Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years

Question 1

the process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere than the other

Answer 1

Lateralization

Question 2

Controlling, punitive, rigid and cold and whose word is law; they value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement; low communication.

Answer 2

Authoritarian

Question 3

Lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children; high nurturance and communication but rare punishment, guidance, control.

Answer 3

Permissive

Question 4

Firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but try to reason with their children, explaining why they should behave in a particular way; listens to the child and are flexible

Answer 4

Authoritative

Question 5

The 3 Parenting styles

Answer 5

Authoritarian
Permissive
Authoritative

Question 6

The emotion and memory system (Limbic), comprising the hippocampus and amygdale, can be permanently altered as a result of childhood abuse.

What can cause this?

Answer 6

Spanking

Question 7

• Delayed development: Slow growth
• Immature communication
• Lack of curiosity
• Unusual social interaction, feel incompetent
• Will affect the lifespane

Answer 7

Symptoms of Child Maltreatment and the Brain.

Question 8

“memory” of particular events from one’s own life, achieves little accuracy until after three years of age. Accuracy then increases gradually and slowly throughout the preschool years.

abm

Answer 8

Autobiographical memory

Question 9

Preschoolers’ memories of familiar events are often organized in terms of ________, broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur.

Answer 9

scripts

Question 10

• Baby fat => Sturdier bones and muscle: age 5 the BMI is at lowest.
• Each year from the age 2-6, well-nourished children add 3 inches in height and gain about 4 1/2.
• Growth rate preschool period is slower than during.

Answer 10

Growth Patterns

Question 11

Speed of Thought

• Better thinking and coordination

Answer 11

Myelination

Question 12

• Planning + analyzing
• Focus attention, impulse control
• language comprehension
• working memory

Answer 12

PFC Maturation

Question 13

Prefrontal Cortex Maturation:

• Stick to 1 thought or action
• Routine + Preferences

Answer 13

Perseveration

Question 14

Prefrontal Cortex Maturation:

*___________ is good for growth, prolonged = impairs. (Meeting new friends, starting kindergarden)

Answer 14

Moderate stress

Question 15

Prefrontal Cortex Maturation:

___________ is very important for brain development.

Kids love doing this all the time, think muppet babies

Answer 15

Pretend Play

Question 16

according to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.

Answer 16

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Question 17

the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.

think of support beams

Answer 17

Scaffolding

Question 18

the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others

Answer 18

Pragmatics

Question 19

speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

Answer 19

private speech

Question 20

a process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter.

Answer 20

fast mapping

Question 21

the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences and doubles each month.

Answer 21

syntax

Question 22

speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person

think coding in social situations

Answer 22

social speech

Question 23

1st Erikson’s Stage:

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 23

(Newborn - 1 year)

Question 24

2nd Erikson’s Stage:

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 24

Toddlerhood

1 to 2 years

Question 25

3rd Erikson’s Stage:

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 25

Preschooler

3 to 5 years

Question 26

4th Erikson’s Stage:

Competence vs. inferiority

Answer 26

Elementary School

6 years to puberty

Question 27

education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child

daep

Answer 27

developmentally appropriate educational practice

Question 28

ZPD stands for?

Answer 28

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 29

In the preschool years, children rapidly increase in linguistic ability, developing an improved sense of grammar and shifting gradually from ______ to _____ ______.

Answer 29

private to social speech

Question 30

_______ can affect children’s language development by limiting the opportunities for parents and other caregivers to interact linguistically with children.

think white privileged

Answer 30

Poverty

Question 31

Language Development: Preschool Years

Age ______. various combinations (______) of words and phrases reach 1000+ to form meaningful sentences

Answer 31

Age 3 , (Syntax)

Question 32

Language Development: Preschool Years

Age __ : Average vocabulary around 14,000 words

Answer 32

Age 6

Question 33

the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects

(what you see is what you think)

Answer 33

centration

Question 34

thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others

(the inability to take others’ perspective)

Answer 34

egocentric thought

Question 35

thinking that reflects preschoolers’ use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world

the “why” of EVERYTHNG

“thought”

Answer 35

intuitive thought