Chapter 7 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Biomedical Approach
standard model for treating disease, assumes that all distress and disability are grounded primarily in certain biomedical factors
Biopsychosocial Approach
assumes there are important psychological and social components to any disorder in addition to biological influences; includes any evolutionary, structural, or genetic influences
Anxiety
state of inner turmoil characterized by nervousness, worry, and unease
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
feelings of anxiety that are out of proportion to the individual’s everyday problems; worry excessively
Panic Disorder
repeated panic attacks that cripple normal living, sudden onset of terror, an increased heart rate, faintness, weakness, and tingling in the hands
Phobic Disorders
type of anxiety disorder characterized by an extreme, irrational fear toward a specific stimulus, a person will go great lengths to avoid the stimulus
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
type of anxiety with repetitive obsessions and compulsions; unreasonable and repeated thought that leads to compulsions, repeated behaviors aimed at reducing anxiety
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
develops after a person is exposed to a traumatic event, require coping mechanisms, common symptoms are flashbacks, difficulties sleeping, emotional numbness, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, hopelessness, difficulty maintaining relationships, irritability and aggressiveness, and self-destructive behavior
Anhedonia
a loss of the capacity to experience pleasure, symptoms include persistent sadness, hopelessness, irritability, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, fatigue, changes in eating habits, decreased libido
Major Depression (Clinical Depression)
multiple severe symptoms that last for for majority of the time for at least two weeks; low mood, lack interest in activities, influences how a person thinks, perceives, and behaves
Persisten Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
depressed mood that lasts majority of the time for two or more years, people have at least two of these six symptoms: change in appetite, sleep too much or too little, fatigue, low self-esteem, trouble concentrating, and hopelessness
Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive illness)
cycling intense mood changes that often begin during late adolescence or early adulthood, moods ranging from extreme highs (mania) to extreme lows (depression); during low mood, symptoms coincide with those of major depression, during high mood, there’s feelings of joy and happiness, restlessness, and impulsivity
Cyclothymia
mild form of bipolar disorder characterized by episodes of hypomania and depression lasting for at least two years
Monoamine Theory of Depression
mood disorder is associated with decreased activity of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine
Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression
processes associated with a neuron’s ability to adapt are disrupted in depressive disorders
Somatoform Disorder
a psychological disorder characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be attributed to a physical cause, substance abuse, or another mental illness
Somatization Disorder
a long-term condition characterized by physical symptoms in more than one part of the body without physical cause (abdominal pain, bloating, back pain, pain during intercourse, joint pain, headaches, muscle weakness, dizziness, SOB, chronic pain)
Conversion Disorder
neurological symptoms appear without medical cause; believed to be physical manifestation of psychological stress (paralysis, blindness, hearing loss, loss of sensation or numbness) occurs right after event and once physical causation is ruled out, can be treated with psych help
Hypochondriasis
condition in which people believe that they suffer from a serious illness in the absence of an actual medical condition
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
psychological disorder characterized by an excessive concern over a physical flaw; associated with irrational preoccupation with body image and at least three hours a day are dedicated toward concealing or focusing on the imperfection
Pain Disorder
psychological condition marked by chronic pain in one or more areas of the body without neurological or physiological basis; people diagnosed often have feelings of hopelessness, distorted cognition, fatigue, depression, and/or anxiety
Dissociative Disorder
characterized by disruption of memory, awareness, identity, or perception, develops as a coping mechanism following a psychologically traumatic experience, usually during childhood
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
formerly known as MPD, two or more distinct identities that alternatively control a person’s behavior, the identities may be unaware of each other and can possess a unique name, personal history, gender, age, mannerisms, etc.
