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Medical Terminology > Chapter 7 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus; air sac

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2
Q

anthrac/o

A

coal

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3
Q

atel/o

A

incomplete

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4
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchus

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5
Q

bronchi/o

A

bronchus

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6
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole

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7
Q

coni/o

A

dust

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8
Q

diaphragmat/o

A

diaphragm

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9
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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10
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx

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11
Q

lob/o

A

lobe

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12
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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13
Q

orth/o

A

straight, upright

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14
Q

ox/o, ox/i

A

oxygen

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15
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

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16
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

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17
Q

pneum/o

A

lung, air

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18
Q

pneumon/o

A

lung, air

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19
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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20
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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21
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus, cavity

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22
Q

spir/o

A

breathing

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23
Q

trache/o

A

trachea, windpipe

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24
Q

-capnia

A

carbon dioxide

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25
Q

-ectasis

A

dilated, expansion

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26
Q

-osmia

A

smell

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27
Q

-phonia

A

voice

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28
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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29
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

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30
Q

-thorax

A

chest

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31
Q

bronchogram

A

record of the bronchus

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32
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of a bronchus

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33
Q

bronchoplasty

A

surgical repair of a bronchus

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34
Q

bronchogenic

A

produced by the bronchus

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35
Q

bronchoscope

A

instrument to view inside of a bronchus

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36
Q

bronchospasm

A

involuntary muscle spasm of bronchus

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37
Q

bronchial

A

pertaining to a bronchus

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38
Q

bronchiectasis

A

dilated bronchus

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39
Q

diaphragmatic

A

pertaining to the diaphragm

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40
Q

laryngectomy

A

removal of the voice box

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41
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the voice box

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42
Q

laryngoplasty

A

surgical repair of the voice box

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43
Q

laryngoscope

A

instrument to view voice box

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44
Q

laryngeal

A

pertaining to the voice box

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45
Q

laryngoplegia

A

paralysis of the voice box

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46
Q

lobectomy

A

removal of a (lung) lobe

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47
Q

oximeter

A

instrument to measure oxygen

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48
Q

anoxia

A

condition of no oxygen

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49
Q

hypoxemia

A

insufficient oxygen in the blood

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50
Q

hypoxia

A

insufficient oxygen condition

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51
Q

pleurocentesis

A

puncture of the pleura to withdraw fluid

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52
Q

pleurectomy

A

removal of the pleura

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53
Q

pleurodynia

A

pleural pain

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54
Q

pharyngitis

A

throat inflammation (sore throat)

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55
Q

pharyngeal

A

pertaining to the throat

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56
Q

nasopharyngitis

A

nose and throat inflammation

ie common cold

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57
Q

pulmonologist

A

lung specialist

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58
Q

pulmonary

A

pertaining to the lung

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59
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nose

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60
Q

rhinomycosis

A

abnormal condition of nose fungus

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61
Q

rhinoplasty

A

surgical repair of the nose

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62
Q

rhinorrhagia

A

rapid flow (of blood) from the nose

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63
Q

rhinorrhea

A

nose discharge (i.e. runny nose)

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64
Q

pansinusitis

A

inflammation of all the sinuses

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65
Q

thoracalgia

A

chest pain

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66
Q

thoracic

A

pertaining to the chest

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67
Q

thoracotomy

A

incision into the chest

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68
Q

endotracheal

A

pertaining to inside the trachea

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69
Q

tracheotomy

A

incision into the trachea

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70
Q

tracheostenosis

A

narrowing of the trachea

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71
Q

alphonia

A

no voice

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72
Q

dysphonia

A

abnormal voice

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73
Q

acapnia

A

lack of carbon dioxide

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74
Q

hypercapnia

A

excessive carbon dioxide

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75
Q

anosmia

A

lack of (sense of) smell

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76
Q

apnea

A

not breathing

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77
Q

bradypnea

A

slow breathing

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78
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult, labored breathing

