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Berkeley MCAT Psychology > Chapter 4 - Emotion, Stress, Motivation, and Addiction > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Emotion, Stress, Motivation, and Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

physiological arousal and behavioral response precede the experience of an emotion

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2
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

physiological response and conscious awareness of the emotion are both experienced simultaneously

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3
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory (Two-Factor Theory)

A

cognitive evaluation of one’s physiological arousal results in the experience of an emotion — the events that occur in an environment are what give meaning to physiological changes felt

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

involuntary subdivision of peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

PNS

A

rest and digest

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6
Q

SNS

A

fight or flight

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

small structure, located below thalamus, regulates the ANS. controls the endocrine system and regulates release of hormones

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8
Q

Thalamus

A

primary relay station for almost all sensory input in the brain, then directs to amygdala -> cerebral cortex

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9
Q

Hippocampus

A

transfers short-term memories to long-term memory storage

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10
Q

Amygdala

A

almond-shaped bilateral structure responsible for assessing events and forming emotional memories

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11
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

arises from bilateral destruction of both amygdalae, resulting in a flat affect, compulsion to put things into one’s mouth (hyperorality), hypersexuality, and behavioral disinhibition

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12
Q

Acute Stressor

A

short-term and discrete, with an end and a beginning (e.g., a final worth 50% of your grade)

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13
Q

Ambient Stressors

A

global challenges that affect individuals on a subconscious level, such as pollution, crime, city noise (they’re non-urgent, negative, and chronic)

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14
Q

Fight-or-flight

A

divert energy to vital organs for escaping, increases HR, respirations, and peripheral vasoconstriction to increase oxygen and blood supply and to expel CO2, endocrine system releases catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine

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15
Q

Tend-or-befriend Response

A

behavioral response to stress characterized by seeking social support and caring for offspring, oxytocin is released, estrogen enhances the effects of oxytocin

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16
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Hans Selye’s stress model (3 stages): 1. alarm phase, 2. resistance phase, 3. exhaustion phase

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17
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)

A

controls the stress response and mediates the general adaptation syndrome—circulatory system of hormonal controls between the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, and adrenal glands

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18
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

acts on anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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19
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

acts on adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) into the bloodstream, initiating a negative feedback loop going back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to suppress CRH and ACTH release

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20
Q

Cortisol

A

stress hormone, suppresses immune response and breaks down glycogen into glucose for energy

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21
Q

Anhedonia

A

loss of interest in activities that are normally considered enjoyable

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22
Q

Type A Personality

A

competitive, ambitious, organized, timely, and self-critical

23
Q

Type B Personality

A

easy-going, creative, reflective, and less competitive

24
Q

Appraisal-focused strategies

A

modify one’s perception of stress—how one thinks and what they expect from themselves and others influences amount of stress they experience

25
Q

Problem-focused strategies

A

modify the stressor itself, find source of the problem and deal with it

26
Q

Emotion-focused strategies

A

reducing emotional response to a stressor

27
Q

Cognitive Reappraisal

A

you can reevaluate the meaning of an emotional stressor and transform an initially negative event into a positive one

28
Q

Endorphins

A

released by physical activity, natural painkillers, elevates mood, decrease tension, and improve sleep, exercise also reduces cortisol levels

29
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

a physiological need creates a state of tension or arousal that drives the organism to reduce the need through performance

30
Q

Incentive Theory of Motivation

A

a pull of external stimuli, rather than just the push of internal drives, can also motivate behavior (the idea of eating something for its taste rather than necessity of nutrients)

31
Q

Arousal Theory of Motivation

A

people are driven to perform certain actions in order to maintain an optimum level of arousal

32
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

performance increases with increased arousal, but only to a certain extent

33
Q

Humanistic Theory of Motivation

A

built upon Maslow’s hierarchy and focuses on the individual and the role of a self-concept

34
Q

Cognitive Theories of Motivation

A

suggest that thinking is sufficient to explain behavior—people have the ability to select one course of action over another

35
Q

Expectancy-value Theory

A

a person is motivated both by their expectancy (belief in succeeding) and value of a goal (weighing costs and benefits)

36
Q

Goal-setting Theory

A

a person’s drive to reach an end state, as well as the characteristics of a particular goal, motivate a performance

37
Q

Attribution Theory

A

motivation stems from peoples’ perceptions of their own successes and failures

38
Q

Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT)

A

a process where environmental stimuli can motivate instrumental behavior

39
Q

Local Theory of Motivation

A

all deficit stimuli arise in the periphery of the body, and not in the brain (e.g., thirst comes from dry mouth not from brain telling you to drink)

40
Q

Dual Hypothalamic Hypothesis

A

combined two separate experiments to demonstrate how damage to the hypothalamus causes disruptions in normal eating behavior—showed that start signal for hunger located in lateral hypothalamus (LH), while stop signal is located in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

41
Q

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

A

a hormone released in the gut during consumption of fats, which activates the vagus nerve to send stop signals to the VMH

42
Q

Estrogen

A

peaks during ovulation, stimulates sexual receptivity

43
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway

A

dopaminergic pathway that begins at the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and ends at the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex,

44
Q

Allostasis Theory (Physical-Dependence Theory)

A

idea that addiction results from a process of maintaining apparent homeostatic stability through a chance, but at a price

45
Q

Opponent-process

A

body’s correctional response, opposes initial emotional effects of a drug by slowly developing a counteractive process that gradually becomes larger, and eventually, completely masks the initial effects that the drug once had (why people become addicted)

46
Q

Associative Learning Theory

A

idea that cues in the environment can come to elicit addictive behavior

47
Q

Incentive Sensitization Theory

A

exposure to psychoactive drugs changes the brain circuitry that is normally responsible for the pleasurable effects of incentives; the pleasurable incentive value of drugs increases with repeated exposure

48
Q

Fronto-striatal Dysfunction Theory (Impulsivity)

A

suggests that drug-induced prefrontal cortex dysfunction leads to an inability to inhibit maladaptive behavior

49
Q

Depressants

A

slow CNS activity by increasing activity of GABA and decreasing activity of glutamate

50
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

51
Q

Sedatives

A

barbiturates and benzodiazepines

52
Q

Opioids

A

analgesic effects of pain relief, reduce intensity of pain signals that reach the brain

53
Q

Stimulants

A

increase CNS activity, enhance effects of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain through various mechanisms—work by releasing dopamine and serotonin, or by blocking their reuptake within the synapse

54
Q

Teratogen

A

an agent that can disturb the normal development of a fetus

Berkeley MCAT Psychology (7 decks)

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