Dissociative Amnesia
severe impairment of memory recall usually following a stressful or traumatic event, characterized by an inability to remember info about one’s self and past experiences (memories are still present, just temporarily inaccessible)
Depersonalization Disorder
recurrent detachment from one’s self or surroundings; feelings that you are watching yourself from your body or that the things around you are not real, sense of emotional and physical numbness, lack of control over speech and movement, distorted surroundings, distortions in one’s perceptions of time and distance, feelings of alienation from one’s surroundings
Personality Disorder
persistent, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that deviated dramatically from cultural norms
Cluster A - Odd and Eccentric
includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
Paranoid Personality Disorder
pervasive suspicion and distrust of others; patients often perceive being deceived and exploited, even by their friends and family
Schizoid Personality Disorder
deeply detached, unemotional, and introspective lifestyle, often apathetic with few close friends and poor social skills
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
eccentric behaviors and perceptions, social anxiety, and magical thinking; beliefs that are grounded in fantasy or superstition
Cluster B - Dramatic and Emotional
includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
more common for males than females, characterized by disregard for others, impulsive and aggressive behavior, and marked lack of conscience (often sociopaths or psychopaths)
Borderline Personality Disorder
roughly twice as common in females than males, unstable moods, behaviors, self-image, emotions, dramatic and unstable relationships, as well as a strong fear of abandonment
Histrionic Personality Disorder
constantly seek attention, are easily susceptible to peer pressure, and possess dramatic, but shallow and rapidly changing emotions
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
characterized by a lack of empathy, sense of entitlement, and inflated sense of self-importance; often possess low self-esteem that is easily affected by other people’s opinions
Cluster C - Anxious and Fearful
avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
Avoidant Personality Disorder
extreme shyness, sensitivity to criticism and rejection, and strong feelings of inadequacy, often avoid risks and change due to an impairing fear of failure
Dependent Personality Disorder
lack of self-confidence and a persistent need for reassurance and encouragement, these people are often indecisive and fear being independent
Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder
(Not the same as OCD!!!), extreme preoccupation with rules, order, details, and control, tend to be rigid, stubborn, and unable to delegate tasks or responsibilities
Schizophrenia
abnormal interpretation of reality accompanied by disorganized and disturbed thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
Delusions
false personal beliefs that are strongly maintained despite logical reasoning or contradictory evidence (delusions of grandeur, persecution, or of being controlled)
Hallucinations
are usually auditory or can be illusions
Disorganized Thinking
inferred from disorganized speech and encompasses communication that is ineffective, impaired, or illogical
Word Salad
phenomenon in which meaningless words are strung together
Disorganized Behavior
difficulty performing daily tasks to unusual posture and unpredictable agitation
Negative Symptoms
appear as a lack or reduction of normal behaviors or feelings, and often include affective flattening, anhedonia, avolition, and catatonia
Affective Flattening
a reduction in emotional expression and is often characterized by a blank face and monotonous voice
Anhedonia
one’s inability to experience pleasure and is closely paired with avolition
Avolition
reduction of motivation
Catatonia
state of immobility and sustained, awkward positioning
Paranoid Schizophrenia
characterized by delusions and hallucinations; delusions are of grander and persecutions, hallucinations are auditory; generally develops later in life and has a better prognosis than other subtypes
Disorganized Schizophrenia
affective flattening as well as disorganized thoughts and behavior; not associated with delusions or hallucinations
Catatonic Schizophrenia
dramatic reduction in movement to the point of immobility and agitated resistance to changing positions, or a dramatic increase of excessive and purposeless movement
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
lacks distinct, predominant, or persistent symptoms
Parkinson’s Disease
loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia symptoms are T.R.A.P. - Tremor at rest, Rigidity of muscles, Akinesia (loss or impairment of voluntary movement), and Posture stooped
Substantia nigra pars compacta
area of the basal ganglia most affected by Parkinson’s disease, accelerated cell death that results in reduced activity of dopamine-secreting cells
Lewy Body
abnormal accumulation of the protein alpha-synuclein bound to ubiquitin that is found within damaged dopaminergic neurons; at later stages they can be found within the substantia nigra as well as various areas within the cerebral cortex
