Chapter 12 Social and Personality

Question 1

Although adolescents in the ___________ category have explored various alternatives to some degree, they have not yet committed themselves.

• they show relatively high anxiety and experience psychological conflict, they are often lively and appealing, seeking intimacy with others.*
• Adolescents of this status typically settle on an identity but only after something of a struggle.*

Answer 1

moratorium

Question 2

Adolescents in ________ _______ neither explore nor commit to considering various alternatives. They tend to be flighty, shifting from one thing to the next.

While they may seem carefree, their lack of commitment impairs their ability to form close relationships. In fact, they are often socially withdrawn.

Answer 2

Identity diffusion

Question 3

Teenagers within _______ ___________ status have successfully explored and thought through who they are and what they want to do.

Following a period of crisis during which they considered various alternatives, these adolescents have committed to a particular identity. Teens who have reached this “identity” status tend to be the most psychologically healthy, higher in “achievement” motivation and moral reasoning than adolescents of any other status.

Answer 3

Identity achievement

Question 4

These are adolescents who have committed to an identity but who did not do it by passing through a period of crisis in which they explored alternatives. Instead, they accepted others’ decisions about what was best for them.

Typical adolescents in this category are a son who enters the family business because it is expected of him and a daughter who decides to become a physician because her mother is one.

Answer 4

Identity foreclosure

Question 5

1. Erikson’s __________ stage focuses on the adolescent’s “struggle” to determine an “identity” and a role in society. Those who are successful in forming an identity prepare themselves for future development.

_____ vs ______

Answer 5

identity vs ID confusion

Question 6

1. Marcia’s four categories of adolescent identity—, _______, _______, ________, and _________ —are based on the presence of absence or crisis and commitment. The most psychologically healthy adolescents are in the identity achievement category.
   * afmd*

Answer 6

achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, diffusion

Question 7

Increased _______ ________ allow adolescents to think more abstractly about religious and spiritual matters. As they question their religious identity, they may draw a distinction between organized religion and a personal sense of spirituality.

ca

Answer 7

cognitive abilities

Question 8

Adolescents increasingly seek _________, independence and a sense of control over their lives. Most parents intellectually realize that this shift is a normal part of adolescence, representing one of the primary developmental tasks of the period, and in many ways they welcome it as a sign of their children’s growth.

Answer 8

autonomy

Question 9

groups of people with whom ne compares oneself.

Answer 9

reference groups

Question 10

children who are liked by some peers and disliked by others

Answer 10

controversial adolescents

Question 11

children who are actively disliked and whose peers may react to them in an obviously negative manner

Answer 11

rejected adolescents

Question 12

children who receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interactions

Answer 12

neglected adolescents

Question 13

adolescent delinquents who are raised with little discipline or with harsh, uncaring parental supervision .

Answer 13

undersocialized delinquents

Question 14

adolescent delinquents who know and subscribe to the norms of society and who are fairly normal psychologically.

Answer 14

socialized delinquents