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Berkeley MCAT Psychology > Chapter 5 - Cognition and Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Cognition and Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Information-processing Model

A

conceptual framework to describe how mental processes affect behavior

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2
Q

Display-size Effect

A

direct relation between number of distractors in an array and the time required to locate a target stimulus among them

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3
Q

Feature-integration Theory

A

it’s easier to perform a feature search (look for key distinct feature) than it is to perform a conjunction search (look for a combo of features among distractors)

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4
Q

Similarity Theory

A

the more similar the target stimulus is to the distractor stimuli, the more difficult the search will be, regardless of the number of features

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5
Q

Guided Search Theory

A

all searches require two stages: developing a mental representation of the target and evaluating all of the activated elements to find the target

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6
Q

Inattentional Blindness (Perceptual Blindness)

A

inability to see something in plain sight because of attending to another stimulus

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7
Q

Change Blindness

A

a person’s inability to detect visual changes in a scene he or she is directly looking at

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8
Q

Stroop Effect

A

a problem with selective attention (having to differentiate the word red that is in blue ink), reading has become an automized process, we are more inclined to say red instead of blue when asked the color of the ink

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9
Q

Feature-based Theory

A

concepts placed into categories based on their defining features

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10
Q

Prototype Theory

A

concepts are grouped together by their degree of similarity to a prototype

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11
Q

Exemplar-based Reasoning Theory

A

concepts are grouped together by their degree of similarity to an exemplar

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12
Q

Exemplar

A

a specific remembered instance that is most typically thought of when a category is mentioned

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13
Q

Theory-based View of Meaning

A

concept placed into a category based on a general idea constructed from experience

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14
Q

Schema

A

a broad pattern of what is normal in a given situation

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15
Q

Heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that don’t guarantee a correct answer but narrow the problem space and simplify the problem in order to speed up the process

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16
Q

Hill-climb Strategy

A

choose the option that moves you directly towards your goal

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17
Q

Means-end Analysis

A

compare the current state to a goal state and then try to decrease this distance with the available means

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18
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about an object’s function

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19
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

a type of cognitive tendency in which people search for info that confirms their preexisting beliefs

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20
Q

Wallas’ Stages of Creativity

A
  1. Preparation Stage
  2. Incubation Stage
  3. Illumination Stage
  4. Verification Stage
21
Q

Subjective Utility

A

an individual’s judged value of something

22
Q

Subjective Probability

A

an individual’s estimated likelihood of the event’s occurrence

23
Q

Expected Value =

A

(subjective probability) x (subjective utility)

24
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

a judgment is made based on the perceived frequency or likelihood of an event

25
Q

Conjunction Fallacy

A

mistaken belief that a smaller, specific subset of a category is more probable than the larger, general set

26
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

one’s judgment of an event is based on its similarity to the prototype of the population and its perceived randomness

27
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

a mistaken belief that demonstrates the errors associated with the representativeness heuristic

28
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) =

A

mental age / chronological age X 100

29
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage
  2. Preoperational Stage
  3. Concrete Operational Stage
  4. Formal Operational Stage
30
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

ranges from birth to 2 years old, babies attempt to understand the world thru exploring it

31
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

babies develop this around 8 months of age

32
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

2-7 years old, children not able to perform mental operations, but begin to think in terms of images, signs of imaginary play

33
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

7-11 years old, characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete events, inability to comprehend hypothetical or abstract concepts

34
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

begins around the age of 12 to adulthood, children able to think logically about abstract and hypothetical instances; capable of deductive reasoning

35
Q

Learning Perspective of language development

A

B.F. Skinner, suggests children develop language through associative conditioning and observational learning

36
Q

Nativist Perspective of language development

A

idea that entire complexity of language cannot be learned from experience alone, Chomsky argued that language is an innate skill for which people are predisposed

37
Q

Interactionist Perspective of language development

A

idea that children acquire new understandings that they wish to communicate with others, based on Vygotsky

38
Q

Broca’s Area

A

speech production

39
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

speech comprehension

40
Q

Beta Waves

A

brain waves, frequency of 13-30 Hz, characterize the state of alertness on an EEG

41
Q

Alpha Waves

A

8-13 Hz, daydreaming state, one is awake but not fully alert, leaves one more relaxed and less focused

42
Q

Theta Waves

A

3-8 Hz, associated with even less awareness than daydreaming, often experienced just before falling asleep

43
Q

Delta Waves

A

1-3 Hz, deep sleep, resembles a state of unconsciousness, but sleep doesn’t fully close one’s sensory and perceptual window like a coma

44
Q

Two Sleep Cycles

A

1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM

45
Q

Adaptation Theory of Sleep

A

contend that human beings evolved to sleep during the night to conserve energy and avoid predation

46
Q

Recuperation Theory of Sleep

A

argues being awake disrupts the body’s homeostasis and that sleep is necessary to restore it

47
Q

Consolidation Theory of Sleep

A

propose that sleep is essential to maintain proper brain plasticity

48
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

circadian control center, processes info concerning the length of day and night and signals to the pineal gland

49
Q

Pineal Gland

A

dorsal to thalamus, either to increase or decrease production of melatonin

Berkeley MCAT Psychology (7 decks)

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