Ch. 6 Integumentary System

Question 1

Functions of Skin

Answer 1

1. Maintains homeostasis
2. Protective covering
3. Retards water loss
4. Regulates body temperature
5. Houses sensory receptors
6. Contains immune system cells
7. Synthesizes Vitamin D
8. Excretes small amounts of waste

Question 2

Layers of Skin

Answer 2

• epidermis
• dermis
• subcutaneous

Question 3

Epidermis is where and made of..

Answer 3

-outer layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

Dermis is where and made of…

Answer 4

-inner layer composed of CT, MT, NT, and blood

Question 5

Subcutaneous is where and made of…

Answer 5

beneath dermis, adipose tissue of this layer insulates the body

Question 6

Characteristics of Epidermis

Answer 6

• lacks bv
• Keratinized- hardens the epidermis
• thickest on the palms and soles (.8-1.4mm)
• melanocytes provide melanin
• rests on basement membrane (separates dermis and epidermis)

Question 7

Layers of Epidermis (5)

Answer 7

• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum ganulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum basale

Question 8

The production of epidermal cells balances with what?

Answer 8

Loss of dead cells from stratum corneum

Question 9

Calluses

Answer 9

-thickening of stratum corneum

Question 10

Where are melanocytes found?

Answer 10

lie in the stratum basale and underlying CT of dermis

Question 11

Melanin does what?

Answer 11

-provides skin color and absorbs UV radiation

Question 12

Characteristics of Dermis

Answer 12

• boundary is uneven because of dermal papillae- ridges(fingerprints)
• dermis binds epidermis to underlying tissues
• composed of irregular dense CT (collagenous fibers to give toughness and elasticity)
• also contains muscle fibers
• contains nerve cell processes to carry impulses to dermal muscles&glands and provides sensation

Question 13

What types of muscle fibers does dermis have and where?

Answer 13

• smooth muscles: skin enclosing testes, hair follicles and glands
• skeletal muscles: facial muscles anchored to skin of the face

Question 14

How are tattoos made and injected into your skin?

Answer 14

-made with very fine needles injecting inks into the dermis

Question 15

Why is the tattoo color permanent?

Answer 15

-dermis cells do not shed

Question 16

How do you remove a tattoo?

Answer 16

-a laser has to be used to shatter ink molecules and immune system removes resulting debris

Question 17

What are the three dermal receptors?

Answer 17

• Pacinian corpuscles
• Meissner’s corpuscles
• Free nerve endings

Question 18

What do each of the dermal receptors do/how they make you feel?

Answer 18

• stimulated by heavy pressure
• senses light tough (aka like a tickle)
• responds to temperature change or factors that can damage tissue

Question 19

Hair is everywhere EXCEPT:

Answer 19

palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external organs (some places very fine)

Question 20

Hair Follicle

Answer 20

group of epidermal cells at base of dermis

-a tube-like depression extending from surface of skin to dermis

Question 21

Hair root

Answer 21

embedded in skin

Question 22

Hair shaft

Answer 22

extends from surface of skin

Question 23

Hair papilla

Answer 23

projection of CT that contains bv

Question 24

Hair is made of…

Answer 24

dead epidermal cells

Question 25

How many hairs does a healthy person loose a day?

Answer 25

20-100 hairs/day

Question 26

How long will a hair typically grow for? And how long is the process before it falls out?

Answer 26

grows for 2-6 years, rests for 2-3 months, then falls out

Question 27

Baldness results when...

Answer 27

hair falls out and isn't replaced

Question 28

What determines hair color?

Answer 28

Melanin

Question 29

The darker the hair the more ______ and the lighter hair the less ______.

Answer 29

melanin, melanin

Question 30

Albino humans have no______.

Answer 30

melanin

Question 31

Red hair contains ...

Answer 31

iron pigment called trichosiderin

Question 32

Gray hair contains ...

Answer 32

a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented cells

Question 33

Arrector Pili

Answer 33

a smooth muscle that attaches to hair follicle

Question 34

Goosebumps

Answer 34

- a contraction | - function is to keep you warm

Question 35

Nails

Answer 35

-protective coverings

Question 36

Nail plate

Answer 36

overlies bed

Question 37

Nail bed

Answer 37

overlies skin

Question 38

Lunula

Answer 38

- have moon | - most active growing region of nail

Question 39

Nail appearance mirrors health

Answer 39

Blue- poor circulation aka bad White/oval depressions- anemia Pigmented spot-melanoma Horizontal furrows- serious illness or malnutrition Curved nails- lung, hear, liver disorders Red streaks- arthritis, ulcers, hypertension

Question 40

Sebaceous Glands

Answer 40

- usually associated with hair follicles | - none on palms and soles and external reproductive parts

Question 41

Holocrine gland- secrete:

Answer 41

- sebum- mix of fatty material and cellular debris | - helps keep hair and skin soft, pliable and waterproof

Question 42

Sweat Glands aka Sudoriferous glands

Answer 42

- wide spread in skin | - deeper dermis or hypodermis

Question 43

Eccrin Glands

Answer 43

-common on forehead, neck, and back

Question 44

Apocrine Glands

Answer 44

-become active at puberty, common in axillary regions, groin, around nipples

Question 45

Ceriminous Glands

Answer 45

external ear canal, secrete wax

Question 46

Mammary Glands

Answer 46

-secrete milk

Question 47

Hyperthermia

Answer 47

-abnormally high body temperature

Question 48

Hypothermia

Answer 48

- abnormally low temperature - sometimes medically induced during heat, brain, or spinal cord procedures because less oxygen is needed - usually pack person in ice or removed blood, cool it, and return it between 78-89 degrees

Question 49

Skin Color-Genetic Factors

Answer 49

- carying amounts of melanin - carying size of melanin granules - albinos lack melanin

Question 50

Skin Color- Environmental Factors

Answer 50

- sunlight - UV light from sunlamps - X-rays - tans fade as pigmented epidermal cells become keratinized and wear away

Question 51

Skin Color-Physiological Factors

Answer 51

- dilation of dermal bv: pink or red | - constriction of dermal bv: pale

Question 52

Carotene

Answer 52

-accumulates in adipose tissue and casts yellow

Question 53

Jaundice

Answer 53

-liver malfunction

Question 54

What occurs during inflammation?

Answer 54

- it is a normal response to injury or stress - bv dilate and become more permeable - skin becomes red, swollen, warm, and painful to touch - dilated will provide more nutrients and oxygen

Question 55

What happens to cells during a shallow cut?

Answer 55

-epithelial cells divide more rapidly

Question 56

Dermis or subcutaneous level cut

Answer 56

- bv breaks and blood forms a clot - fibroblasts migrate to area, form new collagenous fibers, and binds wound back together - CT matrix release growth fibers that stimulate cells to divide and regenerate damaged tissue - phagocytic cells remove dead cells and other debris - damages tissues are replaced and scab sloughs off

Question 57

Scar

Answer 57

-CT replacing skin that was damaged