Chapter 5 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
angi/o
A
vessel
2
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
3
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
4
Q
ather/o
A
fatty substance
5
Q
atri/o
A
atrium
6
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
7
Q
coron/o
A
heart
8
Q
hemangi/o
A
blood vessel
9
Q
phleb/o
A
vein
10
Q
sphygm/o
A
pulse
11
Q
steth/o
A
chest
12
Q
thromb/o
A
clot
13
Q
valv/o
A
valve
14
Q
valvul/o
A
valve
15
Q
vascul/o
A
blood vessel
16
Q
vas/o
A
vessel, duct
17
Q
ven/o
A
vein
18
Q
ventricul/o
A
ventricle
19
Q
-manometer
A
instrument to measure pressure
20
Q
-ole
A
small
21
Q
-tension
A
pressure
22
Q
-ule
A
small
23
Q
angiogram
A
record of a blood vessel
24
Q
angiitis
A
inflammation of a vessel
25
angioplasty
surgical repair of a vessel
26
angiospasm
involuntary muscle contraction of a vessel
27
angiostenosis
narrowing of a vessel
28
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
29
arterial
pertaining to the artery
30
arteriole
small artery
31
arteriorrhexis
ruptured artery
32
atherectomy
removal of fatty substance
33
atheroma
fatty substance tumor/growth
34
atrial
pertaining to the atrium
35
interatrial
pertaining to between the atria
36
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
37
bradycardia
state of slow heart
38
electrocardiogram
record of heart electricity
39
cardiomegaly
enlarged heart
40
myocardial
pertaining to heart muscle
41
cardiologist
specialist in the heart
42
cardiorrhexis
ruptured heart
43
tachycardia
state of fast heart
44
coronary
pertaining to the heart
45
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
46
valvoplasty
surgical repair of a valve
47
valvulitis
inflammation of a valve
48
valvular
pertaining to a valve
49
vascular
pertaining to a blood vessel
50
venous
pertaining to a vain
51
venule
small vein
52
venogram
record of a vein
53
ventricular
pertaining to a ventricle
54
interventricular
pertaining to between the ventricles
55
auscultation
the process of listening to the sounds within the body using a stethoscope.
56
cardiology
branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the cardiovascular system
57
catheter
a flexible tube inserted into the body for the purpose of moving fluids into or out of the body.
In the cardiovascular system a catheter is used to place dye into blood vessels so they may be visualized on x-rays.
58
infarct
an area of tissue within an organ or part that undergoes necrosis (death) following the loss of its blood supply.
59
ischemia
the localized and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to an obstruction to the circulation.
60
murmur
an abnormal heart sound such as
* soft blowing
* harsh click
may be quiet and heard only with a stethoscope, or so loud it can be heard several feet away.
also referred to as a bruit.
61
orthostatic hypotension
the sudden drop in blood pressure a person experiences when standing up suddenly.
62
palpitations
pounding, racing heartbeats.
63
plaque
a yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery that are the hallmark of atherosclerosis.
64
regurgitation
to flow backwards.
in cardio= backflow of blood through a valve
65
sphygmomanometer
instrument for measuring blood pressure. also referred to as a blood pressure cuff.
66
stent
a stainless steel tube placed within a blood vessel or a duct to widen the lumen
67
stethoscope
instrument for listening to body sounds (auscultation), such as the chest, heart, or intestines.
68
angina pectoris
condition in which there is severe pain with a sensation of constriction around the heart. Caused by a deficiency of oxygen to the heart muscle.
69
arrythmia
irregularity in the heartbeat or action.
comes in many forms; some not serious, others threatening.
70
bundle branch block (BBB)
occurs when the electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of His or bundle branches. Results in the ventricles beating at a different rate than the atria.
also called a heart block.
71
cardiac arrest
complete stopping of heart activity
72
cardiomyopathy
General term for a disease of the myocardium.
Can be caused by alcohol abuse, parasites, viral infection, and congestive heart failure.
one of the most common reasons a patient may require a heart transplant.
73
congenital septal defect (CSD)
a hole, present at birth, in the septum between two heart chambers;
results in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. There can be an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a ventricular septal defect (VSD) .
74
congestive heart failure (CHF)
pathological condition of the heart in which there is a reduced outflow of blood from the left side of the heart because the left ventricle myocardium has become too weak to efficiently pump blood.
results in: weakness, breathlessness, and edema
75
coronary artery disease (CAD)
insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries.
May be caused by atherosclerosis
76
endocarditis
inflammation of the lining membranes of the heart. May be due to bacteria or to an abnormal immunological response.
In bacterial endocarditis, the mass of bacteria that forms is referred to as vegetation.
