Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Study of normal structures of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tissues

A

Group of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment, together perform common functions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 Components of Tissues

A
  1. Discrete population of cells; related in structure and function
  2. Extracellular matrix (ECM) - surrounding material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 Primary tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

-Cover and line all body surfaces and cavities.
-Tightly packed sheets of cells with no visible ECM
-Form glands that manufacture secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Connective Tissue

A

-Connect all other tissues to one another
-ECM is very prominent
-Cells are scattered out
-Bind, support, protect and allow for transportation of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

-Capable of generating force by contracting
-Little ECM between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

-Capable of generating, sending, and receiving messages
-Within unique ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Substance in liquid, thick gel, or solid form that surround cells of tissue

2 Components:
1. Ground substance
2. Protein Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functions of ECM

A

–Provides tissue with strength to resist tensile (stretching) and compressive forces
–Directs cells to proper positions within tissue and holds those cells in place
–Regulates development, mitotic activity, and survival of cells in a tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ground Substance

A
  • Most of ECM
    -Extracellular fluid (ECF or interstitial fluid) with water, nutrients, ions, and three families of macromolecules:
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GACS)
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Cell- adhesion molecules (CAMs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GACS)

A

chondroitin sulfate (small) and hyaluronic acid (enormous):
Negative charges of sugars in GAG attract positively charged ions in ECF

Ions create concentration gradient within ECF; draw water out of cells and blood vessels by osmosis

Effectively “trap” water in ECM; help ECM to resist compression; GradientsCore Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Proteoglycans

A

GAGs bound to protein core (resembles bottle brush):

Thousands of proteoglycans bind to very long GAG (such as hyaluronic acid); form huge proteoglycan “aggregates”

Make ECM firmer, more solid, and resistant to compression

Form barrier to diffusion of substances through ECM; protect underlying tissue from invading microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Different types of glycoproteins:

Adhere to cell and cells to surroundings; hold everything in place within ECM

CAMs bind to cell surface proteins as well as protein fibers and proteoglycans; maintain normal tissue architecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protein Fibers

A

Embedded within ground substance; long molecules composed of multiple fibrous subunits with rope like structure; enormous tensile strength.

  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Elastic fibers
  3. Reticular fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Collagen Fibers

A
  • Make up 20–25% of all proteins in body
  • Composed of multiple repeating subunits
  • Form white fibrous protein
  • Resistant to tension (pulling and stretching forces) and pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Elastic Fibers

A
  • Composed of protein elastin surrounded by glycoproteins
  • Extensibility allows fibers to stretch up to one and a half times resting length without breaking. once stretched, fibers return to resting length (elasticity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reticular Fibers

A
  • Thin, short collagen fibers; form meshwork or scaffold that supports cells and ground substance of many tissues
  • Form weblike structure in organs such as spleen that helps trap foreign cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

Results from defects in gene that codes for glycoprotein fibrillin-I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fibrillin

A

Component of ECM required for normal deposition of elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Characteristics and symptoms of Marfan Syndrome

A

*Tall stature with long limbs and fingers; multiple skeletal abnormalities, recurrent joint dislocations, heart valve and lens (eye) abnormalities, and dilation of aorta

*Aortic dissection (rupture) – most lethal complication; layers of aortic wall separate and blood flows between them; leads to aortic rupture; ensuing blood loss is nearly always fatal if not caught and treated immediately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Another way cells bind to one another; neighboring cell’s plasma membranes are linked by integral proteins:

*Tight junctions *Desmosomes
*Gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tight Junctions

A

(occluding junctions)
Holds cells closely together, space between is impermeable to movement of macromolecules

–Integral proteins of adjacent cell’s plasma membranes are locked together; form seal around apical perimeter of cell
–Seal may not be complete, allowing for leakage in some tissues
Example – between cells in blood vessels; prevent blood cells from exiting vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Desmosomes

A

Linking integral proteins; allow for materials in extracellular fluid to pass through space between cells

–Increase strength of tissue by holding cells together; mechanical stress is more evenly distributed

