Chapter 4 - Emotion, Stress, Motivation, and Addiction Flashcards
James-Lange Theory
physiological arousal and behavioral response precede the experience of an emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
physiological response and conscious awareness of the emotion are both experienced simultaneously
Schachter-Singer Theory (Two-Factor Theory)
cognitive evaluation of one’s physiological arousal results in the experience of an emotion — the events that occur in an environment are what give meaning to physiological changes felt
Autonomic Nervous System
involuntary subdivision of peripheral nervous system
PNS
rest and digest
SNS
fight or flight
Hypothalamus
small structure, located below thalamus, regulates the ANS. controls the endocrine system and regulates release of hormones
Thalamus
primary relay station for almost all sensory input in the brain, then directs to amygdala -> cerebral cortex
Hippocampus
transfers short-term memories to long-term memory storage
Amygdala
almond-shaped bilateral structure responsible for assessing events and forming emotional memories
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
arises from bilateral destruction of both amygdalae, resulting in a flat affect, compulsion to put things into one’s mouth (hyperorality), hypersexuality, and behavioral disinhibition
Acute Stressor
short-term and discrete, with an end and a beginning (e.g., a final worth 50% of your grade)
Ambient Stressors
global challenges that affect individuals on a subconscious level, such as pollution, crime, city noise (they’re non-urgent, negative, and chronic)
Fight-or-flight
divert energy to vital organs for escaping, increases HR, respirations, and peripheral vasoconstriction to increase oxygen and blood supply and to expel CO2, endocrine system releases catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine
Tend-or-befriend Response
behavioral response to stress characterized by seeking social support and caring for offspring, oxytocin is released, estrogen enhances the effects of oxytocin
General Adaptation Syndrome
Hans Selye’s stress model (3 stages): 1. alarm phase, 2. resistance phase, 3. exhaustion phase
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis)
controls the stress response and mediates the general adaptation syndrome—circulatory system of hormonal controls between the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, and adrenal glands
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
acts on anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
acts on adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol) into the bloodstream, initiating a negative feedback loop going back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to suppress CRH and ACTH release
Cortisol
stress hormone, suppresses immune response and breaks down glycogen into glucose for energy
Anhedonia
loss of interest in activities that are normally considered enjoyable
Type A Personality
competitive, ambitious, organized, timely, and self-critical
Type B Personality
easy-going, creative, reflective, and less competitive
Appraisal-focused strategies
modify one’s perception of stress—how one thinks and what they expect from themselves and others influences amount of stress they experience
Problem-focused strategies
modify the stressor itself, find source of the problem and deal with it
Emotion-focused strategies
reducing emotional response to a stressor
Cognitive Reappraisal
you can reevaluate the meaning of an emotional stressor and transform an initially negative event into a positive one
Endorphins
released by physical activity, natural painkillers, elevates mood, decrease tension, and improve sleep, exercise also reduces cortisol levels
Drive-Reduction Theory
a physiological need creates a state of tension or arousal that drives the organism to reduce the need through performance
Incentive Theory of Motivation
a pull of external stimuli, rather than just the push of internal drives, can also motivate behavior (the idea of eating something for its taste rather than necessity of nutrients)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
people are driven to perform certain actions in order to maintain an optimum level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance increases with increased arousal, but only to a certain extent
Humanistic Theory of Motivation
built upon Maslow’s hierarchy and focuses on the individual and the role of a self-concept
Cognitive Theories of Motivation
suggest that thinking is sufficient to explain behavior—people have the ability to select one course of action over another
Expectancy-value Theory
a person is motivated both by their expectancy (belief in succeeding) and value of a goal (weighing costs and benefits)
Goal-setting Theory
a person’s drive to reach an end state, as well as the characteristics of a particular goal, motivate a performance
Attribution Theory
motivation stems from peoples’ perceptions of their own successes and failures
Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT)
a process where environmental stimuli can motivate instrumental behavior
Local Theory of Motivation
all deficit stimuli arise in the periphery of the body, and not in the brain (e.g., thirst comes from dry mouth not from brain telling you to drink)
Dual Hypothalamic Hypothesis
combined two separate experiments to demonstrate how damage to the hypothalamus causes disruptions in normal eating behavior—showed that start signal for hunger located in lateral hypothalamus (LH), while stop signal is located in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
a hormone released in the gut during consumption of fats, which activates the vagus nerve to send stop signals to the VMH
Estrogen
peaks during ovulation, stimulates sexual receptivity
Mesolimbic Pathway
dopaminergic pathway that begins at the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and ends at the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex,
Allostasis Theory (Physical-Dependence Theory)
idea that addiction results from a process of maintaining apparent homeostatic stability through a chance, but at a price
Opponent-process
body’s correctional response, opposes initial emotional effects of a drug by slowly developing a counteractive process that gradually becomes larger, and eventually, completely masks the initial effects that the drug once had (why people become addicted)
Associative Learning Theory
idea that cues in the environment can come to elicit addictive behavior
Incentive Sensitization Theory
exposure to psychoactive drugs changes the brain circuitry that is normally responsible for the pleasurable effects of incentives; the pleasurable incentive value of drugs increases with repeated exposure
Fronto-striatal Dysfunction Theory (Impulsivity)
suggests that drug-induced prefrontal cortex dysfunction leads to an inability to inhibit maladaptive behavior
Depressants
slow CNS activity by increasing activity of GABA and decreasing activity of glutamate
GABA
main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Sedatives
barbiturates and benzodiazepines
Opioids
analgesic effects of pain relief, reduce intensity of pain signals that reach the brain
Stimulants
increase CNS activity, enhance effects of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain through various mechanisms—work by releasing dopamine and serotonin, or by blocking their reuptake within the synapse
Teratogen
an agent that can disturb the normal development of a fetus
