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Berkeley MCAT Psychology > Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Learning and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Nonassociative Learning

A

a change in response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure to that stimulus

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2
Q

Habituation

A

a process in which the magnitude of a response to a specific stimulus decreases with repeated exposure to that stimulus

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3
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response; its effects do not depend on previous experiences

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5
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

a stimulus that was previously neutral, but became associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

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6
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

a response that is unlearned and occurs naturally with presentation of an unconditioned stimulus (licking, chewing, jumping, blinking)

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7
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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8
Q

Forward Conditioning

A

presentation of the CS precedes the US, produces the quickest learning

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9
Q

Simultaneous Conditioning

A

CS and US are presented and terminated simultaneously

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10
Q

Higher-order Conditioning

A

a procedure in which an existing CS is paired with a NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS

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11
Q

Backward Conditioning

A

US is presented before the CS

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12
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a rest period

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13
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

occurs when a conditioned response to a specific stimulus transfers to other stimuli similar to the CS

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14
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning occurs by associating an action with a consequence

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16
Q

Extinction

A

reduction of an instrumental behavior when it is no longer reinforced

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17
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

stimulus that predicts the presence of reinforcement

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18
Q

Extinction Stimulus

A

predicts the absence of reinforcements

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19
Q

Primary Reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by presenting an unlearned reinforcing stimulus of innate biological value

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20
Q

Conditioned Reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by presenting a learned stimulus that gained its reinforcing power through pairing with a primary reinforcer

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21
Q

Escape Behavior

A

a response that terminates an unpleasant stimulus that is already present

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22
Q

Avoidance Behavior

A

a response prevents an unpleasant stimulus, rather than terminating it

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23
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedules

A

a set number of responses is required for a reward

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24
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedules

A

a variable or random number of responses is required to earn a reward

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25
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedules

A

a set amount of time is required before a response is rewarded

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26
Q

Variable-Interval Schedules

A

a variable or random amount of time is required before a response is rewarded

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27
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

pleasurable event or outcome after a correct response

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28
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

strengthens response by removing or reducing an unfavorable event or outcome (won’t get yo ass beat if you do it)

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29
Q

Positive Punishment

A

weakens a response by presenting an aversive stimulus

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30
Q

Negative Punishment

A

weakens a response by removing a desirable stimulus following the response (loss of privileges)

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31
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

tendency to revert to instinctive, species-typical behaviors that interfered with a conditioned response

32
Q

Sign-tracking

A

an instinctive response to a certain stimuli that has not been reinforced by reward or punishment

33
Q

Mirror Neuron

A

a type of neuron that fires both when an animal performs a specific behavior and observes another perform that same behavior

34
Q

Theory of Mind

A

one’s ability to infer another person’s mental state and thus to explain and predict their behavior

35
Q

Empathy

A

capacity to share or recognize another person’s beliefs, desires, and emotions

36
Q

Iconic Memory

A

temporarily stores sensory inputs like color, shape, or size, that are visually perceived

37
Q

Echoic Memory

A

acoustic encoding of words, melodies, and noises is temporarily stored

38
Q

Haptic Memory

A

tactile encoding of vibrations, texture, and pressure is temporarily stored

39
Q

Shallow Processing

A

encodes on a rudimentary level based on sensory features

40
Q

Deep Processing

A

encodes semantically based on meaning and relationships

41
Q

Sensory Memory

A

earliest stage of memory that records sensory information

42
Q

Short-term Memory (STM)

A

stores info temporarily, on the order of seconds and minutes, before it’s lost (active memory store)

43
Q

Working Memory

A

STM’s underlying support system that processes, manipulates, and stores current info

44
Q

Phonological Loop

A

subsystem dedicated to temporary storage of auditory info

45
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

subsystem dedicated to temporary storage of visual info

46
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

serves to integrate representations from the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad in an ordered, timely, and coherent sequence

47
Q

Central Executive

A

responsible for controlling and coordinating the activities of the other three memory systems, ensuring that attention and resources are allocated properly

48
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

the target piece of info is continuously repeated

49
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

meaning of the target piece of info is considered and further associated with previously stored info

50
Q

Long-term Memory (LTM)

A

stores a relatively limitless amount of info for a relatively indefinite amount of time

51
Q

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

A

increasing strength of a synapse due to the repeated firing of its neurons

52
Q

Labile

A

is when a memory becomes readily open to change

53
Q

Context-dependent Memory

A

retrieval of memories is highly influenced by retrieval cues, returning to the thought’s original context can help jolt your memory

54
Q

State-dependent Memory

A

the idea that things learned while drunk will be better recalled while drunk than sober

55
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

tendency to remember the first and last items in a list best

56
Q

Primacy Effect

A

ability to recall the first few words of a list

57
Q

Recency Effect

A

ability to recall the last few words of a list

58
Q

Decay Theory

A

attributes loss of memory entirely to time

59
Q

Interference Theory

A

suggests forgetting occurs due to memory disruptions from both previously learned info and newly presented info

60
Q

Proactive Interference

A

old memories disrupt the retrieval of newer memories

61
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

new memories disrupt the retrieval of older memories

62
Q

Cue-dependent Forgetting (Context-dependent Forgetting)

A

the idea that the target info is present in long-term memory, but is currently and temporarily inaccessible

63
Q

Motivated Forgetting (Repression)

A

a defense mechanism the mind employs to forget unpleasant memories

64
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

have an inability to form new long-term memories, but can still recall childhood memories

65
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve old memories formed prioer to a particular date

66
Q

Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory)

A

info you know and can tell, there are two types: episodic and semantic

67
Q

Episodic Memory

A

specific events or experiences

68
Q

Semantic Memory

A

general knowledge and facts

69
Q

Implicit Memory (Nondeclarative Memory)

A

info that you know and can show

70
Q

Procedural Memory

A

allows us to perform daily tasks, especially motor skills, without thought

71
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

a clear, vivid account of an emotionally significant experience

72
Q

Priming

A

enhanced identification of objects or words

73
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

the idea that misleading info presented after an event can alter one’s memory of the actual event

74
Q

Source Monitoring

A

system in the brain responsible for sifting through the different features of a memory to determine its context

75
Q

Source Amnesia

A

inability to remember the source of previously learned info (deja vu)

76
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

general atrophy of the brain from amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

77
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

brain disease from a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, most often associated with alcohol abuse, anterograde and retrograde amnesia and even confabulation may occur

Berkeley MCAT Psychology (7 decks)

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