–Integral “linker” proteins are attached to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton for structural reinforcement

–In tissues subjected to great deal of mechanical stress (epithelia of skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gap Junctions

A

small pores formed by protein channels between adjacent cells; allow small substances to flow freely between each cell’s cytoplasm

–In between cells that communicate with electrical signals (cardiac muscle cells)

–Gap junctions illustrate Cell–Cell Communication Core Principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

On every internal and external body surface. It is the barrier between body and external environment (line organs and fluid filled cavities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissues

A
  1. Protection
  2. Immune defenses
  3. Secretion
  4. Transport into other tissues
  5. Sensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Protection

A

Shield underlying tissues from mechanical and thermal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Immune defense

A

Form physical barriers; prevent invasion by microorganisms; specialized cells of immune system are scattered throughout epithelial tissues to protect underlying tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Secretion

A

Form glands that produce substances like hormones and oils; secreted into blood or through ducts respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Transport into other tissues

A

Selective permeable membranes; substances are able to cross these barriers by passive or active transport and enter other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sensation

A

Associated with rich nerve supply, detect changes in internal and external environments

Ex: tastebuds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Esophagus

A

Tubular organ that transports food from mouth to stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Identifying a cell

A

Any structure that contains dark purple nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Identifying Ground substance

A

Looks clear or has a slight tinge of color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Identifying protein fibers

A

Look like wavy or straight lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Identifying Collagen fibers

A

Form bundles that resemble certain cell types.

  • If bundles lack nuclei then it is most likely a collagen fiber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Salivary gland that produces saliva under tongue

-Contains clusters of small, light red round discs that lack nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Discs

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), located in blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissues

A

Consist of tightly packed cells linked together by tight junctions and desmosomes.

-Make sheets of cells impermeable and resistant to physical stresses and mechanical injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Avascular

A

(Epithelial tissues are avascular)
-Lack blood vessels, must obtain oxygen and nutrients by diffusion from deeper tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

ECM Location

A

Found beneath cells in think Basement Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Two components/layers :

  1. Basal lamina
  2. Reticular lamina

-These two layers “glue” and provide barrier to epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue, anchor underlying blood vessels in place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Basal Lamina

A

ECM synthesized by epithelial cells

-Consist of collagen fibers and ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

Synthesized by underlying connective tissue

  • Consist of reticular fibers and ground substance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Epithelial Tissues, classified by

A

Number of cells layers and shape of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Single cell layer, adapted for transportation of substances between different tissues

-Some have microvilli
-Some have cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

More than one cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Squamous Cells

A

Flattened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Cuboidal Cells

A

Short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Columnar Cells

A

Tall and elongated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Microvilli

A

Increased surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cilia

A

Move substances through hollow organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

4 Types of Simple Epithelia

A
  1. Simple squamous Epithelium
  2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
  3. Simple Columnar Epithelium
  4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

-Very thin single layer of cells; “fried egg” appearance
- Adapted for rapid diffusion of substances (oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluids, and ions)
- In air sacs of lung, specific segments of kidney tubules, and lining blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cube-shaped cells with large central nucleus
  • Thin enough for rapid substance diffusion
  • In segments of renal tubules, respiratory passages, ducts of many glands, and thyroid gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Single layer of rectangular-shaped cells with nuclei in basal portion of cell
  • Often microvilli (small intestine) or cilia
  • (uterine tubes and segments of respiratory tract) on apical plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Pseudostratisfied Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Appears layered because nuclei are at various heights
  • Only one cell-layer thick with basal plasma membranes firmly in contact with basement membrane
  • In segments of respiratory tract and nasal cavity; ciliated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Transports across simple epithelia

A
  1. Paracellular transportation
  2. Transcellular transportation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Paracellular transportation

A

Substances leak between cells in epithelial membrane; limited due to tight junctions that make spaces between cells nearly impermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Transcellular transportation

A

Substance enters cell by crossing plasma membrane; diffuses across cytosol; exits cell through plasma membrane at opposite side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

