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Medical Terminology > Chapter 12 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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2
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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3
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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4
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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5
Q

gli/o

A

glue

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6
Q

medull/o

A

medulla oblongata

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7
Q

mening/o

A

meninges

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8
Q

meningi/o

A

meninges

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9
Q

myel/o

A

spinal chord

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10
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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11
Q

phas/o

A

speech

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12
Q

poli/o

A

gray matter

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13
Q

pont/o

A

pons

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14
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

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15
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

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16
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (meninges)

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17
Q

ventricul/o

A

brain ventricle

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18
Q

-algesia

A

pain, sensitivity

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19
Q

-esthesia

A

feeling, sensation

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20
Q

-paresis

A

weakness

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21
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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22
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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23
Q

-taxia

A

muscle coordination

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24
Q

cephalalgia

A

head pain (headache)

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25
Q

cerebellar

A

pertaining to the cerebellum

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26
Q

cerebellitis

A

cerebellum inflammation

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27
Q

cerebral

A

pertaining to the cerebrum

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28
Q

cerebrospinal

A

pertaining to the cerebrum and spine

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29
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

record of the brain’s electricity

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30
Q

encephalitis

A

brain inflammation

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31
Q

meningioma

A

meninges tumor

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32
Q

meningeal

A

pertaining to the meninges

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33
Q

meningitis

A

meninges inflammation

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34
Q

myelogram

A

record of spinal chord

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35
Q

myelitis

A

spinal chord inflammation

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36
Q

neural

A

pertaining to the nerves

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37
Q

neuralgia

A

nerve pain

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38
Q

neurectomy

A

removal of nerve

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39
Q

neurologist

A

specialist in nerves

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40
Q

neuroma

A

nerve tumor

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41
Q

neuropathy

A

nerve disease

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42
Q

neuroplasty

A

surgical repair of nerves

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43
Q

polyneuritis

A

inflammation of many nerves

44
Q

neurorrhapy

A

suture of nerve

45
Q

pontine

A

pertaining to the pons

46
Q

radiculitis

A

nerve root inflammation

47
Q

radiculopathy

A

nerve root inflammation

48
Q

thalamic

A

pertaining to the thalamus

49
Q

intrathecal

A

pertaining to within the meninges

50
Q

analgesia

A

absence of pain or sensation

51
Q

anesthesia

A

lack of sensations

52
Q

hyperesthesia

A

excessive sensations

53
Q

monoparesis

A

weakness of one

54
Q

aphasia

A

lack of speech

55
Q

dysphasia

A

difficult speech

56
Q

monoplegia

A

paralysis of one

57
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of four

58
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination

59
Q

anesthesiology

A

branch of medicine specializing in all aspects of anesthesia

including for: surgical procedures, resuscitation measures, and the management of acute chronic pain.

Physician is an anesthesiologist

60
Q

aura

A

sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic seizure or migraine headache.

61
Q

coma

A

profound unconsciousness or stupor resulting from an illness or injury.

62
Q

conscious

A

condition of being awake and aware of surroundings

63
Q

convulsion

A

severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations.

Have a variety of causes; epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions

64
Q

delirium

A

abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation and agitation.

65
Q

dementia

A

progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living.

Patients have little awareness of their condition.
Found in disorders such as Alzheimer’s.

66
Q

focal seizure

A

localized seizure often affecting one limb

67
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body

68
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on only one side of the body

69
Q

neurology

A

branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the nervous system. Physician is a neurologist.

70
Q

neurosurgery

A

branch of medicine concerned with treating conditions and diseases of the nervous systems by surgical means.

Physician is a neurosurgeon

71
Q

palsy

A

temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement

72
Q

paralysis

A

temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement

73
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs

74
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling

75
Q

seizure

A

sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms; such as in an epileptic seizure.

76
Q

syncope

A

fainting

77
Q

tremor

A

involuntary repetitive alternating movement of a part of the body.

78
Q

unconscious

A

condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli

79
Q

absence seizure

A

type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and an absence of activity.

also called a petit mal seizure.

80
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults between ages 40-60. Involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory.

Named for German neurologist Alois Alzheimer.

81
Q

astrocytoma

A

tumor of the brain or spinal chord that is composed of astrocytes, one of the types of neuroglial cells

82
Q

brain tumor

A

Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant.

A benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue.

83
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel.

A ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of a hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident.

84
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of the brain from a blow or impact.

Symptoms last longer than 24 hours and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock.

85
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at the time of birth.

86
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

the development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain.

Blood flow could be interrupted by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), a floating clot (embolus), a stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression.

extent of damage depends on the size and location of the infarct and often includes dysphasia and hemiplegia.

commonly called a stroke.

87
Q

concussion

A

injury to the brain resulting from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact.

Can result in unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock.

Symptoms last 24 hours or less.

88
Q

epilepsy

A

recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain.

89
Q

hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged.

It is treated by creating an artificial shunt for the fluid to leave the brain.

If left untreated, it may lead to seizures and mental retardation.

90
Q

migraine

A

specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, sensitivity to light, dizziness, and nausea.

91
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait.

Named for British physician Sir James Parkinson.

92
Q

Reye Syndrome

A

Combination of symptoms first recognized by Australian pathologists R.D.K. Reye that includes acute encephalopathy and damage to various organs, especially the liver.

Occurs in children under 15 who have had a viral infection.

Also associated with taking aspirin. For this reason it is not recommended for children to use aspirin.

93
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

Type of severe epileptic seizures characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions.

Seizure alternates between strong continuous muscle spasms (tonic) and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic).

Also called a grand mal seizure.

94
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis.

May eventually lead to a full blown stroke (cerebrovascular accident).

95
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal chord.

Also called Lou Gehrigs disease, after the New York Yankees baseball player who died from the disease.

96
Q

meningocele

A

congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.

97
Q

myelomeningocele

A

congenital condition in which the meninges and spinal chord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.

98
Q

poliomyelitis

A

Viral inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal chord.

results in varying degrees of paralysis

may be mild and reversible, or severe and permanent.

The disease has been almost eliminated due to the discovery of a vaccine in 1950’s

99
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebrae do not meet or close.

May result in a meningocele or a myelomeningocele - meninges or spinal chord being pushed through the opening.

100
Q

spinal chord injury (SCI)

A

Damage to the spinal chord as a result of trauma.

Spinal chord may be bruised or completely severed.

101
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

One-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of the facial nerve, probably viral in nature.

Patient cannot control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression, but most will eventually recover.

102
Q

Guillan - Barré syndrome

A

Disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering.

May be caused by an autoimmune reaction

Characterized by loss of sensation and/or muscle control starting in the legs.

symptoms then move toward the trunk and may even result in paralysis of the diaphragm.

103
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from nerves.

104
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

Disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse.

105
Q

shingles

A

eruption of painful blisters on the body along a nerve path.

Thought to be caused by a Herpes zoster virus infection of the nerve root.

106
Q

epidural hematoma

A

Mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal chord

107
Q

subdural hematoma

A

mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma.

May exert fatal pressure on the brain if the hematoma is not drained by surgery.

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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