77
fibrillation
an extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by an abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers.
When this occurs in ventricles , cardiac arrest and death can occur.
Emergency equipment to defibrillate, or convert the heart to a normal beat, is necessary.
78
flutter
an arrhythmia in which the atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern
79
heart valve prolapse
condition in which the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too loose and fail to shut tightly, allowing the blood to flow backward through the valve, when the heart chamber contracts.
Most commonly occurs in the mitral valve, but may affect any of the heart valves.
80
heart valve stenosis
the cusps or flaps of the heart valve are too stiff. Therefore they are unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through, or shut tightly, allowing blood to flow backward.
This condition may affect any of the heart valves
81
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
condition caused by the partial or complete occlusion or closing of one or more of the coronary arteries.
Symptoms include a squeezing pain or heavy pressure in the middle of the chest (angina pectoris).
A delay in treatment could result in death. Also referred to as a heart attack.
82
myocarditis
inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart wall
83
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart
84
tetralogy of Fallot
combination of four congenital anomalies: pulmonary stenosis, an interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle.
Needs immediate surgery to correct.
85
aneurysm
Weakness in the wall of an artery resulting in localized widening of artery.
May develop in any arteries, common sites include: aorta in abdomen and cerebral arteries in the brain.
86
arteriosclerosis
thickening, hardening, lost of elasticity of the walls of the arteries.
Most often due to atherosclerosis.
87
atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis. caused by the formation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol on the inner walls of arteries.
88
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
severe congenital narrowing of the aorta
89
embolus
the obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus somewhere else in the body and traveled to the point of obstruction.
If it occurs in a coronary artery, it may result in myocardial infarction
90
hemorrhoid
varicose veins in the anal region
91
hypertension (HTN)
blood pressure above the normal range.
Essential or Primary hypertension occurs directly from cardiovascular disease.
Secondary hypertension refers to high blood pressure resulting from another disease such as kidney disease
92
hypotension
decrease in blood pressure.
can occur in shock, infection, cancer, anemia, or as death approaches.
93
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
congenital heat anomaly in which the fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close at birth.
Requires surgery.
94
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
any abnormal condition affecting blood vessels outside the heart.
Symptoms include: pain, pallor, numbness, and loss of circulation and pulses.
95
polyarteritis
inflammation of several arteries
96
Raynaud's phenomenon
periodic ischemic attacks affecting the extremities of the body, especially the fingers, toes, ears, and nose.
The affected extremities become cyanotic and very painful. These attacks are brought on by arterial constriction due to extreme cold or emotional stress.
97
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein resulting in the formation of blood clots within the vein
98
thrombus
a blood clot forming within a blood vessel. May partially or completely occlude the blood vessel.
99
varicose veins
swollen and distended veins, usually in the legs
100
cardiac enzymes
blood test to determine the level of enzymes specific to heart muscles in the blood.
An increase in the enzymes may indicate heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infection.
These enzymes include creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)
101
serum lipoprotein level
blood test to measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.
An indicator of atherosclerosis risk.
102
angiography
x-rays taken after the injection of an opaque material into a blood vessel.
can be performed on the aorta as an aortic angiogram, on the heart as an angiocardiogram, and on the brain as a cerebral angiogram.
103
cardiac scan
patient is given radioactive thallium intravenously and then scanning equipment is used to visualize the heart.
It is especially useful in determining myocardial damage.
104
doppler ultrasonography
measurement of sound-wave echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs to produce an image.
In this system, used to measure velocity of blood moving through blood vessels to look for blood clots or deep vein thromboses.
105
echocardiography
noninvasive diagnostic method using ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures.
cardiac valve activity can be evaluated using this method
106
Venography
X-ray of the veins by tracing the venous pulse. May be used to identify a thrombus.
also called phlebography
107
cardiac catheterization
passage of a thin tube catheter through a blood vessel leading to the heart.
done to detect abnormalities, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine the blood pressure within the heart.
108
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
process of recording the electrical activity of the heart. Useful in the diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm and heart muscle (myocardium) damage.
109
Holter moniter
portable ECG monitor worn by a patient for a period of a few hours to a few days to assess the heart and pulse activity as the person goes through the activities of daily living.
Used to assess a patient who experiences chest pain and unusual heart activity during exercise and normal activities.
110
stress testing
method for evaluating cardiovascular fitness.
The patient is placed on a treadmill or a bicycle and then subjected to steadily increasing levels of work.
An EKG and oxygen levels are taken while the patient exercises. The test is stopped if abnormalities occur on the EKG.
Also called an exercise test or a treadmill test.
111
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air to the lungs for a person in cardiac arrest.