More than one layer of cells; best as protective barriers where subjected to high degrees of mechanical stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Types of Stratified Epithelium

A
  1. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  3. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
  4. Stratified columnar epithelium
  5. Transitional epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

-Apical cellular layers are dead
-lack nuclei
-filled with protein keratin
-makes tissue tough and resistant to friction
-well adapted for outer layers of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

-apical cellular layers retain nuclei
-still alive
-in regions subjected to mechanical stress where surface must remain moist
-mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, and vagina

66
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

-rare in humans
-two cell layers
-lines ducts of sweat glands

67
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

-rare in humans
-few layers
-apical layer is columnar and basal cell layer is cuboidal
-in male urethra, cornea of eye, and ducts of certain glands such as salivary gland

68
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

-only in urinary system
-lines interior of kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
-cuboidal basal cell layers and dome-shaped apical cell layers in relaxed tissue
-ability of apical cells to flatten allows tissues to stretch

69
Q

Gland

A

Structure of epithelial origin; synthesizes and secretes product from designated secretory cells.

-Classified by shape or how products are released:
1. Endocrine
2. Exocrine

70
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete products, usually hormones, directly into bloodstream without use of ducts:

Allow products to have systemic effects (on distant cells)

71
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

-Multicellular glands that release products onto apical surfaces of epithelium (external surface of body) or lining hollow organ (opens to outside of body):

-Glands vary in complexity from single cells to large multicellular glands with branching ducts and many secretory units

72
Q

Goblet cells

A

Most common unicellular exocrine gland; in digestive and respiratory tracts; secrete mucus- thick sticky liquid that protects underlying epithelium

73
Q

Exocrine glands classification

A

Structure of duct and shape of clusters of secretory cells

74
Q

Duct structure

A

-Simple glands - ducts dont branch
-Compound glands - branched ducts

75
Q

Tubular

A

Long and straight or coiled configuration

76
Q

Acinar

A

Spherical configuration

77
Q

Tubuloacinar

A

Both tubular and acinar configurations

78
Q

Methods of product secretion by exocrine glands

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Holocrine
  3. Apocrine
79
Q

Merocrine

A

Used by majority of exocrine glands, including salivary and sweat glands
-products packaged in secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis into ducts

80
Q

Holocrine

A

Used by sebaceous glands in skin to secrete sebum; secretory cells accumulate product in cytosol; only release product when cell ruptures and dies; cells replaced by mitosis at gland base

81
Q

Apocrine

A

Rare type of secretion; portions of cytoplasm are pinched off with product being secreted; observed during lipid droplet secretion in lactating mammary glands of many mammal species

82
Q

Carcinogens

A

Agents that induce DNA changes (injury); can lead to cancer

83
Q

Carcinoma

A

Term for epithelial cancer; common examples:

–Lung adenocarcinoma
–Ductal and papillary carcinoma – cancer of breast
–Basal cell carcinoma – cancer of skin

84
Q

Connective Tissues

A

2 groups:

-Connective tissue proper
-Specialized connective tissue

85
Q

Connective tissue functions

A

*Connecting and binding – anchor tissue layers in organs and link organs together
*Support – bone and cartilage support weight of body
*Protection – bone tissue protects internal organs; cartilage and fat provide shock absorption; components of immune system are throughout connective tissues
*Transport – blood is fluid connective tissue; main transport medium in bod

86
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

(General connective tissue)

*Widely distributed in body
*Connect tissues and organs to one another
*Components of internal architecture of some organ

87
Q

Cells of connective tissue proper

A

Resident cells permanently inhabit tissue; migrant cells migrate to areas of body depending on situation:

-Fibroblasts
–Adipocytes
–Mast cells
–Phagocytes
–Other immune system cells

88
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Most common resident cell

Mature cells with properties of immature “blast” cell

Make protein fibers and ground substance (components of ECM); continually produce collagen proteins

89
Q

Adipocytes (fat cells)