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79
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

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80
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Excessive (deep) breathing

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81
Q

Hypopnea

A

Insufficient (shallow) breathing

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82
Q

Orthopnea

A

(Sitting) straight breathing

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83
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing

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84
Q

Hemothorax

A

Blood in the chest

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85
Q

Pyothorax

A

Pus in the chest

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86
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the chest

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87
Q

Asphyxia

A

Lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death

Asphyxiation or suffocation

Common causes include drowning, foreign body in the respiratory tract, poisoning, and electric shock

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88
Q

Aspiration

A

Refers to withdrawing fluid from a body cavity using suction.

Ex. Using a long needle and syringe to withdraw fluid from the pleural cavity or using a vacuum pump to remove phlegm from a patients airways.

Refers to inhaling food, liquid, or a foreign object into the airways which may lead to the development of pneumonia.

89
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

Abnormal breathing pattern in which there are long periods ( 10 to 60 seconds) of apnea followed by deeper, more rapid breathing.

Named for John Cheyne, a Scottish physician, and Sir William Stokes an Irish surgeon

90
Q

Clubbing

A

Abnormal widening and thickening of the ends of fingers and toes associated with chronic oxygen deficiency.

Seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions or circulatory problems.

91
Q

Cyanosis

A

Refers to the bluish tint of skin that is receiving an insufficient amount of oxygen or circulation.

92
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed

93
Q

Hemoptysis

A

To cough up blood or blood-stained sputum

94
Q

Hyperventilation

A

To breath both too fast (tachypnea) and too deep (hyperpnea)

95
Q

Hypoventilation

A

To breath both too slow (bradypnea) and too shallow (Hypopnea).

96
Q

Internal medicine

A

Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of internal organs such as the respiratory system .

Physician is an internist

97
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

Two-pronged plastic device for delivering oxygen into the nose;

One prong is inserted into each naris

98
Q

Orthopnea

A

A term to describe dyspnea that is worsened by lying flat.

In other words the patient is able to breath easier when sitting straight up.

99
Q

Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

A

Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the ear, nose, throat region.

The physician is an Otorhinolaryngologist

100
Q

Patent

A

Open or unblocked, such as a patent airway

101
Q

Percussion

A

Use of the fingertips to tap on a surface to determine the condition beneath the surface.

Determined in part by the feel of the surface as it is tapped and the sound generated.

102
Q

Phlegm

A

Thick mucus secreted by the membranes that line the respiratory tract.

When phlegm is coughed through the mouth, it is called sputum.

Examined for color odor and consistency

103
Q

Pleural rub

A

Grating sound made when the two layers of the pleural rub together during respiration.

Caused when one of the surfaces becomes thicker as a result of inflammation or other disease conditions.

This rub can be felt through the fingertips when they are placed on the chest wall or heard through the stethoscope

104
Q

Pulmonology

A

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the respiratory system.

Physician is a pulmonologist

105
Q

Rales

A

Abnormal crackling sound made during inspiration. Usually indicates the presence of fluid or mucus in the airways

106
Q

Respiratory therapy

A

Allied health specialty that assists patients with respiratory and cardiopulmonary disorders.

Duties of a respiratory therapist include conducting pulmonary function tests, monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, administering breathing treatments, and ventilator management.

107
Q

Rhonchi

A

Somewhat musical sound during expiration, often found in asthma or infection.

Caused by spasms of the bronchial tubes tubes.

Also caused wheezing

108
Q

Shortness of breath (SOB)

A

Term used to indicate that a patient is having some difficulty breathing ; also called dyspnea.

Causes range from mild SOB after exercise to SOB associated with heart disease

109
Q

Sputum

A

Mucus or phlegm that is coughed up from the lining of the respiratory tract

110
Q

Stridor

A

Harsh, high pitched, noisy breathing sound made when there is an obstruction of the bronchus or larynx .

