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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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2
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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3
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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4
Q

ather/o

A

fatty substance

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5
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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6
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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7
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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8
Q

hemangi/o

A

blood vessel

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9
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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10
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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11
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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12
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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13
Q

valv/o

A

valve

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14
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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15
Q

vascul/o

A

blood vessel

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16
Q

vas/o

A

vessel, duct

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17
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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18
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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19
Q

-manometer

A

instrument to measure pressure

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20
Q

-ole

A

small

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21
Q

-tension

A

pressure

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22
Q

-ule

A

small

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23
Q

angiogram

A

record of a blood vessel

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24
Q

angiitis

A

inflammation of a vessel

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25
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of a vessel

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26
Q

angiospasm

A

involuntary muscle contraction of a vessel

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27
Q

angiostenosis

A

narrowing of a vessel

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28
Q

aortic

A

pertaining to the aorta

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29
Q

arterial

A

pertaining to the artery

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30
Q

arteriole

A

small artery

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31
Q

arteriorrhexis

A

ruptured artery

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32
Q

atherectomy

A

removal of fatty substance

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33
Q

atheroma

A

fatty substance tumor/growth

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34
Q

atrial

A

pertaining to the atrium

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35
Q

interatrial

A

pertaining to between the atria

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36
Q

cardiac

A

pertaining to the heart

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37
Q

bradycardia

A

state of slow heart

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38
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of heart electricity

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39
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlarged heart

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40
Q

myocardial

A

pertaining to heart muscle

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41
Q

cardiologist

A

specialist in the heart

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42
Q

cardiorrhexis

A

ruptured heart

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43
Q

tachycardia

A

state of fast heart

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44
Q

coronary

A

pertaining to the heart

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45
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

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46
Q

valvoplasty

A

surgical repair of a valve

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47
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of a valve

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48
Q

valvular

A

pertaining to a valve

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49
Q

vascular

A

pertaining to a blood vessel

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50
Q

venous

A

pertaining to a vain

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51
Q

venule

A

small vein

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52
Q

venogram

A

record of a vein

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53
Q

ventricular

A

pertaining to a ventricle

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54
Q

interventricular

A

pertaining to between the ventricles

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55
Q

auscultation

A

the process of listening to the sounds within the body using a stethoscope.

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56
Q

cardiology

A

branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the cardiovascular system

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57
Q

catheter

A

a flexible tube inserted into the body for the purpose of moving fluids into or out of the body.

In the cardiovascular system a catheter is used to place dye into blood vessels so they may be visualized on x-rays.

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58
Q

infarct

A

an area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following the loss of its blood supply.

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59
Q

ischemia

A

the localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction to the circulation.

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60
Q

murmur

A

an abnormal heart sound such as

  • soft blowing
  • harsh click

may be quiet and heard only with a stethoscope, or so loud it can be heard several feet away.

also referred to as a bruit.

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61
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

the sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when standing up suddenly.

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62
Q

palpitations

A

pounding, racing heartbeats.

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63
Q

plaque

A

a yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery that are the hallmark of atherosclerosis.

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64
Q

regurgitation

A

to flow backwards.

in cardio= backflow of blood through a valve

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65
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

instrument for measuring blood pressure. also referred to as a blood pressure cuff.

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66
Q

stent

A

a stainless steel tube placed within a blood vessel or a duct to widen the lumen

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67
Q

stethoscope

A

instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as the chest, heart, or intestines.

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68
Q

angina pectoris

A

condition in which there is severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart. Caused by a deficiency of oxygen to the heart muscle.

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69
Q

arrythmia

A

irregularity in the heartbeat or action.

comes in many forms; some not serious, others threatening.

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70
Q

bundle branch block (BBB)

A

occurs when the electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of His or bundle branches. Results in the ventricles beating at a different rate than the atria.

also called a heart block.

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71
Q

cardiac arrest

A

complete stopping of heart activity

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72
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

General term for a disease of the myocardium.
Can be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure.

one of the most common reasons a patient may require a heart transplant.

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73
Q

congenital septal defect (CSD)

A

a hole, present at birth, in the septum between two heart chambers;

results in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. There can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD) .

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74
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

pathological condition of the heart in which there is a reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood.

results in: weakness, breathlessness, and edema

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75
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries.

May be caused by atherosclerosis

76
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart. May be due to bacteria or to an abnormal immunological response.

In bacterial endocarditis, the mass of bacteria that forms is referred to as vegetation.