A

In many different connective tissues; cytoplasm filled with a single large lipid inclusion

90
Q

Mast cells

A

largest resident cell

Immune system cells filled with cytosolic inclusions (granules) of inflammatory mediators (histamine)
Release mediators (degranulate) when stimulated, causing inflammation(protective response that activates immune system)

91
Q

Phagocytes

A

-Immune system cells
-Ingest foreign substances, microorganisms, and dead or damaged cells by phagocytosis
- Include macrophages (resident or migrant) and neutrophils (migrant cells)

92
Q

Other immune system cells

A

Migrate in and out of connective tissues depending on body’s needs

93
Q

Types of connective tissue proper

A

–Loose connective tissue
–Dense connective tissue
–Reticular tissue
–Adipose tissue

94
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

(Areolar tissue)
Mostly ground substance; contains all three types of protein fibers, fibroblasts, and occasionally adipocytes, suspended in ground substance

Beneath epithelium of skin, in membranes lining body cavities, and within walls of hollow organs
Contains and supports blood vessels vital to avascular epithelial tissues; houses immune system cells

95
Q

Dense Connective tissue

A

(Fibrous connective tissue)
Mostly protein fibers. Three classes:

  1. Dense irregular connective tissue
  2. Dense regular connective tissue
  3. Dense regular elastic connective tissue
96
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Predominantly disorganized collagen bundles:

–Strong; resists tension in all three planes of movement
–In high tension areas such as dermis (deep to skin) and surrounding organs and joints

97
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

–Organized into parallel collagen bundles
–In tendons and ligaments; subject to tension in one plane of movement

98
Q

Dense regular elastic connective tissue

A

(Elastic tissue)

–Mostly parallel-oriented elastic fibers with randomly oriented collagen fibers
–In walls of organs that must stretch to function (large blood vessels and certain ligaments)

99
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

Mostly reticular fibers produced by fibroblasts.

Forms fine networks that support small structures such as blood and lymphatic vessels
Also in lymph nodes and spleen; forms weblike nets that trap old and foreign cells
Forms part of basement membrane; supports all epithelia and internal structure of liver and bone marrow

99
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

(Fat tissue)
Fat-storing adipocytes and surrounding fibroblasts and ECM, adipocytes can increase in size to a point where fibroblasts and ECM are scarcely visible

Functions:
Fat storage (major energy reserve of body)
Insulation (retains warmth)
Shock absorption and protection

100
Q

White Adipose tissue

A

Predominant fat tissue
- Appears white
- Adipocytes with one large lipid inclusion in cytosol
- Deep to skin as subcutaneous fat
- Abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks, and thighs
-Visceral fat surrounds heart and abdominal organs

101
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Less common
-Has brown appearance due to numerous mitochondria in cytoplasm and vast blood supply
-Contains multiple lipid inclusions
-More readily converted to energy to produce heat in cold temperatures

102
Q

Obesity

A

Condition of excess adipose tissue in proportion to lean body mass; two forms:

Hypertrophic
Hypercellular

103
Q

Hypertrophic Obesity

A

Lipid inclusions accumulate fatty acids
- Increase in size up to 4x normal
- Number of adipocytes remains unchanged

104
Q

Hypercellular Obesity

A

Generally severe; number of adipocytes increases
- Correlates with development of obesity in infancy or early childhood (not adulthood)
- Adult adipocytes lack ability to divide to form new cells

105
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

A

Include three types of tissue:

  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone tissue (Osseous tissue)
  3. Blood
106
Q

Cartilage

A

In joints between bones, ear, nose, and segments of respiratory tract.