Found in conditions such as croup in children

111
Q

Thoracic surgery

A

Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the respiratory system by surgical means

112
Q

Croup

A

Acute respiratory condition found in infants and children that is characterized by a barking type of cough or stridor.

113
Q

Diphtheria

A

Bacterial upper respiratory infection characterized by the formation of a thick membranous film across the throat and a high mortality rate.

Rare now due to the DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) vaccine

114
Q

Pertussis

A

Commonly called whooping cough, due to the whoop sound made when coughing.

An infectious bacterial disease of the upper respiratory system that children receive immunization against as part of their DPT shots

115
Q

Asthma

A

Disease caused by various conditions, like allergens, and resulting in constriction of the bronchial airways, dyspnea, coughing and wheezing.

Can cause violent spasms of the bronchi (bronchospasms) but is generally not a life-threatening condition.

Medication can be very effective

116
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Abnormal enlargement of bronchi

May be the result of a lung infection

Irreversible, destruction of the bronchial walls.

Major symptoms include coughing up a large amount of purulent sputum, rales, and hemoptysis.

117
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor originating in the bronchi.

Usually associated with a history of cigarette smoking

118
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

Acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxemia.

May follow trauma, pneumonia, or septic infections.

Also called acute respiratory distress syndrome

119
Q

Anthracosis

A

A type of pneumoconiosis that develops from the collection of coal dust in the lung.

Also called black lung or miners lung

120
Q

Asbestosis

A

A type of pneumoconiosis that develops from the collection of asbestos fibers in the lungs.

May lead to the development of lung cancer

121
Q

Atelectasis

A

Condition in which the alveoli in a portion of the lung collapse, preventing the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide .

Can be caused by a variety of conditions, including pressure on the lung from a tumor or other object.

Term also used to describe the failure of a newborns lungs to expand

122
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Progressive, chronic and usually irreversible group of conditions, like emphysema, in which the lungs have a diminished capacity for inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation).

The person may have dyspnea upon exertion and a cough

123
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

Hereditary condition causing the exocrine glands to malfunction.

Patient produces a very thick mucus that causes severe congestion within the lungs and digestive system.

Through more advanced treatment many children are now living into adulthood with this desease

124
Q

Emphysema

A

Pulmonary condition characterized by the destruction of the walls of the alveoli, resulting in fewer over expanded air sacs.

Can occur as a result of long-term heavy smoking. Air pollution
Also worsens this disease. The patient may not be able to breathe except in a sitting or standing position.

125
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Pulmonary infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, found in dust and in the droppings of pigeons and chickens.

126
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

A lung condition most commonly found in premature infants that is characterized by tachypnea and respiratory grunting.

Caused by a lack of surfactant necessary to keep the lungs inflated.

Also called hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

127
Q

Influenza

A

Viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue

Commonly called the flu

128
Q

Legionnaires disease

A

Severe often fatal bacterial infection characterized by pneumonia and liver and kidney damage

129
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia

A

A less severe but longer lasting form of pneumonia caused by the mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria

Also called walking pneumonia

130
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Condition that is the result of inhaling environmental particles that become toxic. Can be the result of inhaling coal dust (anthracosis) or asbestos (asbestosis)

131
Q

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

A

Pneumonia with unproductive cough, very little fever, and dyspnea caused by the fungus pneumocystis carinii.

An opportunistic infection often seen in those with weakened immune systems, such as AIDS patients.

132
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammatory condition of the lung that can be caused by bacterial and viral infections, diseases, and chemicals.

Results in the filling of the alveoli and air spaces with fluid.

133
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Condition in which lung tissue retains an excessive amount of fluid, especially in the alveoli.

Results in dyspnea.

134
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Blood clot or air bubble in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches.

May cause an infarction in the lung tissue

135
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Formation of fibrous scar tissue in the lungs that leads to decreased ability to expand the lungs.

May be caused by infections, pneumoconiosis, autoimmune diseases, and toxin exposure.

136
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A

Acute viral respiratory infection that begins like the flu but quickly progresses to severe dyspnea,

high fatality rate

137
Q

Silicosis

A

Type of pneumoconiosis that develops from the inhalation of silica (quartz) dust found in quarrying, glass works, sand blasting, and ceramics.

138
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Condition in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep long enough to cause a drop in oxygen levels in the blood.

139
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well infant under one year of age.

The child suddenly stops breathing for unknown reasons

140
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Infectious disease caused by the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Most commonly affects the respiratory system causes inflammation and calcification in the lungs.

141
Q

Empyema

A

Pus within the pleural space usually associated with a bacterial infection.

Also called pyothorax

142
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity preventing the lungs from fully expanding.

Physicians can detect by tapping chest (percussion) or stethoscope (auscultation)

143
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura characterized by sharp chest pain with each breath.

Also called pleuritis.

144
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which may result in collapse of the lung

145
Q

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

A

Testing for the gases present in the blood.

Used to assist in determining levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

146
Q

Sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

Testing sputum by placing it on a culture medium and observing any bacterial growth.

The specimen is then tested to determine antibiotic effectiveness

147
Q

Sputum cytology

A

Examining sputum for malignant cells

148
Q

Bronchography

A

X-Ray of lung after a radiopaque substance has been inserted into the trachea or bronchial tube. Resulting x-ray is called a bronchogram

149
Q

Chest x-ray (CXR)

A

Taking a radiographic picture of the lungs and heart from the back and sides

150
Q

Pulmonary angiography

A

Injecting dye into a blood vessel for the purpose of taking an X-ray of the arteries and veins of the lungs

151
Q

Ventilation-perfusion scan

A

A nuclear medicine diagnostic test that is especially useful in identifying pulmonary emboli.

Radioactive air inhaled to determine if air is filling up entire lung.

Radioactive intravenous injection shows whether blood is flowing to all parts of the lung

152
Q

Bronchoscopy (Bronch)

A

Visual examination of the inside of the bronchi; uses an instrument called a bronchoscope.

153
Q

Laryngoscopy

A

Examination of the interior of the larynx with a lighted instrument called a Laryngoscope

154
Q

Oximetry

A

Measures oxygen level in blood using oximeter, which is placed on the patients fingertip or ear lobe

155
Q

Pulmonary function test (PFT)

A

A group of diagnostic tests that give information regarding air flow in and out of the lungs, lung volumes, and has exchange between lungs and bloodstream

156
Q

Spirometry

A

Procedure to measure lung capacity using a spirometer

157
Q

Polysomnography

A

Monitoring a patient while sleeping to identify sleep apnea.

Also called sleep apnea study

158
Q

Sweat test.

A

A test for cystic fibrosis.

Patients with the disease have an abnormally large amount of salt in their sweat.

159
Q

Tuberculin skin tests (TB test)

A

Applying the tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) under the surface of the skin to determine if the patient has been exposed to tuberculosis.

Also called a Tine or Mantoux test.

160
Q

Aerosol therapy

A

Medication suspended in a mist that is intended to be inhaled.

Delivered by a nebulizer, which delivers the mist for a period of time while the patient breathes.

Metered dose inhaler (MDI), which delivers a single puff of mist.

161
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

Placing a tube through the mouth, through the glottis, and into the trachea to create a patent airway

162
Q

Intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB)

A

Method for assisting patients in breathing using a mask that is connected to a machine that produces an increased positive thoracic pressure.

163
Q

Postural drainage

A

Drainage of secretions from the bronchi by placing the patient in a position that uses gravity to promote drainage

Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, and Bronchiectasis

164
Q

Supplemental oxygen therapy

A

Providing a patient with additional concentration of oxygen to improve oxygen levels in the bloodstream.

Oxygen may be provided by a mask or nasal cannula

165
Q

Ventilator

A

A machine that provides artificial ventilation for a patient unable to breathe on his or her own.

Also called a respirator.

166
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Surgical puncture of the chest wall for the removal of fluids.

Also called thoracocentesis

167
Q

Thoracostomy

A

Insertion of a tube into the chest for the purpose of draining off fluid or air. Also called chest tube

168
Q

Tracheostomy

A

A surgical procedure often performed in an emergency that creates an opening directly into the trachea to allow the patient to breathe easier; also called tracheotomy

169
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

Emergency treatment provided by persons trained in CPR and given to patients when their respirations and heart stop.

Provides oxygen to the brain, heart, and other vital organs until medical treatment can restore a normal heart and pulmonary function.

170
Q

Heimlich maneuver

A

Technique for removing a foreign body from the trachea or pharynx by exerting diaphragmatic pressure. Named for Harry Heimlich, a US thoracic surgeon.

171
Q

Antibiotic

A

Kills bacteria causing respiratory infections.

Ampicillin; amoxicillin, Amoxil; ciprofloxacin, Cipro

172
Q

Antihistamine

A

Blocks the effects of histamine that has been released by the body during an allergy attack.

Fexofenadine, Allegra; loratadine, Claritan; diphenhydramine, Benadryl

173
Q

Antitussive

A

Relieves urge to cough

Hydrocodon, Hycodan; Dextromethorphan, Vicks Formula 44

174
Q

Bronchodilator

A

Relaxes muscle spasms in bronchial tubes. Used to treat asthma.

Albuterol, proventil, Ventolin; salmetrol, serevant; theophylline, Theo-Dur

175
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Reduces stuffiness and congestion throughout the respiratory system

Oxymetazoline, Afrin, Dristan, Sinex; pseudoephedrine, Drixoral, Sudafed

176
Q

Expectorant

A

Improves the stability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract.

Guaifenesin, robitussin, Mucinex

177
Q

Mucolytic

A

Liquefies mucus so it is easier to cough. And clear it from the respiratory tract.

N-acetyl-cysteine, Mucomyst

178
Q

ABGs

A

Arterial blood gases

179
Q

ARDS

A

adult (or acute) respiratory distress syndrome

180
Q

Bronch

A

Bronchoscopy

181
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

182
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

183
Q

C&S

A

Culture and sensitivity

184
Q

CTA

A

Clear to auscultation

185
Q

CXR

A

Chest X-Ray

186
Q

DOE

A

Dyspnea on exertion

187
Q

DPT

A

Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus injection

188
Q

ENT

A

Ear, nose, and throat

189
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory reserve volume

190
Q

FRC

A

Functional residual capacity

191
Q

HMD

A

hyaline membrane disease

192
Q

IC

A

Inspiratory capacity

193
Q

IPPB

A

Intermittent positive pressure breathing

194
Q

IRDS

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

195
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume

196
Q

LLL

A

Left lower lobe

197
Q

LUL

A

Left upper lobe

198
Q

MDI

A

Metered dose inhaler

199
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

200
Q

PFT

A

Pulmonary function test

201
Q

PPD

A

Purified protein derivative

202
Q

R

A

Respiration

203
Q

RA

A

Room air

204
Q

RDS

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

205
Q

RLL

A

Right lower lobe

206
Q

RML

A

Right middle lobe

207
Q

RRT

A

Registered respiratory therapist

208
Q

RV

A

Reserve volume

209
Q

RUL

A

Right upper lobe

210
Q

SARS

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

211
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome

212
Q

SOB

A

Shortness of Breath

213
Q

TB

A

Tuberculosis

214
Q

TLC

A

Total lung capacity

215
Q

TPR

A

Temperature, pulse, and respiration

216
Q

TV

A

Tidal volume

217
Q

URI

A

Upper respiratory infection

218
Q

VC

A

Vital capacity.

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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