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Anatomy > Chapter 7 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 classes of bone?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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2
Q

What is the one class under irregular?

A

Sesamoid

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3
Q

Parts of a Long Bone

A
  • epiphysis
  • articular cartilage
  • diaphysis
  • periosteum
  • processes
  • medullary cavity
  • endostuem
  • marrow
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4
Q

Epiphysis

A
  • expanded portion of long bone that articulates with another bone
  • made of spongy bone which has bony plates (trabeculae)
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5
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

-hyaline cartilage that coats articulating part of epiphysis

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6
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • shaft of bone between epiphysis

- wall of diaphysis is compact bone which has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps

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7
Q

Periosteum

A

-tough, vascular, fibrous membrane that covers diaphysis of the bone

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8
Q

Function of Periosteum

A

to form and repair bone tissue

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9
Q

Processes

A

-provide site for attachment for tendon or ligament

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10
Q

Bones usually have ____ bone overlying ____ bone.

A

compact, spongy

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11
Q

Medullary Cavity

A
  • runs through diaphysis

- is a semi-rigid tube w hollow chamber

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12
Q

Endosteum

A
  • lines medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone

- contains bone-forming cells

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13
Q

Marrow

A

-tissue that fills spaces of bone

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14
Q

2 types of Marrow

A
  • red

- yellow

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15
Q

Osteocytes have to be seen how?

A

Microscopically

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16
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • bone cells located in tiny, bony chambers (lacunae)

- Lacunae form circles around central canals

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17
Q

Function of Osteocytes

A

-transport nutrients and wastes to &from nearby cells

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18
Q

Cell processes of Osteocytes through ________.

A

Canaliculi

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19
Q

Another name for central canals is _____.

A

Haversian Canals

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20
Q

What is extracellular matrix made of?

A

-collagen and inorganic salts

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21
Q

The inorganic salts and collagen in extracellular matrix give bones their what?

A

-strength and resilience

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22
Q

Composition of Compact Bone

A
  • osteons are cemented together forming substance of compact bone
  • each central canal contains bv&nerves
  • perforating canals (Volkmann’s Canals) connect central canals & contain larger bv & nerves
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23
Q

Osteon

A

-cylinder shaped unit of compact bone

24
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • composed of osteocytes & extra cellular matrix
  • bone cells live within trabeculae & get nutrients from substances diffusing into canaliculi that lead to thin, bony plates
25
Q

When do the parts of the skeleton start to form?

A

during first few weeks of prenatal development

26
Q

Bones form by replacing existing ___.

A

CT

27
Q

Bones continue to grow & develop into ____.

A

adulthood

28
Q

_________________ bones originate within sheetlike layers of CT.

A

Intramembranous

29
Q

____________ bones begin as masses of cartilage that are later replaced by bone tissue.

A

Endochondral

30
Q

How do intramembranous bones form? (6 steps)

A
  • during osteogenesis, membranelike layers of unspecialized CT appear at sites of future bones
  • dense bv supple CT layers with nutrients
  • cells enlarge & become further differentiated into osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
  • osteoblasts then deposit bony matrix around themselves
  • Result: spongy bone forms in all directions along bv within CT
  • later spongy bone becomes compact bone as spaces fill with bony matrix
31
Q

Examples of Intramembranous bones

A

-broad, flat bones of skull

32
Q

As development continues, osteoblasts become surrounded by ______ & become secluded within _______.

A

matrix, lacunae

33
Q

This matrix then encloses processes of ______ and give rise to ______.

A

osteoblasts, canaliculi

34
Q

Once those are isolated, osteoblasts become ___________.

A

osteocytes

35
Q

Most _______ bones are enchochondral bones.

A

Skeletal

36
Q

Steps of how an endochondral bone forms

A
  1. develops from masses of hyaline cartilage
  2. cartilaginous cells enlarge & lacunae grow
  3. surrounding matrix breaks down & cartilaginous cells die & degenerate as it decomposes, periosteum forms from CT & encircles the structure
  4. osteoblasts form spongy bone in space occupied by cartilage
  5. osteoblasts become osteocytes when bony matrix completely surrounds them; then become osteocytes
  6. osteoblasts beneath periosteum deposit compact bone around spongy bone
37
Q

Primary ossification center

A

when bony tissue replaces hyaline cartilage in center of diaphysis
-epiphysis of developing bone remains cartilaginous & continue to grow

38
Q

Secondary ossification center

A

appears later in epiphysis & spony bone forms in all difections
- as it is deposited in diaphysis & epiphysis, band of cartilage forms called epiphyseal plate & remains between ossification centers

39
Q

Growth of cartilaginous cells of epiphyseal plate forms 4 layers

A
  • 1st layer: deepest
  • 2nd layer: second deepest
  • 3rd layer: thickest layer because it contains older&new cells
  • 4th layer: outside layer
40
Q

1st layer of epiphyseal plate

A

-anchors epiphyseal plate to bony tissue of epiphysis (closest to end of epiphysis & cells do not participate in growth)

41
Q

2nd layer of epiphyseal plate

A

-rows of many young cells undergoing mitosis. Cartilaginous plate thickens as new cells appear.

42
Q

3rd layer of epiphyseal place

A

-formed by older cells left behind as new cells appear & those enlarged thicken the epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone

43
Q

4th layer of epiphyseal plate

A
  • composed of dead cells & calcified extra cellular matrix (thin)
44
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A
  • act as scavengers
  • break down calcified matrix
  • phagocytic parts of bony matrix
  • after osteoclasts remove matrix, osteoblasts deposit bone tissue in place of calcified cartilage
45
Q

Long bones continue lengthening while _____________ cells are active.

A

cartilaginous

46
Q

Once ossification centers of diaphysis & epiphysis meet, plates ____ & _____ is not possible.

A

close, growth

47
Q

Over the course of life, _____ resorb bone tissue & _________ replace bone.

A

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

48
Q

Factors that affect bone development, growth& repair are…

A
  • Nutrition
  • Hormonal secretions
  • Physical stress
49
Q

What are the 3 vitamins that support bone growth & what do they do for the bones?

A
  • Vitamin D: to absorb calcium (received through UV light)
  • Vitamin A: for osteoblast & osteoclast activity
  • Vitamin C: for collagen synthesis
50
Q

What are the 3 hormonal secretions influencing bone growth, development, and repair?

A
  • growth hormone: stimulates division of cartilaginous cells in epiphyseal plates
  • parathyroid hormone: stimulates increase in the number & activity of osteoclasts
  • sex hormones: promote formation of bone tissue; females reach maximum height earlier due to estrogen effects on epiphyseal plates are stronger than testosterone
51
Q

How does physical stress affect bones?

A

-stimulates bone growth: Wolff’s Law

52
Q

Bone Functions are…

A
  • gives shape to structures
  • support body weight; lower limbs, pelvis, vertebral column
  • protects organs like eyes, ears, brain, heart, abdominal, internal reproductive organs
  • blood cell formation- hematopoiesis which begins in the yolk sac in embryonic development; later made in the liver, spleen, bone marrow
53
Q

What is marrow?

A

-soft, netlike mass of CT within the medullary cavity, irregular spaces of spongy bone, and central canals of compact bone

54
Q

What is the function of red marrow?

A

forms RBC, WBC & platelets
occupies most cavities of bones in infants
as adults, found in spongy bone in skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae & pelvis

55
Q

As adults, ____________ marrow replaces ______ marrow. _____ marrow stores fat.

A

yellow, red, yellow

Anatomy (7 decks)

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