77
Q

fibrillation

A

an extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by an abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers.

When this occurs in ventricles , cardiac arrest and death can occur.

Emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert the heart to a normal beat, is necessary.

78
Q

flutter

A

an arrhythmia in which the atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern

79
Q

heart valve prolapse

A

condition in which the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing the blood to flow backward through the valve, when the heart chamber contracts.

Most commonly occurs in the mitral valve, but may affect any of the heart valves.

80
Q

heart valve stenosis

A

the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too stiff. Therefore they are unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through, or shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward.

This condition may affect any of the heart valves

81
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

condition caused by the partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries.

Symptoms include a squeezing pain or heavy pressure in the middle of the chest (angina pectoris).

A delay in treatment could result in death. Also referred to as a heart attack.

82
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart wall

83
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart

84
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, an interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle.

Needs immediate surgery to correct.

85
Q

aneurysm

A

Weakness in the wall of an artery resulting in localized widening of artery.

May develop in any arteries, common sites include: aorta in abdomen and cerebral arteries in the brain.

86
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

thickening, hardening, lost of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.

Most often due to atherosclerosis.

87
Q

atherosclerosis

A

most common form of arteriosclerosis. caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries.

88
Q

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

A

severe congenital narrowing of the aorta

89
Q

embolus

A

the obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus somewhere else in the body and traveled to the point of obstruction.

If it occurs in a coronary artery, it may result in myocardial infarction

90
Q

hemorrhoid

A

varicose veins in the anal region

91
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

blood pressure above the normal range.

Essential or Primary hypertension occurs directly from cardiovascular disease.

Secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure resulting from another disease such as kidney disease

92
Q

hypotension

A

decrease in blood pressure.

can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches.

93
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

congenital heat anomaly in which the fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth.

Requires surgery.

94
Q

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

A

any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart.

Symptoms include: pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulses.

95
Q

polyarteritis

A

inflammation of several arteries

96
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of the body, especially the fingers, toes, ears, and nose.

The affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful. These attacks are brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress.

97
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein resulting in the formation of blood clots within the vein

98
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot forming within a blood vessel. May partially or completely occlude the blood vessel.

99
Q

varicose veins

A

swollen and distended veins, usually in the legs

100
Q

cardiac enzymes

A

blood test to determine the level of enzymes specific to heart muscles in the blood.

An increase in the enzymes may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infection.

These enzymes include creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)

101
Q

serum lipoprotein level

A

blood test to measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

An indicator of atherosclerosis risk.

102
Q

angiography

A

x-rays taken after the injection of an opaque material into a blood vessel.

can be performed on the aorta as an aortic angiogram, on the heart as an angiocardiogram, and on the brain as a cerebral angiogram.

103
Q

cardiac scan

A

patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize the heart.

It is especially useful in determining myocardial damage.

104
Q

doppler ultrasonography

A

measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image.

In this system, used to measure velocity of blood moving through blood vessels to look for blood clots or deep vein thromboses.

105
Q

echocardiography

A

noninvasive diagnostic method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures.

cardiac valve activity can be evaluated using this method

106
Q

Venography

A

X-ray of the veins by tracing the venous pulse. May be used to identify a thrombus.

also called phlebography

107
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

passage of a thin tube catheter through a blood vessel leading to the heart.

done to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine the blood pressure within the heart.

108
Q

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

A

process of recording the electrical activity of the heart. Useful in the diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle (myocardium) damage.

109
Q

Holter moniter

A

portable ECG monitor worn by a patient for a period of a few hours to a few days to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes through the activities of daily living.

Used to assess a patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities.

110
Q

stress testing

A

method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness.

The patient is placed on a treadmill or a bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work.

An EKG and oxygen levels are taken while the patient exercises. The test is stopped if abnormalities occur on the EKG.

Also called an exercise test or a treadmill test.

111
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to the lungs for a person in cardiac arrest.

A combination of chest compressions (to push blood out of the heart) and artificial respiration (to blow air into lungs)

performed by one or two CPR-trained rescuers.

112
Q

defibrillation

A

A procedure that converts serious irregular heartbeats. such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to the heart using an instrument called a defibrillator.

also called cardioversion.

113
Q

extracorporeal circulation (ECC)

A

during open-heart surgery, the routing of blood to a heart-lung machine so it can be oxygenated and pumped to the rest of the body.

114
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

A

a device implanted in the heart that delivers an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm. Particularly useful for persons who experience ventricular fibrillation.