  • tough, flexible tissue; absorbs shock and resists tension, compression, and shearing forces; ECM consists of collagen and elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans.
107
Q

Bone Tissue (osseous tissue)

A

Supports body; protects vital organs; provides attachments for muscles that allow for movement; stores calcium; and houses bone marrow (produces blood cells and stores fat)

108
Q

Blood

A

Unique connective tissue with liquid ECM (plasma); consists of mostly water, dissolved solutes, and protein

109
Q

Cartilage: 2 cell types

A
  1. Chondroblasts
  2. Chondrocytes
110
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Immature cells; divide by mitosis and make most of ECM

111
Q

Chondrocytes

A

ECM to become mature and largely inactive

112
Q

Cartilage: three classes

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic Cartilage
113
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most abundant cartilage:

–ECM mostly ground substance made of small bundles of fine collagen; gives tissue glossy bluish-gray appearance
–On ends of bones in joints (articular cartilage), linking sternum to ribs, framing sections of respiratory tract, and in nose
–Most of fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage; replaced with bone during development

114
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Filled with bundles of collagen fibers; little room for ground substance in ECM

–Fibroblasts reside in tissue; also chondroblasts and chondrocytes; fill ECM with collagen and some elastic fibers
–Tissue has great tensile strength with some degree of elasticity
–In between bones of fibrous joints; forms articular discs that improve fit of bones in joints

115
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Mostly elastic fibers in ECM:

–Allows tissue to vibrate
–In limited number of structures; external ear assists with detection of sound in air; larynx assists with production of sound

116
Q

Bone

A

One of the hardest substances in the body.
-35% organic components and 65% inorganic calcium phosphate crystals.

-Dynamic tissue capable of remodeling

117
Q

Osteoblast (bone)

A

“Bone-builders” on outer surface of bones; closely associated with dense irregular collagenous connective tissue covering (periosteum)

Carry out process of bone deposition; synthesize and secrete organic ECM and chemicals involved in trapping calcium in ECM

118
Q

Osteocytes (bones)

A

Osteoblasts that have surrounded themselves with ECM in lacunae
- mature cells
-mostly inactive
-continue to make and secrete substances important for bone maintenance

119
Q

Osteoclasts (bone)

A

large, multinucleated bone destroyers
-carry out process of bone resorption
-secrete hydrogen ions and enzymes that break down both inorganic and organic ECM

120
Q

Blood

A

Unique , ECM is fluid:
-Plasma proteins
-Erythrocytes
-Leukocytes
-Platelets

121
Q

Plasma Protein

A

Not like fibers found in other connective tissues; smaller with a variety of functions, including transport of substances and blood clotting

122
Q

Erythrocytes

A

(red blood cells) bind to and transport oxygen throughout body

123
Q

Leukocytes

A

(white blood cells) function in immunity

124
Q

Platelets

A

cell fragments; major role in blood clotting

125
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Caused by age, joint trauma, genetic disorders, and infection

–Develops as hyaline cartilage lining joints degenerates
–Leads to destruction of proteoglycan and collagen fibers; may continue until bone is exposed
–Bones grind painfully together as motion occurs

Does glucosamine slow osteoarthritis degeneration of joints?

126
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Specialized for contraction
-Turn chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy of movement

127
Q

Main component of muscle tissue

A

Muscle Cell (myocyte)- excitable

128
Q

Two forms of muscle cell

A

They are based on arrangement of myofilaments (protein bundles) in cytoplasm:

  • Striated
  • Smooth
129
Q

Striated

A

Myofilaments arranged in alternating light and dark regions; appear striped (striated) under microscope

Ex: Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue

130
Q

Smooth

A

Myofilaments arranged in irregular bundles instead of repeating light and dark regions

131
Q

Endomysium

A

Small amount of ECM that surrounds muscle tissue; helps hold muscle cells together in tissue

132
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Smooth muscle
133
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Mostly attached to skeleton; contraction produces body movement

-Must be stimulated by nervous system to contract; under voluntary (conscious) control
-Are long, extending to almost entire length of whole muscle
-Forms by fusion of embryonic myoblasts

134
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Only in heart; composed of cardiac muscle cells; striated like skeletal muscle cells

135
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

-Involuntary – brain does not have conscious control over contraction
–Cells are short, branched; usually only on nucleus (uninucleate)
–Intercalated disc – dark line separating individual cardiac muscle cells; not in skeletal muscle; contains gap junctions and modified tight junctions; allows heart muscle to contract as uni