A combination of chest compressions (to push blood out of the heart) and artificial respiration (to blow air into lungs)
performed by one or two CPR-trained rescuers.
112
defibrillation
A procedure that converts serious irregular heartbeats. such as fibrillation, by giving electric shocks to the heart using an instrument called a defibrillator.
also called cardioversion.
113
extracorporeal circulation (ECC)
during open-heart surgery, the routing of blood to a heart-lung machine so it can be oxygenated and pumped to the rest of the body.
114
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
a device implanted in the heart that delivers an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm. Particularly useful for persons who experience ventricular fibrillation.
115
pacemaker implantation
electrical device that substitutes for the natural pacemaker of the heart.
controls beating of the heart by a series of rhythmic electrical impulses.
external pacemaker has the electrodes on the outside of the body.
Internal pacemaker has the electrodes surgically implanted within the chest wall.
116
thrombolytic therapy
process in which drugs, such as streptokinase (SK) or tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) are injected into a blood vessel to dissolve clots and restore blood flow.
117
aneurysmectomy
surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm
118
arterial anastomosis
surgical joining together of two arteries.
Performed of an artery is severed or if a damaged section of an artery is removed.
119
coronary artery bypass graft
open-heart surgery in which a blood vessel from another location in the body (often a leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery.
120
embolectomy
removal of an embolus or clot from a blood vessel
121
endarterectomy
removal of the diseased or damaged inner lining of an artery. Usually performed to remove atherosclerotic plaques.
122
heart transplantation
replacement of a diseased or malfunctioning heart with a donor's heart.
123
intracoronary artery stent
placing of a stent within a coronary artery to treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis
124
ligation and stripping
surgical treatment for varicose veins. The damaged vein is tied off (ligation) and removed (stripping).
125
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
the method for treating localized coronary artery narrowing.
A balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the coronary artery and inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel
126
valve replacement
removal of a diseased heart valve and replacement with an artificial valve.
127
ACE inhibitor drugs
produce vasodilation and decrease blood pressure.
benazepril, lotensin; catopril, Capoten
128
antiarrhythmic
reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias.
flecainide, tambocor; ibutilide, corvert
129
anticoagulant
prevent blood clot formation.
warfarin sodium, Coumadin, Warfarin
130
antilipidemic
reduces amount of cholesterol and lipids in the bloodstream; treats hyperlipidemia.
atorvastatin, Lipitor; simvastatin, Zocor
131
beta-blocker drugs
treats hypertension and angina pectoris by lowering the heart rate.
metoprolol, Lopressor; propranolol, inderal
132
calcium channel blocker drugs
treats hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure by causing the heart to beat less forcefully and less often.
diltiazem, cardizem; nifedepine, Procardia
133
cardiotonic
increases the force of cardiac muscle contraction; treats congestive heart failure.
digoxin, Lanoxin
134
diuretic
increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure.
furosemide, Lasix
135
thrombolytic
dissolves existing blood clots
clopidogrel, Plavix; alteplase, Activase
136
vasoconstrictor
contracts smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels; raises blood pressure.
metaraminol, Aramine
137
vasodilator
relaxes smooth muscle in walls of arteries, thereby increasing diameter of the blood vessel. Used for two main purposes: increasing circulation to an ischemic area; reducing blood pressure
nitroglycerine, Nitro-Dur; isoxsuprine, Vasodilan
138
AF
atrial fibrillation
139
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
140
AS
arteriosclerosis
141
ASD
atrial septal defect
142
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
143
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
144
BBB
bundle branch block (L for left; R for right)
145
BP
blood pressure
146
bpm
beats per minute
147
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
148
CAD
coronary artery disease
149
cath
catheterization
150
CC
cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
151
CCU
coronary care unit
152
CHF
congestive heart failure
153
CoA
coarctation of aorta
154
CP
chest pain
155
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
156
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
157
CSD
congenital septal defect
158
CV
cardiovascular
159
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
160
ECC
extracorporeal circulation, electrocardiogram
161
ECHO
echocardiogram
162
GOT
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
163
HTN
hypertension
164
ICU
intensive care unit
165
IV
intravenous
166
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
167
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
168
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
169
MI
myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency
170
mm Hg
millimeters of mercury
171
MR
mitral regurgitation
172
MS
mitral stenosis
173
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
174
P
pulse
175
PAC
premature atrial contraction
176
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
177
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
178
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
179
S1
first heart sound
180
S2
second heart sound
181
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
182
SGOT
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
183
SK
streptokinase
184
tPA
tissue-type plasminogen activator
185
Vfib
ventricular fibrillation
186
VSD
ventricular septal defect
187
VT
ventricular tachycardia