115
Q

pacemaker implantation

A

electrical device that substitutes for the natural pacemaker of the heart.

controls beating of the heart by a series of rhythmic electrical impulses.

external pacemaker has the electrodes on the outside of the body.

Internal pacemaker has the electrodes surgically implanted within the chest wall.

116
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

process in which drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots and restore blood flow.

117
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm

118
Q

arterial anastomosis

A

surgical joining together of two arteries.

Performed of an artery is severed or if a damaged section of an artery is removed.

119
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

open-heart surgery in which a blood vessel from another location in the body (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery.

120
Q

embolectomy

A

removal of an embolus or clot from a blood vessel

121
Q

endarterectomy

A

removal of the diseased or damaged inner lining of an artery. Usually performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques.

122
Q

heart transplantation

A

replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor’s heart.

123
Q

intracoronary artery stent

A

placing of a stent within a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis

124
Q

ligation and stripping

A

surgical treatment for varicose veins. The damaged vein is tied off (ligation) and removed (stripping).

125
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

the method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing.

A balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the coronary artery and inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel

126
Q

valve replacement

A

removal of a diseased heart valve and replacement with an artificial valve.

127
Q

ACE inhibitor drugs

A

produce vasodilation and decrease blood pressure.

benazepril, lotensin; catopril, Capoten

128
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias.

flecainide, tambocor; ibutilide, corvert

129
Q

anticoagulant

A

prevent blood clot formation.

warfarin sodium, Coumadin, Warfarin

130
Q

antilipidemic

A

reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in the bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia.

atorvastatin, Lipitor; simvastatin, Zocor

131
Q

beta-blocker drugs

A

treats hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering the heart rate.

metoprolol, Lopressor; propranolol, inderal

132
Q

calcium channel blocker drugs

A

treats hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure by causing the heart to beat less forcefully and less often.

diltiazem, cardizem; nifedepine, Procardia

133
Q

cardiotonic

A

increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure.

digoxin, Lanoxin

134
Q

diuretic

A

increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure.

furosemide, Lasix

135
Q

thrombolytic

A

dissolves existing blood clots

clopidogrel, Plavix; alteplase, Activase

136
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; raises blood pressure.

metaraminol, Aramine

137
Q

vasodilator

A

relaxes smooth muscle in walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of the blood vessel. Used for two main purposes: increasing circulation to an ischemic area; reducing blood pressure

nitroglycerine, Nitro-Dur; isoxsuprine, Vasodilan

138
Q

AF

A

atrial fibrillation

139
Q

AMI

A

acute myocardial infarction

140
Q

AS

A

arteriosclerosis

141
Q

ASD

A

atrial septal defect

142
Q

ASHD

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease

143
Q

AV, A-V

A

atrioventricular

144
Q

BBB

A

bundle branch block (L for left; R for right)

145
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

146
Q

bpm

A

beats per minute

147
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

148
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

149
Q

cath

A

catheterization

150
Q

CC

A

cardiac catheterization, chief complaint

151
Q

CCU

A

coronary care unit

152
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

153
Q

CoA

A

coarctation of aorta

154
Q

CP

A

chest pain

155
Q

CPK

A

creatine phosphokinase

156
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

157
Q

CSD

A

congenital septal defect

158
Q

CV

A

cardiovascular

159
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

160
Q

ECC

A

extracorporeal circulation, electrocardiogram

161
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram

162
Q

GOT

A

glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

163
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

164
Q

ICU

A

intensive care unit

165
Q

IV

A

intravenous

166
Q

LDH

A

lactate dehydrogenase

167
Q

LVAD

A

left ventricular assist device

168
Q

LVH

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

169
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency

170
Q

mm Hg

A

millimeters of mercury

171
Q

MR

A

mitral regurgitation

172
Q

MS

A

mitral stenosis

173
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

174
Q

P

A

pulse

175
Q

PAC

A

premature atrial contraction

176
Q

PDA

A

patent ductus arteriosus

177
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

178
Q

PVC

A

premature ventricular contraction

179
Q

S1

A

first heart sound

180
Q

S2

A

second heart sound

181
Q

SA, S-A

A

sinoatrial

182
Q

SGOT

A

serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

183
Q

SK

A

streptokinase

184
Q

tPA

A

tissue-type plasminogen activator

185
Q

Vfib

A

ventricular fibrillation

186
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

187
Q

VT

A

ventricular tachycardia

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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