136
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Consists of smooth muscle cells; contractions are involuntary like cardiac muscle:

–In walls of nearly every hollow organ, blood vessels, eyes, skin, and ducts of certain glands
–Flattened cells with one centrally located ovoid nucleus
–In most smooth muscle tissue, plasma membranes of neighboring cells are linked together by gap junctions

137
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Makes up majority of brain, spinal cord, and nerves; two main cell types and their surrounding ECM:

-Neurons
-Neurological cells

138
Q

Neurons

A

Capable of sending and receiving message
-excitable (like muscle cells); once mature, no longer divide by mitosis; three main components

139
Q

Neurological cells

A

Perform various functions; support neuron activities

140
Q

Nervous tissue ECM

A

-ECM is unique
-Ground substance with unique proteoglycans not found in other tissues
-Contains very few protein fibers

141
Q

Neurons main components

A
  1. Cell Body (soma)
  2. Solitary Axon
  3. Dendrites
142
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

Biosynthetic center of neuron; location of nucleus and most organelles

143
Q

Solitary Axon

A

Extends from one end of soma
-responsible for moving nerve impulse from soma to target cell (another neuron, muscle cell, or gland

144
Q

Dendrites

A

Other extensions protruding from soma
-typically short with multiple branches
-receive impulses from axons of neighboring neurons
-deliver impulses to soma

145
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

Diverse group of smaller cells; support activity of neurons:
–Functions:
Anchoring neurons and blood vessels in place
Monitoring composition of extracellular fluid
Speeding up rate of nerve impulse transmission
Circulating fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord–Able to divide by mitosis (unlike neurons)

146
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissues that combine structurally and functional

147
Q

Membranes

A

Thin sheets of one or more tissues; line body surface or cavity:

*Most consist of superficial epithelial layer resting on connective tissue layer; sometimes contain smooth muscle

148
Q

Functions of Membrane

A

-Anchor organs in place,
-Serve as barriers
-Function in immunity, and secrete various substances

149
Q

True Membranes

A
  1. Serous
  2. Synovial
  • Fit above structural and functional definitions
  • Do not open outside of body
150
Q

Membrane like structures

A

Mucous and cutaneous membranes
-Don’t fit above structural and functional definitions
-Perform many of same functions

151
Q

Serous Membranes or Serosae

A

Line pericardial, peritoneal, and pleural body cavities:

–Consist of mesothelium
- Fold over themselves; appearance of two layers; outer parietal layer lines body wall; inner visceral layer covers organ within body cavity

152
Q

Mesothelium

A

Thin layer of simple squamous epithelium, associated basement membrane, and layer of connective tissue

153
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

Line cavities surrounding freely moveable joints (knee or shoulder); two connective tissue layers without layer of epithelial cell

154
Q

Outer layer of Synovial Membranes

A

Usually composed of mixture of loose and dense irregular connective tissue

155
Q

Inner layer of Synovial Membranes

A

Synoviocytes (modified fibroblasts) secrete synovial fluid; watery, slippery fluid; primarily functions to lubricate joint

156
Q

Mucous membranes

A

(mucosae)
Line all passages opening to outside of body; respiratory passages, mouth, nasal cavity, digestive tract, and male and female reproductive tracts:

–Layer of epithelium and basement membrane (connective tissue called lamina propria) and occasionally thin layer of smooth muscle
–Contain glands with goblet cells; produce and secrete mucus; serve several functions, primarily protection

157
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Refers to skin; largest organ of body; consists of

–Outer layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis); tough, continuous protective surface; protects structures deep to it

158
Q

Dermis

A

Layer of loose connective tissue beneath epidermis plus deeper layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Home to many blood vessels; provides means for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse into avascular epidermis

159
Q

Friction rub

A

Results in grating sound; can be heard with stethoscope

*Causes chest pain; worsens with inhalation, body movement, and swallowing
*Usually resolves with treatment of underlying condition

Human Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions