine
-Protuberance
-Trochanter
-Line

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16
Q

Facet

A

Shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate

ex: Rib

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17
Q

Fossa (fossae)

A

Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits

ex:Humerus

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18
Q

Fovea

A

Shallow pit

ex:Femur

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19
Q

Groove (sulcus)

A

Long indentation along which a narrow structure travels

ex: Rib

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20
Q

Canal (meatus)

A

Tunnel through a bone

ex: Temporal bone

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21
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones

ex: Sphenoid bone

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22
Q

Foramen

A

Hole in a bone

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23
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone

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24
Q

Crest

A

Ridge or projection

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25
Q

Head

A

Round projection from a bones epiphysis

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26
Q

Tubercle and tuberosity

A

Small, rounded bony projection

Tuberosity- is a large tubercle

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27
Q

Epicondyle

A

Small projection usually proximal to a condyle

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28
Q

Process

A

Prominent bony projection

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29
Q

Spine

A

Sharp process

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30
Q

Protuberance

A

Outgrowth from a bone

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31
Q

Trochanter

A

Large projection found only on the femur

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32
Q

Line

A

Long, narrow ridge

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33
Q

Skull Structure

A

Skull- 22 bones organized in 2 groups:

  1. cranial bones
  2. Facial bones
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34
Q

Cranial bones

A

(cranium) eight bones:

▪Four single bones: frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
▪Two paired bones: temporal and parietal bones

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35
Q

Facial bones

A

(14 ) form framework of face:

▪Six paired bones: maxillary, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchal bones
▪Two single bones: mandible and vomer

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36
Q

Sutures

A

Immovable joints that fuse all bones of the skull to one another , except the mandible

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37
Q

Sinuses

A

Air filled, membrane-lined spaces in skull bones

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38
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

large sinuses, found in four bones surrounding nasal cavity

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39
Q

Cranial vault (calvarium)

A

Superior portion of cranial cavity

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40
Q

Cranial base

A

Inferior portion in which brain fits; divided into three indentations:
1. anterior
2. middle
3. posterior cranial fossae

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41
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones, surrounds brain; houses special sense organs in small cavities

  • orbits
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • other small cavities contain organs for hearing and balance
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42
Q

Orbits

A

Contain eyeballs:
- complex anatomical structure of seven fused bones; forms walls that encase eyeball, lacrimal gland, and associated blood vessels, muscles, and nerves

–Frontal bone – superior and posterosuperior orbital wall
–Maxilla – posteroinferior wall with small contribution from palatine bone
–Zygomatic bone- anterolateral wall
–Sphenoid bone – posterior wall
–Ethmoid, lacrimal, and palatine bones – medial wall

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43
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Houses sensory receptors for smell

–Posterior wall – sphenoid body and pterygoid processes
–Lateral wall – ethmoid and perpendicular plate of palatine, inferior nasal conchae, and maxilla
–Roof – cribriform plate of ethmoid
–Floor or hard palate – palatine and palatine processes of maxillae
–Cartilage and connective tissue of nose are attached to margins of nasal bones and maxillae; form anterior wall
–Nasal septum – posterior to perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and vomer; anterior to hyaline cartilage; divides nasal cavity into two nasal fossae

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44
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Surrounds teeth and tongue (taste receptors), first part of digestive tract:

–Roof of cavity is inferior surface of bones that form floor of nasal cavity (hard palate)
–Anterior and lateral walls of cavity are maxillae and mandible
–Posterior wall and bony floor are absent; replaced by soft tissues (muscles and connective tissue)

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45
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones:

–Communicate with adjacent nasal cavity through small bony openings; allow air to flow in and out of sinuses
–Mucous membranes lining sinuses filter, warm, and humidify inspired air
–Cavities also reduce weight of skull; enhance voice resonance

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46
Q

The Fetal Skull

A

Bones are not fused to one another like bones of adult skull

  • Fontanels- present until full development of cranial bones (18-24 months)
    -Fontanels and unfused sutures allow for flexibility
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47
Q

Fontanels

A
  • Anterior fontanel
  • Posterior fontanel
  • Two Sphenoid fontanel
  • Two Mastoid fontanel
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48
Q

Anterior fontanel

A

Between developing frontal and parietal bones where coronal and sagittal sutures meet; metopic suture divides frontal bone (fuses at birth to form single bone)

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49
Q

Posterior Fontanel

A

Between developing parietal and occipital bones at apex of lambdoid suture

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50
Q

Two Sphenoid Fontanels

A

On left and right sides of temple where sphenoid bone meets with other cranial bones

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51
Q

Two Mastoid Fontanels

A

At junction where lambdoid and squamous sutures of developing parietal, temporal, and occipital bones meet

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52
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

–C-shaped bone in superior neck; suspended by ligaments that attach it to styloid processes of temporal bone and larynx (voice box)
–Provides numerous attachment points for muscles involved in swallowing and speech
- Doesn’t articulate with any skull bones or any other bones

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53
Q

Gender differences of Skull anatomy

A

1.Forehead of male skull is sloped and female’s is straight
2.Male’s supraorbital ridge is more prominent 3.Mandibular angle of male skull is closer to 90 degrees and that of female skull is generally greater than 90 degrees
4.Mastoid process of male skull is larger and more prominent

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54
Q

Vertebral Column (spine)

A

Average of 33 bones (vertebrae)

–Vertebrae – classified by structure and location; each individual vertebra is given a letter (signifies region) and number (indicates position)
–Spaces between moveable vertebrae (intervertebral foramen) visible from lateral view of vertebral column; spinal nerve roots pass through foramina

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55
Q

Vertebral classification

A

–7 cervical – in neck; fourth cervical vertebra is abbreviated C4
–12 thoracic – articulate with ribs; eleventh thoracic vertebra is abbreviated T11
–5 lumbar – in lower back; third lumbar vertebra is abbreviated L3

–5 fused sacral (sacrum) – articulate with pelvic bones
–3–5 fused coccygeal (coccyx)– at most inferior end of vertebral column

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56
Q

Spinal Curvatures

A

C-shaped vertebral column of newborn develops into series of vaguely S-shaped secondary curvatures as infant grow:

  1. Primary curvatures
  2. Secondary curvatures
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57
Q

Primary Curvatures

A

(thoracic and sacral) – present during fetal period of development

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58
Q

Secondary Curvatures

A

(cervical and lumbar) – develop after fetal period. Critical for ability to walk upright

▪Cervical curvature allows us to hold our heads up. lumbar curvature shifts weight of body onto sacrum
▪Lends balance and support needed to walk on two leg

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59
Q

Abnormal spinal curavtures

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Lordosis
  • Kyphosis
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60
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvatures in vertebral column

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61
Q

Lordosis (swayback)

A

Exaggerated cervical and lumbar curvatures

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62
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggeration of thoracic curvature resulting in hunch back appearance

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63
Q

Structure of Vertebrae

A

Protection and support of head and neck

64
Q

Body or Centrum

A

Primary weight-bearing surface; most anterior aspect of vertebra
-intervertebral discs are between adjacent bodies- absorb shock of running and jumping

65
Q

Vertebral Foramen

A

Just posterior to body; large opening through which spinal cord and associated tissues travel; all foraminae together form vertebral canal

66
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Made up of two Pedicles that border vertebral foramen laterally and project posteriorly from body that merge with two laminae that border vertebral foramen posteriorly

67
Q

Intervertebral Foramina

A

Made up of deep inferior vertebral notch on inferior side of each pedicle and superior vertebral notch on superior side

68
Q

Superior and Inferior articular processes

A

At junction of each pedicle and lamina; facets on processes form joints between successive vertebrae

69
Q

Transverse processes

A

Project from lateral sides of vertebral arch; attachment sites for muscles

70
Q

Spinous processes

A

Projects from most posterior aspect of vertebral arch; attachment sites for muscles

71
Q

Cervical (7)

A

Smallest vertebrae

–Easily identified by transverse foramina in their transverse processes; allows passage of vertebral arteries and veins, forked shape spinous processes
–C1 and C2 – notably different from other cervical vertebra

72
Q

C1 (atlas)

A

▪Large, teardrop-shaped vertebral foramen; lacks vertebral body
▪Two anterior and posterior arches, no spinous process; form lateral masses; contain superior and inferior articular facets; articulate with occipital bone and C2 respectively, allows you to nod “yes”

73
Q

C2 (axis)

A

▪Dens – prominent superior tooth-shaped projection (odontoid process) protrudes from body; articulates with atlas at atlantoaxial joint
▪Allows for rotational movement of head at neck; structure of dens in atlas allows joint to function (shaking head to indicate “no”), held in place with the transverse ligament

