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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1 Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Smallest unit of life that carry out functions of life.

  • all organisms are composed of cells
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2
Q

Metabolism

A

Living organisms carry out chemical reactions

-Chemicals- substances with unique molecular composition

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3
Q

Anabolic

A

Build up of substances through metabolic process

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4
Q

Catabolic

A

Break down substances through metabolic process

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5
Q

Properties of Living Organisms

A

-Growth
-Excretion
-Responsiveness/ irritability
-Movement
-Reproduction

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6
Q

Growth

A

Building outweighs breaking down processes; two forms:

–Increase in size of individual cells
–Increase in number of cells

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7
Q

Excretion

A

elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes.

Ex: Urine, feces

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8
Q

Responsiveness/ irritability

A

Sensing and reacting to changes or stimuli in environment

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9
Q

Movement

A

–Entire organism
–Individual cells within organism
–Materials within or between cells of organism

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10
Q

Reproduction

A

–Individual cells reproduce during growth and to replace damaged or old cells
–Organism itself reproduces; yields similar offspring

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11
Q

Levels of Structure Organization an Body Systems (6)

A

-Chemical Level
-Cellular Level
-Tissue Level
-Organ Level
-Organ System Level
-Organism Level

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12
Q

Chemical Level

A

Smallest level; foundation for each successive level:

-ranges from tiny atoms to complex chemical structures (molecules)composed of thousands of atom

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13
Q

Cellular Level

A

Groups of many different types of molecules combined in specific ways to form cellular structures

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14
Q

Tissue Level

A

Two or more cell types cooperate to perform common function
–Two components: cells and surrounding extracellular matrix

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15
Q

Organ Level

A

Two or more tissue types combined to form organ
–Recognizable shape –Performs specialized task

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16
Q

Organ System Level

A

Two or more organs together carry out broad function

Ex: Digestive system

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17
Q

Organism Level

A

Organ systems function together to make up working human body, an organism

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18
Q

How many organ systems does the body have?

A

11 systems work together to ensure survival of organisms as a whole

-Integumentary System
-Skeletal System
-Muscular System
-Nervous System
-Endocrine System
-Cardiovascular System
-Lymphatic System
-Respiratory System
-Digestive System
-Urinary System
-Male / FemaleReproductive System

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19
Q

Integumentary System

A

The outer layer of the body: hair, skin, nails

-protects the body from external environment
-produces vitamin D
-retains water
-regulates body temperature

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20
Q

Skeletal System

A

organs: Bones and Joints
-Supports the body
-protects internal organs
-provides leverage for movement
-produces blood cells
-stores calcium salts

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21
Q

Muscular System

A

organ: skeletal muscles

-produce movement
-controls body openings
-generates heat

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22
Q

Nervous System

A

organ: brain, spinal cord, nerves
-regulates body function
-provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses

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23
Q

Endocrine System

A

Organs: pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries

-regulates body function of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones

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24
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

organ: blood vessels, heart

-pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
-removes waste from the TISSUES
-transports cells, nutrients and other substances

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25
Q

Lymphatic Systen

A

organ: tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels

-returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
-provides immunity (protection against disease)

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26
Q

Respiratory System

A

organ: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

-delivers oxygen to the blood
-removes carbon dioxide from the body
-maintains the acid-base balance to the blood

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27
Q

Digestive System

A

organ: mouth, salivary gland, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large and small intestine

  • digest food
    -absorbs nutrients into the blood
    -removes food waste
    -maintains fluid, electrolytes abd acid-base balance
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28
Q

Urinary System

A

organ: kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

-removes metabolic waste from the blood
-maintains fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance
-stimulates blood cell production

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29
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

organ: prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, penis

-produces and transport sperm
-secretes hormones
-sexual function

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30
Q

Female Reproductive System

A

organ: mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina

-produces and transport oocytes (eggs)
-site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation
-secrets hormones
-sexual function

