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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4 - Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiff joint

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2
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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3
Q

articul/o

A

joint

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4
Q

burs/o

A

sac

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5
Q

carp/o

A

wrist

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6
Q

cervic/o

A

neck

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7
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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8
Q

coccyg/o

A

coccyx

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9
Q

cortic/o

A

outer portion

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10
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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11
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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12
Q

femor/o

A

femur

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13
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula

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14
Q

humer/o

A

humerus

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15
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

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16
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium

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17
Q

kyph/o

A

hump

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18
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina, part of vertebra

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19
Q

lord/o

A

bent backwards

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20
Q

lumb/o

A

loin

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21
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible

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22
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla

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23
Q

medull/o

A

inner portion

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24
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpals

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25
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsals

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26
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal chord

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27
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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28
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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29
Q

patell/o

A

patella

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30
Q

ped/o

A

child, foot

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31
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

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32
Q

radi/o

A

radius

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33
Q

sacr/o

A

sacrum

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34
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula

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35
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, bent

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36
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebrae

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37
Q

stern/o

A

sternum

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38
Q

synovi/o

A

synovial membrane

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39
Q

synov/o

A

synovial memrane

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40
Q

tars/o

A

ankle

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41
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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42
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia

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43
Q

uln/o

A

ulna

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44
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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45
Q

-blast

A

immature, embryonic

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46
Q

-clasia

A

to surgically break

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47
Q

-desis

A

stabilize, fuse

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48
Q

-listhesis

A

slipping

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49
Q

-porosis

A

porous

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50
Q

Arthralgia

A

joint pain

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51
Q

arthrocentesis

A

puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint

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52
Q

arthroclasia

A

surgically breaking a joint

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53
Q

arthrodesis

A

fusion of a joint

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54
Q

arthrogram

A

record of a joint

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55
Q

arthritis

A

joint inflammation

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56
Q

arthrotomy

A

incision into a joint

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57
Q

arthroscope

A

instrument to view inside a joint

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58
Q

bursectomy

A

removal of a bursa

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59
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

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60
Q

chondrectomy

A

removal of cartilage

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61
Q

chondromalacia

A

cartilage softening

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62
Q

chondroma

A

cartilage tumor

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63
Q

chondroplasty

A

surgical repair of cartilage

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64
Q

cortical

A

pertaining to the outer portion

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65
Q

intracranial

A

pertaining to inside the skull

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66
Q

craniotomy

A

incision into the skull

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67
Q

medullary

A

pertaining to the inner portion

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68
Q

myeloma

A

bone marrow tumor

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69
Q

ostealgia

A

bone pain

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70
Q

osteochondroma

A

bone and cartilage tumor

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71
Q

osteoclasia

A

to surgically break a bone

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72
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

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73
Q

osteotomy

A

incision into a bone

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74
Q

osteopathy

A

bone disease

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75
Q

osteotome

A

instrument to cut bone

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76
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane

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77
Q

synovectomy

A

removal of the synovial membrane

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78
Q

intervertebral

A

pertaining to between vertebrae

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79
Q

callus

A

the mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during its healing

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80
Q

cast

A

application of solid material to immobilize an extremity or portion of the body as a result of a fracture, dislocation, or severe injury.

May be made of plaster, Paris or fiberglass

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81
Q

Chiropractic

A

healthcare profession concerned with the diagnosis an treatment of malalignment conditions of the spine and musculoskeletal system with the intention of affecting the nervous system and improving health.

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82
Q

crepitation

A

the noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis.

Also called crepitus

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83
Q

exostosis

A

a bone spur

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84
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. Also known as hunchback or humback

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85
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. Also known as swayback.

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86
Q

orthopedics

A

Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system.

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87
Q

orthotic

A

a brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities

person skilled in making and adjusting orthotics is an orthotist

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88
Q

podiatry

A

healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the feet and lower legs.

healthcare professional is called a podiatrist

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89
Q

prosthesis

A

artificial device that is used as a substitute for a body part that is either congenitally missing or absent as a result of accident or disease.

ex(artificial leg)

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90
Q

prosthetics

A

Healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts.

person skilled in making and adjusting prostheses is a prosthetist.

91
Q

closed fracture

A

fracture in which there is no open skin wound

Simple fracture

92
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

common type of wrist fracture

93
Q

comminuted fracture

A

fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments

94
Q

compound fracture

A

fracture in which the skin has been broken through to the fracture.

also called an open fracture

95
Q

compression fracture

A

fracture involving loss of height of a vertebral body. It may be the result of trauma, but in older persons, especially women, it may be caused by conditions like osteoporosis.

96
Q

fracture (FX, Fx)

A

a broken bone.

97
Q

greenstick fracture

A

fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of the bone is broken and the other is bent.

commonly found in children due to their softer

98
Q

impacted fracture

A

fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other

99
Q

oblique fracture

A

fracture at an angle to the bone

100
Q

pathologic fracture

A

fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

101
Q

spiral fracture

A

fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone.

can be caused by a twisting injury, often slower to heal than other types of fractures

102
Q

stress fracture

A

a slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running rather than a single forceful impact

103
Q

transverse fracture

A

complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone

104
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

malignant growth found in the shaft of long bones that spreads through the periosteum.

Removal is treatment of choice, because this tumor will metastasize

105
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

the most common type of bone cancer, usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of long bones

106
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of the bones, caused by a deficiency of calcium.

In children, cause is insufficient sunlight and vitamin D

107
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone mass that results in thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures. The bone becomes more porous, especially in the spine and pelvis

108
Q

Paget’s disease

A

a fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes .

Usually attacks middle aged and elderly, characterized by bone destruction and deformity.

Named for sir James Paget, a british surgeon,

109
Q

rickets

A

deficiency in calcium, vitamin D, found in early childhood that results in bone deformities. especially bowed legs.

110
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

inflammatory spinal condition that resembles rheumatoid arthritis. Results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae.

more common in men than women

111
Q

herniated nucleus pulposus

A

herniation or protrusion of an intervertebral disk, also called herniated disk or ruptured disk.

May require surgery

112
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

113
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital anomaly that occurs when a vertebra fails to form fully around the spinal chord

114
Q

spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the spinal canal causing pressure on the chord and nerves

115
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

the forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over the vertebra below it

116
Q

spondylosis

A

specifically refers to ankylosing of the spine, but commonly used in reference to any degenerative condition of the vertebral column

117
Q

whiplash

A

injury to the bones in the cervical spine as a result of a sudden movement forward and backward of the head and neck.

Can occur as a result of a rear end auto collision.

118
Q

bunion

A

inflammation of the bursa of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of the big toe)

119
Q

dislocation

A

occurs when the bones in a joint are displaced from their normal alignment and the ends of the bones are no longer in contact.

120
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

arthritis resulting in degeneration of the bones and joints, especially those bearing weight.

Results in bone rubbing against bone.

121
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

Chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of the joints, swelling, stiffness, pain and changes in the cartilage that can result in crippling deformities; considered to be an autoimmune disease

122
Q

sprain

A

Damage to the ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching, but no dislocation of the joint or fracture of the bone

123
Q

subluxation

A

an incomplete dislocation, the joint alignment is disrupted, but the ends of the bones remain in contact

124
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of connective tissue affects many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis. May be mistaken for rheumatoid arthritis.

125
Q

talipes

A

congenital deformity causing misalignment of the ankle joint and foot. Also referred to as a clubfoot

126
Q

arthrography

A

visualization of a joint by radiographic study after injection of a contrast medium into the joint space

127
Q

bone scan

A

A nuclear medicine procedure in which the patient is given radioactive dye and then scanning equipment is used to visualize bones. It is especially useful in identifying stress fractures, observing progress of treatment for osteomyelitis and locating cancer metastases to the bone

128
Q

dual-energy absorptiometry

A

measurement of bone density using low dose of x-ray for the purpose of detecting osteoporosis

129
Q

myelography

A

study of the spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material

particularly useful in identifying herniated nucleus pulposus pinching a spinal nerve

130
Q

radiography

A

a diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to study internal structure of the body

especially useful for visualizing bones and joints

131
Q

arthroscopy

A

examination of the interior of a joint by entering the joint with an arthroscope.

Arthroscope contains small camera, allows physician to view the interior of the joint on a monitor during a procedure

some joint conditions may be repaired during arthroscopy

132
Q

amputation

A

partial or complete removal of a limb for a variety of reasons; tumors, gangrene, intractable pain, crushing injury, uncontrollable infection.

133
Q

arthroscopic surgery

A

performing a surgical procedure while using an arthroscope to view the internal structure such as a joint.

134
Q

bone graft

A

piece of a bone taken from the patient, used to take the place of a removed bone or a bony defect at another site

135
Q

bunionectomy

A

removal of the bursa at the joint of the great toe

136
Q

laminectomy

A

removal of the vertebral posterior arch to correct severe back problems and pain caused by compression of a spinal nerve

137
Q

percutaneous diskectomy

A

a thin catheter tube is inserted into the intervertebral disk through the skin and the herniated or ruptured disk material is sucked out or a laser is used to vaporize it.

138
Q

spinal fusion

A

surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae.

May be done for several reasons; including correction for a herniated disk

139
Q

total hip arthroplasty (THA)

A

surgical reconstruction of a hip by implanting a prosthetic or artificial hip joint

also called total hip replacement (THR)

140
Q

total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

A

surgical reconstruction of a knee joint by implanting a prosthetic knee joint.

also called total knee replacement (TKR)

141
Q

fixation

A

a procedure to stabilize a fractured bone while it heals.

External fixation includes casts, spins, and pins inserted through the skin .

Internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires, that are applied during an open reduction.

142
Q

reduction

A

correcting a fracture by realigning bone fragments.

closed reduction- doing manupilation without entering body

open reduction- process of making surgical incision at the site of fracture (necessary when bone fragments need to be removed or for internal fixation)

143
Q

traction

A

applying a pulling force on a fractured or dislocated limb or the vertebral column in order to restore normal alignment.

144
Q

bone reabsorption inhibitors

A

conditions that result in weak and fragile bones, such as osteoporosis and Paget’s disease, are improved by medications that reduce reabsorption of bones.

(alendronate, Fosamax, ibandronate, Boniva)

145
Q

calcium supplements and Vitamin D therapy

A

maintaining high blood levels of calcium in association with vitamin D helps maintain bone density; used to treat osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and rickets

(calcium carbonate, Oystercal, Tums; calcium citrate, Cal-Citrate, Citracal)

146
Q

corticosteroids

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties. It is particularly useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis

(prednisone; methylprednisolone, Medrol; dexamethasone, Decadron)

147
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

A large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis

(ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin; naproxen, Aleve, Naprosyn; salicylates, Aspirin)

148
Q

AE

A

above elbow

149
Q

AK

A

above knee

150
Q

BDT

A

bone density testing

151
Q

BE

A

below elbow

152
Q

BK

A

below knee

153
Q

BMD

A

bone mineral density

154
Q

C1, C2, etc

A

first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc

155
Q

Ca

A

calcium

156
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disease

157
Q

DXA

A

dual-energy absorptiometry

158
Q

FX, Fx

A

fracture

159
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

160
Q

JRA

A

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

161
Q

L1, L2, etc

A

first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc

162
Q

LE

A

lower extremity

163
Q

LLE

A

left lower extremity

164
Q

LUE

A

left upper extremity

165
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

166
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

167
Q

ORIF

A

open reduction-internal fixation

168
Q

Orth, ortho

A

orthopedics

169
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

170
Q

RLE

A

right lower extremity

171
Q

RUE

A

right upper extremity

172
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus

173
Q

T1, T2, etc

A

first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc

174
Q

THA

A

total hip arthroplasty

175
Q

THR

A

total hip replacement

176
Q

TKA

A

total knee arthroplasty

177
Q

TKR

A

total knee replacement

178
Q

UE

A

upper extremity

179
Q

fasci/o

A

fibrous brand

180
Q

fibr/o

A

fibers

181
Q

kinesi/o

A

movement

182
Q

muscul/o

A

muscle

183
Q

my/o

A

muscle

184
Q

myocardi/o

A

heart muscle

185
Q

myos/o

A

muscle

186
Q

plant/o

A

sole of foot

187
Q

ten/o

A

tendon

188
Q

tend/o

A

tendon

189
Q

tendin/o

A

tendon

190
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

191
Q

-kinesia

A

movement

192
Q

-tonia

A

tone

193
Q

ab-

A

away from

194
Q

ad-

A

toward

195
Q

circum-

A

around

196
Q

adhesion

A

scar tissue forming in the fascia surrounding a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the muscle

197
Q

atrophy

A

poor muscle development as a result of muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use;

commonly referred to as muscle visit

198
Q

contracture

A

abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia making it difficult to stretch the muscle

199
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle bulk as a result of using it, as in lifting weights

200
Q

intermittent claudication

A

attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by ischemia of the muscles, typically the calf muscles; brought on by walking even very short distances

201
Q

spasm

A

sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction

202
Q

torticollis

A

severe neck spasms pulling the head to one side.

commonly called wry neck or crick in the neck

203
Q

fibromyalgia

A

condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue

204
Q

lateral epicondylitis

A

inflammation of the muscle attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow. Often caused by strongly gripping.

commonly called tennis elbow

205
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

inherited disease causing a progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy

206
Q

pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy

A

one type of inherited muscular dystrophy in which the muscle tissue is gradually replaced by fatty tissue making the muscle look strong.

also called Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

207
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

repetitive motion disorder with pain caused by compression of the finger flexor tendons and median nerve as they pass through the carpal tunnel of the wrist.

208
Q

ganglion cyst

A

cyst that forms on tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist or ankle

209
Q

repetitive motion disorder

A

group of chronic disorders involving the tendon, muscle, joint and nerve damage. resulting from tissue being subjected to pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements for prolonged periods

210
Q

rotator cuff injury

A

the rotator cuff capsule consists of the joint capsule of the shoulder joint reinforced by the tendons from several shoulder muscles. The high degree of flexibility at the shoulder joint puts the rotator cuff at risk for strain and tearing.

211
Q

strain

A

damage to the muscle, tendons, or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching.

212
Q

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

A

Muscle enzyme found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. Blood levels become elevated in disorders such as heart attacks, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies

213
Q

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

A

muscle contraction in response to a stretch caused by striking the muscle tendon with a reflex hammer. Test used to determine if muscles are responding properly

214
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

study and record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions as a result of electrical simulation

215
Q

muscle biopsy

A

removal of muscle tissue for pathological examination

216
Q

carpal tunnel release

A

surgical cutting of the ligament in the wrist to relieve nerve pressure caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which can result from repetitive motion such as typing

217
Q

tenodesis

A

surgical procedure to stabilize a joint by anchoring down the tendons of the muscles that move the joint

218
Q

skeletal muscle relaxants

A

medication to relax skeletal muscles in order to reduce muscle spasms. Also called antispasmodics

(cyclobenzaprine, Flexeril; carisoprodol, Soma)

219
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

220
Q

CPK

A

creatine phosphokinase

221
Q

DTR

A

deep tendon reflex

222
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram

223
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

224
Q

MD

A

muscular dystrophy

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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