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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5 The IntegumentarySystem > Flashcards

Chapter 5 The IntegumentarySystem Flashcards

1
Q

Skin Structure

A

-Account for 10-15% of total body weight
-Largest organ in body

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2
Q

Cutaneous membrane (skin)

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial layer
-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on basement membrane

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4
Q

Dermis

A

Deep to epidermis and basement membrane
-loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Embedded in cutaneous membrane
Ex: sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails

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6
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

Small bands of smooth muscle associated with hair

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7
Q

Epidermis (avascular)

A

–Relies on diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from blood vessels in deeper dermis; limits epidermal thickness

–About 50% of epidermal cells are too far from adequate blood supply to sustain life; superficial layers are made up entirely of dead cells

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8
Q

Hypodermis

A

(superficial fascia or subcutaneous fat) deep to dermis

–Not part of skin; anchors skin to deeper structures like muscle and bone
–Made of loose connective and adipose tissues; has abundant blood supply

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9
Q

Cellulite

A

Dimpled or “orange peel” appearance of skin when collagen bands form around adipose tissue in hypodermis.

  • Influenced by ; genetics, gender and amount and distribution of adipose tissue, and age
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10
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A

Critical for protecting underlying organs or maintaining homeostasis:
-Protection
-Sensation
-Thermoregulation
-Excretion
-Vitamin D synthesis

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11
Q

Protection

A

From mechanical trauma, pathogens, and environment:

–Stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium provides durable but flexible surface; protects body from mechanical trauma (stretching, pressure, or abrasions)
–Contains cells of immune system that destroy pathogens before they invade deeper tissues
-Provides protection from environmental hazards

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12
Q

Glands

A

(Protection)
secrete anti microbial substances
-sebaceous gland secretions give surface of skin slightly acidic pH (acid mantle)
-inhibits growth of many pathogens

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13
Q

Sensation

A

Enables nervous system to perceive changes in body’s internal or external surroundings; critical to homeostasis:

-Receptors detect potentiallyharmfulstimuli (heat, cold, and pain); could lead to tissue damage

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14
Q

Thermoregulation

A

–Relies on negative feedback loops for maintenance of stable internal temperature

–Internal body temperature is determined mostly by ▪Muscle activity
▪Chemical reactions (metabolism)

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15
Q

When body temperature rises above normal range

A

▪Sensory receptors (thermoreceptors) detect increase in temperature in skin and internal body fluids
▪Control center in hypothalamus acts as thermostat (thermoregulatory center); receives input from thermoreceptors; processes and responds to inputs
▪Control center stimulates sweating
▪Control center stimulates cutaneous vasodilation; dermal blood vessels widen (dilate); increased blood flow through vessels increases heat radiated from body
▪Body temperature returns to normal range and cooling mechanisms decline by negative feedback

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16
Q

When body temperature drops below normal range

A

▪Thermoreceptors detect body temperature below normal range; relay information to thermoregulatory center in hypothalamus
▪Blood vessels in dermis narrow (vasoconstrict), reducing blood flow
▪Vasoconstriction redirects blood flow to deeper tissues; conserves heat
▪When body temperature returns back to normal range, thermoreceptors stop signaling hypothalamus; heat conservation ends; feedback loop is closed

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17
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of waste products and toxins from body

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18
Q

Vitamin D Synthesis

A
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19
Q

The Epidermis

A

The most superficial layer; composed of several cell types

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20
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Make up about 95% of epidermis. make epidermis stronger and less susceptible to mechanical trauma:

▪Keratin – tough fibrous protein
▪Linked together by desmosomes; intercellular junctions that hold cells together

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21
Q

Epidermal Strata Layers

A

-Stratum Basale
-Stratum Spinosum
-Stratum Granulosum
-Stratum Lucidum
-Stratum Stratum Corneum

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22
Q

Stratum Basale

A

(stratum germinativum) single layer of stem cells resting on basement membrane

▪Closest cells to dermal blood supply; most metabolically and mitotically active strata
▪Responsible for Vitamin D synthesis and replacement of dead keratinocytes (lost from superficial layers

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23
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Thickest layer
-on top of stratum basale -metabolically and mitotically active

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24
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

▪Three to five layers of cells; prominent cytoplasmic granules with keratin bundles or lipid-based substance; secreted by exocytosis
▪Hydrophobic lipids provide waterproofing; maintains internal fluid and electrolyte homeostasis; leads to isolation and death of cells in layer and more superficial layers

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25
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Narrow layer of clear, dead keratinocytes; only in thick skin

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26
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Outermost layer; several layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes with thickened plasma membrane

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27
Q

Keratinocyte life cycle

A

–Keratinocytes begin life in stratum basale or spinosum; pass through each epidermal layer; shed from stratum corneum
–Migration from deepest strata to stratum corneum takes 40−50days to complete

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28
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

In stratum spinosum; phagocytes of immune system; protect skin and deeper tissues from pathogens

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29
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Oval cells scattered throughout stratum basale; sensory receptors associated with small neurons in dermis:
–Detect light touch and discriminate shapes and textures
–Large numbers in regions specialized for touch: fingertips, lips, and at base of hairs

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30
Q

Melanocytes

A

In stratum basale; produce melanin (protein pigment ranging from orange-red to brown-black

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31
Q

Thick Skin

A

– about as thick as paper towel; all five epidermal layers and very thick stratum corneum; no hair follicles; many sweat glands

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32
Q

Thin Skin

A

–covers areas of body not subjected to as much mechanical stress; about as thick as sheet of printer paper; only four layers (no stratum lucidum)
–Each layer is thinner than those of thick skin
–Numerous hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands present

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33
Q

Callus

A

– additional layers of stratum corneum; forms in either thick or thin skin in response to repetitive pressure

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34
Q

The Dermis

A

– highly vascular layer deep to epidermis
*Functions:
–Provides blood supply for epidermis
–Contains sensory receptors
–Anchors epidermis in place

*Composed of two distinct layers; two types of connective tissue
1. Papillary Layer
2. Reticular Layer

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35
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Thinner, most superficial of two layers

*Loose connective tissue
*Special collagen fibers at dermis-epidermal junction; extends into epidermal basement membrane; anchors epidermis to dermis

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36
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

Tiny projections at surface of papillary layer where it contacts epidermis:

–Contain tiny blood vessels (capillaries) arranged in loops; extend up into most superficial part of dermal papillae
–Allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse into extracellular fluid of dermis, then into avascular epidermis

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37
Q

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles

A

Also in dermal papillae; sensory receptors; respond to light touch stimuli

-skin of fingertips, lips, face, and external genital

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38
Q

Reticular Layer

A

*Collagen bundles strengthen dermis; prevent traumatic injuries from damaging deeper tissues
*Elastic fibers allow dermis to return to its original shape and size after stretching
*Rich in proteoglycans that draw water into ground substance; keeps skin firm and hydrated
*Blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs, sebaceous glands, and adipose tissue are also present

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39
Q

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

A

Sensory receptors embedded within reticular layer; respond mainly to changes in pressure and vibration

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40
Q

Skin Markings

A

Small visible lines in epidermis created by interaction between dermis and epidermis; best seen in thick skin

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41
Q

Dermal Ridges

A

Areas where dermal papillae are more prominent due to presence of thick collagen bundles

*Indent overlying epidermis to create epidermal ridges; enhance gripping ability of hands and feet:

–Occur in characteristic patterns; loops, arches, and whorls; genetically determined and unique to each person
–Sweat pores open along ridges; leave thin film or fingerprint on things touched with fingers

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42
Q

Tension (cleavage) lines

A

–indentations in epidermis from gaps between collagen bundles in dermis

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43
Q

Flexure Lines

A

–deep creases in areas of body (surrounding joints) where reticular layer is tightly anchored to deeper structure

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44
Q

Botox

A

Bacterial toxin; temporarily paralyzes facial muscles; causes skin to appear smoother

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45
Q

Fillers

A

Adipose tissue, collagen, and/or proteoglycans injected into wrinkles

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46
Q

Topical creams

A

(especially nonprescription) claim to reduce appearance of wrinkles; little to no effect

47
Q

Melanin

A

Skin color – mostly determined by various amounts of melanin:

*Produced by melanocytes in stratum basale
*Composed of two molecules of amino acid tyrosine, occurs in stepwise fashion within special vesicle (melanosome)
*Primary function – protecting keratinocyte DNA from mutations induced by UV radiation

48
Q

Tanning

A

Melanin synthesis increases with exposure to natural or artificial UV radiation

  • has both immediate and delayed effects on skin pigmentation
49
Q

Immediate Response of tanning

A

Oxidation of melanin already present in keratinocytes; causes melanin to quickly darken

50
Q

Delayed response of tanning

A

UV light causes DNA damage in melanocytes; stimulates melanin production; appears within 72 hours; lasts longer than melanin oxidation

51
Q

UV Radiation effects

A

–Amount of UV radiation melanin can absorb is limited as is the protection provided
–People of all skin pigmentations can develop sunburns and are at risk for skin cancers

52
Q

Freckle

A

Small area of increased pigmentation; increased melanin production in local spot

53
Q

Mole or Nevus

A

Area of increased pigmentation, caused by local proliferation of melanocytes; not an increase in melanin production

54
Q

Albinism

A

Melanocytes fail to manufacture tyrosinase; results in lack of skin pigmentation and greatly increased risk of keratinocyte DNA damage from UV radiation

55
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange pigment in food items such as egg yolks and orange vegetables
–Lipid-soluble molecule; accumulates in stratum corneum
–Imparts slight yellow-orange color; particularly visible in stratum corneum of thick skin

56
Q

Hemoglobin

A

In red blood cells; iron-containing protein; binds to and transports oxygen throughout body

-Gives blood characteristic color

57
Q

Erythema

A

blood flow in dermis increases; makes skin more reddish

-Other conditions causing erythema include trauma, fever, and infection

58
Q

Pallor

A

Blood flow in dermis decreases; results in loss of normal pinkish hue; most visible in pale-skinned individuals; epidermis takes on whitish color of collagen in dermis

59
Q

Cyanosis

A

Sign that someone needs immediate attention; hemoglobin has very low levels of bound oxygen; blood turns reddish purple; skin takes on faint bluish hue; can occur when:

–someone has difficulty breathing
–hemoglobin or red cell levels are low in blood
–hemoglobin is unable to bind to oxygen

60
Q

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE INTEGUMENT: HAIR, NAILS, AND GLANDS

A
61
Q

Accessory structures or appendages

A

Include hair, nails, and glands

62
Q

Hair (pili)

A

Small filamentous structures; protrude from surface of skin over entire body except in regions with thick skin, lips, and parts of external genitalia

63
Q

Hair functions

A

–Provides protection by preventing substances and organisms from entering eyes and nose
–Protects underlying skin of scalp from UV radiation and mechanical trauma
–Associated with small sensory neuron; plays role in detecting changes in environment

64
Q

Hair Structure

A

Composed of Shaft and Root. Made of:
stratified squamous keratinized epithelial cells

65
Q

Hair Shaft

A

▪Portion of hair projecting from skin’s surface
▪Made of columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells that have completed keratinization process

66
Q

Hair Root

A

▪Segment of hair embedded in dermis; surrounded by small sensory neuron
▪Indented at base by projection of blood vessels from dermis (hair papilla)
▪Root and hair papilla collectively known as hair bulb
▪Many epithelial cells in root are still alive; have not completed keratinization process

67
Q

Hair Matrix

A

Small number of keratinocytes at base of root; actively divide

68
Q

Hair Strands

A

-Inner Medulla
-Middle Cortex
-Outermost cuticle

69
Q

Inner medulla

A

Soft core only found in thick hair (head); composed of soft keratin

70
Q

Middle cortex

A

Highly structured and organized with several layers of keratinocytes containing hard keratin; provides strength

71
Q

Outermost cuticle

A

Single layer of over lapping keratinocytes containing hard keratin; provides mechanical strength

72
Q

Dermal root sheath

A

surrounds epithelial root; consists of connective tissue; supports follicle and keeps it separate from dermis

73
Q

Arrector pili muscles

A

Small bands of smooth muscle; attach to dermal root sheath on one end and dermal papillary layer on other

74
Q

Contraction of arrector pili

A

Causes hair to:
-stand up (piloerection), gives skin dimpled appearance (“goosebumps”)

75
Q

Hair Growth Stages

A
  1. Growth stage
  2. Resting stage
76
Q

Growth stage

A

Mitosis occurs in matrix
▪Cells divide and push cells above them farther away from blood supply; keratinize and die
▪Stage varies in duration from a month to as long as six years; depends on location of hair

77
Q

Resting stage

A

Mitosis in matrix ends as cells die
▪Follicle shortens; hair is pushed toward surface where it remains dormant for a month or two
▪Falls out on its own or is pushed out by new hair in growth stage

78
Q

Lanugo

A

Thin, non pigmented hair covering nearly entire body of fetus; generally fall out around birth; replaced with one of two hair types:
▪Terminal hair
▪Vellus hair

79
Q

Terminal Hair

A

Thick, coarse, and pigmented hair; surrounding eyes and on scalp

-replaces much of vellus hair after puberty; varies by gender; more hair replacement occurs in males than female

80
Q

Vellus Hair

A

Thinner non pigmented hair; over remaining regions of body

81
Q

Hair Pigmentation

A

▪Blond hair – little melanin ▪Black hair – contains lots of melanin
▪Red hair – special reddish pigment containing iron

–Melanocytes produce less melanin with aging so hair eventually turns gray or white

82
Q

Nails

A

Hard accessory structures at ends of digits; composed of stratified squamous epithelium filled with hard keratin

83
Q

Nail plate

A

Most visible component of nail; on top of underlying epidermal nail bed; divided into:
1. Nail Body
2. Nail root

84
Q

Nail body

A

visible portion of nail plate

85
Q

Nail root

A

portion of plate under skin; location of nail matrix containing actively dividing cells

86
Q

Proximal nail fold

A

on proximal edge covering nail root; distal edge of fold is eponychium (cuticle); consists of only stratum corneum

87
Q

Medial & lateral nail folds

A

on medial and lateral edges of nail plate respectively

88
Q

Distal or free edge nail plate

A

attached to underlying nail bed by accumulation of stratum corneum called hyponychium

89
Q

Nail Growth

A

Occurs at nail matrix
–Actively dividing cells push neighboring cells distally
–Die once keratinization is completed and have been cut off from blood supply
–Grow an average of 0.5mm per week; toenails grow more slowly

90
Q

Nails

A

*Do not contain melanocytes; mostly translucent except at lunula; half-moon shaped region of proximal nail plate; represents accumulation of keratin
*Primary function – protection of underlying tissue (distal tips of fingers and toes) from trauma; can be used as tools; enables more precise gripping of items

91
Q

Glands

A

Derived from epidermal cells; located deeper in dermis:

*Sweat (sudoriferous) glands – produce sweat
*Sebaceous glands – produce oily sebum

92
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Differ structurally and in products secreted; all secrete products via exocytosis (merocrine secretion):

  1. Eccrine
  2. Apocrine
  3. Ceruminous
  4. Mammary Glands
93
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

▪Most prevalent type
▪Simple coiled tubular glands in dermis
▪Sweat contains mostly water, waste products, and electrolytes
▪Exits from duct through sweat pore onto epidermal surface

94
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

▪Found in specific regions of body such as axillae, anal area, and areola
▪Large glands; release protein-rich secretion into hair follicle
▪Secretions become odoriferous once skin bacteria metabolize contents
▪Influenced by sex hormones; become active after puberty

95
Q

Ceruminous sweat glands

A

▪Modified apocrine glands ▪Release thick secretion called cerumen (ear wax) into hair follicles in ear
▪Cerumen traps incoming particles along tube leading to tympanic membrane; also lubricates

96
Q

Mammary sweat glands

A

highly specialized sweat glands; produce modified sweat (milk)

97
Q

Sebaceous glands structure

A

Branched with clusters of secretory cells (acini) surrounded by small ducts; converge to form central duct that empties into hair follicle or small pore; make and secrete sebum

98
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

–Everywhere on body except palms and soles; greatest number on face and scalp
–Secretion is influenced by sex hormones, especially male hormone (testosterone)
–Dramatic increase in sebum production occurs after puberty
–Contains cellular fragments and debris in addition to lipids
–Coats hair, providing it with hydrophobic barrier; inhibits water loss
–Also inhibits growth of or kills certain bacteria

99
Q

Sebum

A

Waxy, oily mixture of mostly lipids; released by holocrine secretion; secretory cells accumulate sebum until cell ruptures

100
Q

Acne

A

Accumulation of sebum and dead cells within sebaceous glands; produces comedone (blackhead); occasionally becomes infected by Propionibacterium acnes; causes inflammation and formation of pustule (pimple)

101
Q

Wounds

A

Common skin pathology; defined as any disruption in skin’s integrity; includes
–Lacerations (cuts)
–Burns
–Skin cancers

102
Q

Burns

A

Wounds caused by heat, extreme cold, electricity, chemicals, and radiation; classified according to extent and depth of tissue damage:

  1. First degree
  2. Second degree
  3. Third degree
103
Q

First degree burn (superficial)

A

–Minor wounds; only damage epidermis
–Skin may develop erythema (redness) and some mild pain without any permanent damage

104
Q

Second degree burn (partial thickness)

A

–Involve epidermis and part or all of dermis
–Can result in pain, blistering, and scarring

105
Q

Third degree burn (full thickness)

A

–Most damaging wounds
–Involve epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, potentially even deeper tissue (muscle or bone)
–Not generally painful at first because nerves too are destroyed
–Typically major tissue damage and significant scarring; loss of hair follicles; diminished or absent keratin production
–Problems with dehydration due to massive fluid loss from swelling; also great risk for infection

106
Q

Rule of nines

A

*Method for estimating how much of body has been affected by burn
*Body is divided into 11 areas; each represents 9% of total body area
*Useful clinical tool for grading extent of burn; severity and extent of burn are used to direct treatment options

107
Q

Skin Cancer

A

One of the most common diseases in the world; caused by mutations in DNA; induces cell to lose control of cell cycle

108
Q

Tumor

A

Unchecked cell division eventually leads to formation of large population of undifferentiated cells

109
Q

Metastasize

A

Tumor cells spread through blood or lymphatic vessels to other tissues and continue to divide

110
Q

Factors that increase risk of developing cancer

A

–cancer-inducing chemicals, toxins, or agents called carcinogens
–forms of radiation

111
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

–Most common of all cancer types–Arises from keratinocytes in stratum basale of epidermis
–Skin regularly exposed to UV radiation is at risk for developing these tumors
–Appears as nodule with a central crater
–Rarely metastasizes to other tissues
–Can be resolved successfully with surgical removal

112
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

–Second most common skin cancer–Cancer of keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
–Scaly plaques may ulcerate and bleed; usually on head and neck
–Tumors are more likely to metastasize than basal cell carcinoma; surgical removal is still useful

113
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes
–Early detection of melanoma is critical due to tendency to metastasize
–“Arms” of cancerous melanocytes extend down into dermis and access dermal blood vessels; enables cells to spread to other tissues via bloodstream
–Treated with surgical removal; possibly radiation therapy and chemotherapy
–Prognosis depends on size of tumor, depth to which it extends into dermis, and whether it has metastasized to other tissues

114
Q

ABCDE rule of Malignant melanoma

A

Can distinguished from other skin cancers and normal moles using ABCDE rule:
–(A): Asymmetrical shape (two sides do not match)
–(B): Border irregularity
–(C): Color, usually blue-black or a variety of colors
–(D): Diameter generally larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)
–(E):Evolving (changing) shape and size

Human Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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