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31
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Examines human body by individual organ systems (used in tetxbook)

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32
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Divides body into regions of study (such as head and neck

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33
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Studies surface markings of body

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34
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Examines structures that can be seen with unaided eye

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35
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

studies structures that can only be seen with aid of microscope; include Histology and Cytology

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36
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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37
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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38
Q

Physiology

A

Subfields classified by organ or organ system being studied
ex; neurophysiology and cardiovascular physiology

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39
Q

Language of A&P

A

Word roots are combined with specific prefixes and suffixes to yield scientific terms

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40
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described:

–Body standing upright; feet are shoulder width apart, with upper limbs at sides of trunk and head and palms facing forward
–Body always referred to as if it were in anatomical position, even if in another position

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41
Q

Directional Terms

A

Help ensure accurate communication; describe relative location of body parts and markings

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42
Q

Anterior

A

(ventral) Front
-can refer to body as a whole or to body par

43
Q

Posterior

A

(dorsal) Back
-can refer to body as a whole or to body par

44
Q

Superior

A

(cranial) toward head
-used to refer to positions on head, neck, and trunk only

45
Q

Inferior

A

(caudal) toward tail
-used to refer to positions on head, neck, and trunk only

46
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of origin

47
Q

Distal

A

More distant (further away) from same point of origin

48
Q

Midline

A

Imaginary line that runs down middle of bo

49
Q

Medial

A

Closer to midline

50
Q

Lateral

A

Further away to midline

51
Q

Superficial

A

Structures closer to surface of body

52
Q

Deep

A

Further away from surface

53
Q

Regional Terms

A

Body divided into two regions: axial and appendicular

-Each broad region can be divided into several smaller regions

54
Q

Axial region

A

Head, neck and trunk

55
Q

Appendicular

A

Upper and lower limbs or appendages

56
Q

Planes of section

A

Dividing body or a body part for examination

57
Q

Sagital Plane

A

Divides body or body part into right and left sections; two variations :
–Midsagittal plane
-Parasagittal plane

58
Q

Midsagital plane

A

(median plane) - divides body or body part into equal left and right sections

59
Q

Parasagital Plane

A

Divides body or body part into unequal right and left sections

60
Q

Frontal Plane

A

divides body or body part into anterior and posterior sections

61
Q

Transverse Plane

A

(horizontal plane) - divides body or body part into superior and inferior sections or proximal and distal sections for structures of appendicular region

62
Q

Oblique Plane

A

Less standardized plane, taken at angle.

-useful for structures that are difficult to examine using only three primary planes of section

63
Q

Cavity

A

Any fluid-filled space within body
*Axial region is divided into several cavities
*Protect internal organs and allow them to move and expand as necessary to perform functions
*Posterior and anterior cavities and their subdivision

64
Q

Posterior Cavity

A

On posterior side of body . Divides in 2:
-Cranial cavity
-Vertebral cavity

Subdivisions are continuous, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); bathes and protects brain and spinal cord

65
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Divided into:
1. Pleural cavities
2. Mediastinum
3. Pericardial cavity

65
Q

Anterior Cavity

A

Separated into two divisions by diaphragm

-Thoracic cavity; superior to diaphragm
-Abdominopelvic cavity; inferior to diaphragm

66
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

Each surround either left or right lung

67
Q

Mediastinum

A

Between pleural cavities; houses heart, great vessels, trachea (windpipe), and esophagus; not within serous membrane

68
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Within mediastinum; within serous membrane that surrounds heart

69
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Subdivided into superior abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Contains organs from several systems (digestive, lymphatic, reproductive, and urinary)
Peritoneal cavity – abdominal subcavity found within serous membrane

70
Q

Quadrants of Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

71
Q

Segments of Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Divided into 9 segments, using two parasagittal and two transverse imaginary lines.

72
Q

Right & Left Hypochondriac regions

A

Below cartilage of ribs

73
Q

Epigastric region

A

Middle superior region above stomach and between right and left hypochondriac region

74
Q

Right & left Lumbar regions

A

Middle segments at same level as lumbar vertebrae

75
Q

Umbilical region

A

between lumbar regions, over umbilicus

76
Q

Right & Left iliac / inguinal regions

A

Most inferior segments

77
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Between iliac regions, below stomach

78
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Thin sheets of tissue; form cavities in ventral cavity; surround heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs
–Single, continuous layer of tissue; folds over itself to create a double-layered structure:
Visceral layer
Parietal layer

79
Q

Visceral Layer

A

In contact with underlying organ

80
Q

Parietal Layer

A

Outermost layer attached to surrounding structures

81
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Within cavity between two membrane layers (visceral & parietal) ; extremely thin layer of fluid
–Watery, slippery lubricant
–Fills space between membrane layers
–Produced by cells of membrane
–Prevents friction from movement of organs

82
Q

Serous Body Cavities

A

The body has 3 :

  1. Pleural membranes
  2. Pericardial membranes
  3. Peritoneal membranes
83
Q

Pleural Membranes

A

Consist of outer parietal pleura (follow contours of thoracic wall) and inner visceral pleura (runs along surface of lungs)

Pleural cavities - thin space enclosed by pleural membrane

84
Q

Pericardial Membranes

A

Consist of outer parietal pericardium (separates heart from mediastinum) and inner visceral pericardium (lies directly on heart muscle)

Pericardial cavity - space created by pericardial membrane

85
Q

Peritoneal Membranes

A

Surrounds some of abdominal organs
Consist of outer parietal peritoneum and inner visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal cavity - space between visceral and parietal layers

Doesn’t cover every organ; kidneys lie outside of and behind parietal peritoneum; thus retroperitoneal organs

86
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal environment

87
Q

Homeostatic imbalances

A

Disturbances in homeostasis can lead to disease or death if uncorrected

-to prevent imbalance, most variables are controlled (regulated); maintained within a narrow range, close to a normal value

88
Q

Core Principles of Homeostasis

A

*Feedback loops
*Relationship between structure and function
*Gradients
*Cell-to-cell communication

89
Q

Feedback Loop core principle

A

Vital to maintenance of homeostasis:

  1. Negative feedback loop
  2. Positive feedback loop
90
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Oppose initial change in regulated variable; reduce output

–Detection of change in regulated variable leads to series of events to return variable to normal value
–Each regulated variable has setpoint (normal value)

91
Q

Normal range

A

set point is within range of values

92
Q

Receptor

A

(aka sensor) detects stimulus
-Is a specialized cellular structure

93
Q

Stimulus

A

when regulated variable is outside of normal range

94
Q

Control center

A

-Stimulus sent to control center
-Determine when variable is outside of set point
-signal other cells or organs, that cause physiological responses that return variable to normal homeostatic range

95
Q

Effectors

A

other cell or organ that are signaled by the control center of stimulus to help return to normal (response)

96
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

Less common than Negative feedback loop

-Effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus; shuts off when conditions return to normal range
-found within negative feedback loop to produce quicker response (ex: formation of blood clot, childbirth)

97
Q

Structure & Function core principle

A

–The structure of any part of the body determines its function
–States simply that form follows function

Most basic principle

98
Q

Gradient core principle

A

Present any time more of something exists in one area than another, where two areas are connected.

3 common gradients:
-Temperature
-Concentration
-Pressure

99
Q

Temperature gradient

A

Temperature difference between two connected regions

100
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Concentration difference between two connected regions

101
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Pressure difference between two connected regions

102
Q

Cell-Cell Communication core principle

A

Required to coordinate body functions
–Cells in body must work in coordinated fashion to maintain homeostasis of entire organism
(via chemical messengers or electrical signals)
– One cell triggers another to cause a response

Human Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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