74
Q

Thoracic vertebrae (12)

A

Larger than cervical vertebrae; heart-shaped bodies, circular vertebral foramina, and long spinous processes point inferiorly

–Superior costal facets and inferior costal facets, on lateral sides of vertebral body; provide points of articulation for ribs
–Two transverse costal facets on transverse processes; articulate with another portion of ribs

75
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae (5)

A

Largest and heaviest of all vertebrae; well suited for bearing weight of torso

–Large, kidney-shaped bodies and thick spinous processes; point posteriorly
–Vertebral foramina have a flattened triangle shape
–Lumbar pedicles and laminae are thicker and shorter than those in other regions of column

76
Q

Vertebral Compression fracture

A

Common fracture of vertebral body; reduces height of vertebra by more than 20%; most often result from trauma or diseases that destroy bone (osteoporosis and bone tumors):

  1. Wedge fractures
  2. Burst fractures
77
Q

Wedge Fractures

A

Involve only anterior portion of vertebra; most common in elderly women with kyphosis or osteoporosis; can be induced by very minor trauma (sneezing or rolling over in bed); symptoms vary; ordinarily involve pain that may radiate to other location

78
Q

Burst Fractures

A

Involve entire vertebral body, generally due to severe trauma; symptoms are usually more severe; bone fragments can damage spinal cord and nerves

79
Q

Sacrum

A

5 fused sacral vertebrae form curved triangular-shaped posterior boundary of pelvic cavity

80
Q

Sacrum Base

A

The superior surface articulates with 5th lumbar vertebra at facets of superior articular process

81
Q

Sacral Promontory

A

Bony projection at anterior margin of base

82
Q

Alae

A

Two smooth regions lateral to sacral promontory

83
Q

Apex

A

Inferior surface that articulates with coccyx

84
Q

Sacral Canal

A

Opening continuous with vertebral canal; on posterior surface; allows for passage of nerve roots and connective tissue

85
Q

Median Sacral Crest

A

Ridge of bone formed by fused sacral spinous processes at posterior boundary of sacral canal

86
Q

Sacral Foramina

A

Four pairs of holes on either side of median sacral crest; allows for passage of nerves exiting sacral canal

87
Q

Lateral Sacral Crests

A

Lateral to sacral foramina; remnants of sacral transverse processes

88
Q

Sacral Hiatus

A

Near apex; end of sacral canal

89
Q

Coccyx

A

Formed by 4 fussed vertebrae (between 3 and 5 vertebrae)

90
Q

Transverse Ridges

A

Remnants of transverse processes; on posterior surface

91
Q

Coccygeal Cornu

A

Hornlike projections on each side of superior aspect of coccyx

92
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A

(23 in total) – fibrocartilage pad between bodies of adjacent vertebrae; absorbs shock and binds vertebral column together; each disc has following components:

-Nucleus pulposus
-Anulus fibrosus

93
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Soft, inner jelly-like substance; resilient shock absorber

94
Q

Anulus fibrosus

A

Outer ring of fibrocartilage; contains nucleus pulposus; joins adjacent vertebrae

95
Q

Herniated Disc (slipped disc)

A

Tear in anulus fibrosus can allow nucleus pulposus to protrude
- generally results from trauma, injuries secondary to improper lifting, or longer-term damage due to repeated motions (lifting and squatting)

96
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

-Protective peripheral boundary of thoracic cavity

97
Q

Sternum or Breastbone

A

Anterior median section of thoracic cage:

  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
98
Q

Sternum Manubrium

A

Superior most segment
-suprasternal notch with clavicular notch on either side, articulates with clavicles of pectoral girdle
-first rib cartilages attach just below clavicular notches

99
Q

Sternum Body

A

Large middle segment; features sternal angle where manubrium and body meet and second rib cartilage attaches
-lateral edge of remaining body has notches for third through seventh rib cartilage

100
Q

Xiphoid Process of Sternum

A

Inferior segment; protrusion provides attachment site for certain abdominal muscle

101
Q

Rib Cage

A

12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages; curved into C-shape
▪Each rib attaches to thoracic vertebra posteriorly
▪Grouped into two classes (true and false), based on anterior attachments

102
Q

Intercostal spaces

A

Gaps between successive ribs; allows for flexibility required during movement and breathing

103
Q

Ribs 1-7

A

(true or vertebrosternal ribs) – attach to sternum via costal cartilages

104
Q

Ribs 8-12

A

(false ribs) – not directly attached to sternum
–Vertebrochondral ribs 8–10 – attached to cartilage of seventh rib; costal margin formed by costal cartilage of ribs 7–10
–Ribs 11 and 12 – floating or vertebral, not attached to sternum

105
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

Lifesaving technique administered when individual’s heart and/or breathing has stopped; may restore circulation by application of repeated compressions to chest over sternum

106
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

Clavicle and scapula; supports 30 bones that make up upper limb; all are components of appendicular skeleton

107
Q

Clavicle (collarbone)

A

Appears straight when viewed anteriorly; S-shaped when viewed superiorly or inferiorly

–Only bone of pectoral girdle that directly articulates with axial skeleton
–Sits between shoulder and thoracic cage; braces and supports upper limb
–Structure enables it to function like brace in building that supports two opposing beams

108
Q

Clavicle ends

A

Distinct and palpable through skin:

  • Sternal end
  • Acromial end
109
Q

Sternal End

A

Articulates medially with manubrium at sternoclavicular joint

110
Q

Acromial End

A

Articulates laterally with acromion process of scapula at acromioclavicular joint; conoid tubercle provides site for attachment of ligaments near end

111
Q

Scapula

A

Sits on posterosuperior rib cage between second and seventh ribs; body is largest section; has three borders: medial, lateral, and superior

  • Coracoid process
  • Subscapularis muscle
  • Glenoid cavity
  • Spine
  • Supraspinous fossa
112
Q

Coracoid process (scapula)

A

Hook-shaped projection on anterior surface

113
Q

Subscapular fossa (scapula)

A

Inferior to coracoid process; provides attachment site for subscapularis muscle

114
Q

Glenoid Cavity (scapula)

A

Shallow indentation on lateral surface; articulates with humerus in shoulder joint

115
Q

Spine (scapula)

A

Posterior ridge of bone; crosses from medial to lateral along superior scapula; terminates as acromion at acromioclavicular joint (AC)

116
Q

Supraspinous fossa (scapula)

A

superior to spine; infraspinous fossa is inferior

117
Q

Humerus

A

Largest and strongest bone of upper limb; only bone in arm (brachium); consists of two epiphyses; articulate with other bones and long diaphysis

118
Q

Proximal epiphysis (humerus)

A

Has medially oriented, ball-shaped humeral head; articulates with glenoid cavity at shoulder joint; anatomical neck is groove surrounding head

119
Q

Greater tubercle (humerus)

A

Projection of bone lateral to anatomical neck; separated from smaller medial lesser tubercle by groove (intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove); tendon of biceps brachii passes through groove

120
Q

Surgical neck (humerus)

A

Where proximal epiphysis and diaphysis meet

121
Q

Deltoid tubercle (humerus)

A

Main feature of diaphysis; site of attachment for deltoid muscle

122
Q

Radial groove (humerus)

A

On posterior aspect of diaphysis; passageway for radial nerve

123
Q

Distal epiphysis (humerus)

A

features medial and lateral epicondyle; attachment sites for muscles

124
Q

Forearm (antebrachium)

A

*Lateral radius and medial ulna; held to one another by fibrous interosseous membrane
*Both articulate with humerus proximally and with carpal bones distally; articulate with one another both at proximal and distal radioulnar joint

125
Q

Radius

A

narrow proximally; progressively enlarges distally:

  • radial head
  • radial neck
  • ulnar notch
  • radial styloid process
126
Q

Radial head

A

Round and flattened structure; articulates with capitulum of humerus at elbow joint and ulna at proximal radioulnar joint

127
Q

Radial neck

A

Distal to head, ends at radial tuberosity; on medial aspect of radius; attachment site for biceps brachii muscle

128
Q

Ulnar notch

A

at medial aspect of widened distal epiphysis; location of distal radioulnar joint

129
Q

Radial styloid process

A

at lateral tip of radius; forms lateral boundary of wrist; provides joint stabilization

130
Q

Ulna

A

Widest at proximal epiphysis; progressively narrows as it travels distally

131
Q

Trochlear notch (ulna)

A

U-shaped notch; articulates with trochlea of humerus

132
Q

Olecranon

A

Palpable protrusion on posterior aspect of trochlear notch

133
Q

Anterior lip of trochlear notch

A

Coronoid process; projection fits into coronoid fossa of humerus

134
Q

Radial notch of ulna

A

lateral to coronoid process; smooth area; articulates with radial head

135
Q

Distal epiphysis

A

Ulnar head whose medial side contains small styloid process

136
Q

Wrist (carpus)

A

eight short bones (carpals) arranged in two rows containing four bones each

137
Q

Four proximal carpal bones

A

(from lateral to medial):

–Scaphoid – boat-shaped; articulates with radius
–Lunate – slightly moon-shaped; articulates primarily with radius and lesser degree with ulna
–Triquetrum – triangular; articulates with ulna
–Pisiform – pea-shaped; articulates with anterior surface of triquetrum

138
Q

Four distal carpal bones

A

(from lateral to medial):

–Trapezium – articulates proximally with scaphoid
–Trapezoid – articulates primarily with scaphoid
–Capitate – rounded; articulates proximally with scaphoid and lunate
–Hamate – hook like projection; articulates proximally with triquetrum

139
Q

Hand (manus)

A

Five long bones (metacarpals)

*Numbered I–V from lateral to medial; articulate with distal carpal bones and bones of fingers
*Each metacarpal consists of three parts:
-proximal epiphysis (base)
-diaphysis (body)
-distal epiphysis (head)

140
Q

Phalanges

A

Bones of fingers consist of 14 phalanges, each with base, body, and head

–Each finger consists of three bones: proximal, middle, and distal phalanx
–Thumb (pollex) consists of only proximal and distal phalanx

141
Q

Pelvis (pelvic girdle) & Lower limbs

A

Complete appendicular skeleton

*Hipbones or coxal bones (also known as oscoxae) make up pelvic girdle
*Articulates with sacrum (component of axial skeleton)

142
Q

Pelvis

A

Bowl-shaped; sacrum and two coxal bones; creates boundary for pelvic cavity:

–Pelvic inlet – oval opening formed by sacrum and pelvic girdle
–Pelvic brim – bony ridge surrounding inlet; defines boundaries between greater and lesser pelvis
–Greater (false pelvis) – area superior to pelvic brim
–Lesser (true pelvis) – inferior to brim
–Pelvic outlet – opening at inferior boundary of lesser pelvis

143
Q

Fused bones of pelvic bone

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
144
Q

Ilium

A

Forms superior portion of pelvic bone

145
Q

Ischium

A

Ischial body and ramus; forms C-shaped posteroinferior portion of pelvic bone

146
Q

Pubis

A

Smallest pelvic bone; three parts that approximate C-shape

147
Q

Femur

A

Largest and strongest bone in body and only bone in thigh

–Proximal epiphysis features prominent spherical head; articulates with acetabulum at hip joint
–Fovea capitis – small pit in center of head where small ligament attaches to stabilize joint
–Neck – just distal to head
–Greater trochanter – large protuberance lateral to neck
-Lesser trochanter – medial and distal to greater trochanter; trochanters connected by bony ridge on anterior side (intertrochanteric line); continues posteriorly to become intertrochanteric crest

148
Q

Patella (kneecap)

A

Articulates with patellar surface on femur

149
Q

Tibia and Fibula

A

Bones of leg; connected by interosseous membrane; articulate with one another at proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

150
Q

Tibia

A

Larger medial bone of leg; bear weight of body

151
Q

Fibula

A

Smaller lateral bone of leg, bears only one-sixth weight of tibia

152
Q

Tarsals

A

Seven short bones make up ankle region; connects leg to foot

–Proximal tarsals: talus, calcaneus, and navicular
–Distal tarsals from medial to lateral: medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and cuboid

153
Q

Metatarsals

A

Numbered I–V from medial to lateral, have proximal base, middle shaft, and distal head

154
Q

Phalanges

A

(14)
-Toes II–V have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges; great toe or hallux has only proximal and distal phalanx

155
Q

Three arches of foot

A

–Medial longitudinal arch – most prominent arch; runs along medial side of foot from calcaneus to metatarsals I–III
–Lateral longitudinal arch – runs from lateral calcaneus to metatarsals IV–V
–Transverse arch – runs along middle of foot; involves distal tarsals and all five metatarsals

Human Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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