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Berkeley MCAT Psychology > Chapter 7 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomedical Approach

A

standard model for treating disease, assumes that all distress and disability are grounded primarily in certain biomedical factors

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2
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

assumes there are important psychological and social components to any disorder in addition to biological influences; includes any evolutionary, structural, or genetic influences

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3
Q

Anxiety

A

state of inner turmoil characterized by nervousness, worry, and unease

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4
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

feelings of anxiety that are out of proportion to the individual’s everyday problems; worry excessively

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5
Q

Panic Disorder

A

repeated panic attacks that cripple normal living, sudden onset of terror, an increased heart rate, faintness, weakness, and tingling in the hands

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6
Q

Phobic Disorders

A

type of anxiety disorder characterized by an extreme, irrational fear toward a specific stimulus, a person will go great lengths to avoid the stimulus

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7
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

type of anxiety with repetitive obsessions and compulsions; unreasonable and repeated thought that leads to compulsions, repeated behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety

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8
Q

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

A

develops after a person is exposed to a traumatic event, require coping mechanisms, common symptoms are flashbacks, difficulties sleeping, emotional numbness, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, hopelessness, difficulty maintaining relationships, irritability and aggressiveness, and self-destructive behavior

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9
Q

Anhedonia

A

a loss of the capacity to experience pleasure, symptoms include persistent sadness, hopelessness, irritability, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, fatigue, changes in eating habits, decreased libido

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10
Q

Major Depression (Clinical Depression)

A

multiple severe symptoms that last for for majority of the time for at least two weeks; low mood, lack interest in activities, influences how a person thinks, perceives, and behaves

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11
Q

Persisten Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A

depressed mood that lasts majority of the time for two or more years, people have at least two of these six symptoms: change in appetite, sleep too much or too little, fatigue, low self-esteem, trouble concentrating, and hopelessness

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12
Q

Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive illness)

A

cycling intense mood changes that often begin during late adolescence or early adulthood, moods ranging from extreme highs (mania) to extreme lows (depression); during low mood, symptoms coincide with those of major depression, during high mood, there’s feelings of joy and happiness, restlessness, and impulsivity

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13
Q

Cyclothymia

A

mild form of bipolar disorder characterized by episodes of hypomania and depression lasting for at least two years

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14
Q

Monoamine Theory of Depression

A

mood disorder is associated with decreased activity of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine

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15
Q

Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression

A

processes associated with a neuron’s ability to adapt are disrupted in depressive disorders

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16
Q

Somatoform Disorder

A

a psychological disorder characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be attributed to a physical cause, substance abuse, or another mental illness

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17
Q

Somatization Disorder

A

a long-term condition characterized by physical symptoms in more than one part of the body without physical cause (abdominal pain, bloating, back pain, pain during intercourse, joint pain, headaches, muscle weakness, dizziness, SOB, chronic pain)

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18
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

neurological symptoms appear without medical cause; believed to be physical manifestation of psychological stress (paralysis, blindness, hearing loss, loss of sensation or numbness) occurs right after event and once physical causation is ruled out, can be treated with psych help

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19
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

condition in which people believe that they suffer from a serious illness in the absence of an actual medical condition

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20
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

A

psychological disorder characterized by an excessive concern over a physical flaw; associated with irrational preoccupation with body image and at least three hours a day are dedicated toward concealing or focusing on the imperfection

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21
Q

Pain Disorder

A

psychological condition marked by chronic pain in one or more areas of the body without neurological or physiological basis; people diagnosed often have feelings of hopelessness, distorted cognition, fatigue, depression, and/or anxiety

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22
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

characterized by disruption of memory, awareness, identity, or perception, develops as a coping mechanism following a psychologically traumatic experience, usually during childhood

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23
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A

formerly known as MPD, two or more distinct identities that alternatively control a person’s behavior, the identities may be unaware of each other and can possess a unique name, personal history, gender, age, mannerisms, etc.

24
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

severe impairment of memory recall usually following a stressful or traumatic event, characterized by an inability to remember info about one’s self and past experiences (memories are still present, just temporarily inaccessible)

25
Q

Depersonalization Disorder

A

recurrent detachment from one’s self or surroundings; feelings that you are watching yourself from your body or that the things around you are not real, sense of emotional and physical numbness, lack of control over speech and movement, distorted surroundings, distortions in one’s perceptions of time and distance, feelings of alienation from one’s surroundings

26
Q

Personality Disorder

A

persistent, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that deviated dramatically from cultural norms

27
Q

Cluster A - Odd and Eccentric

A

includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

28
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

pervasive suspicion and distrust of others; patients often perceive being deceived and exploited, even by their friends and family

29
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

deeply detached, unemotional, and introspective lifestyle, often apathetic with few close friends and poor social skills

30
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

eccentric behaviors and perceptions, social anxiety, and magical thinking; beliefs that are grounded in fantasy or superstition

31
Q

Cluster B - Dramatic and Emotional

A

includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

32
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

more common for males than females, characterized by disregard for others, impulsive and aggressive behavior, and marked lack of conscience (often sociopaths or psychopaths)

33
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

roughly twice as common in females than males, unstable moods, behaviors, self-image, emotions, dramatic and unstable relationships, as well as a strong fear of abandonment

34
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

constantly seek attention, are easily susceptible to peer pressure, and possess dramatic, but shallow and rapidly changing emotions

35
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

characterized by a lack of empathy, sense of entitlement, and inflated sense of self-importance; often possess low self-esteem that is easily affected by other people’s opinions

36
Q

Cluster C - Anxious and Fearful

A

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

37
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

extreme shyness, sensitivity to criticism and rejection, and strong feelings of inadequacy, often avoid risks and change due to an impairing fear of failure

38
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

lack of self-confidence and a persistent need for reassurance and encouragement, these people are often indecisive and fear being independent

39
Q

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

A

(Not the same as OCD!!!), extreme preoccupation with rules, order, details, and control, tend to be rigid, stubborn, and unable to delegate tasks or responsibilities

40
Q

Schizophrenia

A

abnormal interpretation of reality accompanied by disorganized and disturbed thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

41
Q

Delusions

A

false personal beliefs that are strongly maintained despite logical reasoning or contradictory evidence (delusions of grandeur, persecution, or of being controlled)

42
Q

Hallucinations

A

are usually auditory or can be illusions

43
Q

Disorganized Thinking

A

inferred from disorganized speech and encompasses communication that is ineffective, impaired, or illogical

44
Q

Word Salad

A

phenomenon in which meaningless words are strung together

45
Q

Disorganized Behavior

A

difficulty performing daily tasks to unusual posture and unpredictable agitation

46
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

appear as a lack or reduction of normal behaviors or feelings, and often include affective flattening, anhedonia, avolition, and catatonia

47
Q

Affective Flattening

A

a reduction in emotional expression and is often characterized by a blank face and monotonous voice

48
Q

Anhedonia

A

one’s inability to experience pleasure and is closely paired with avolition

49
Q

Avolition

A

reduction of motivation

50
Q

Catatonia

A

state of immobility and sustained, awkward positioning

51
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A

characterized by delusions and hallucinations; delusions are of grander and persecutions, hallucinations are auditory; generally develops later in life and has a better prognosis than other subtypes

52
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A

affective flattening as well as disorganized thoughts and behavior; not associated with delusions or hallucinations

53
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A

dramatic reduction in movement to the point of immobility and agitated resistance to changing positions, or a dramatic increase of excessive and purposeless movement

54
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

lacks distinct, predominant, or persistent symptoms

55
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia symptoms are T.R.A.P. - Tremor at rest, Rigidity of muscles, Akinesia (loss or impairment of voluntary movement), and Posture stooped

56
Q

Substantia nigra pars compacta

A

area of the basal ganglia most affected by Parkinson’s disease, accelerated cell death that results in reduced activity of dopamine-secreting cells

57
Q

Lewy Body

A

abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein bound to ubiquitin that is found within damaged dopaminergic neurons; at later stages they can be found within the substantia nigra as well as various areas within the cerebral cortex

Berkeley MCAT Psychology (7 decks)

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