CHAPTER 7 PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY

Question 1

The act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person’s
subjective world without losing one’s own identity.

Answer 1

Accurate empathic understanding

Question 2

A growth force within us; a directional process of striving toward selfregulation, self-determination, realization, fulfi
llment, perfection, and inner freedom; the basison which people can be trusted to identify and
resolve their own problems in a therapeutic relationship.

Answer 2

Actualizing tendency

Question 3

The state in which self-experiences
are accurately symbolized in the self-concept.
As applied to the therapist, congruence is
matching one’s inner experiencing with external
expressions; congruence is a quality of realness
or genuineness of the therapist.

Answer 3

Congruence

Question 4

Rooted in a personcentered
philosophy, EFT is integrative in that it
synthesizes aspects of Gestalt therapy and existential
therapy. Strategies used in EFT are aimed
at strengthening the self, regulating affect, and
creating new meaning.

Answer 4

Emotion-focused therapy

Question 5

A deep and subjective understanding

of the client with the client.

Answer 5

Empathy

Question 6

An approach that
makes use of various arts—such as movement,
drawing, painting, sculpting, music, and improvisation—
in a supportive setting for the purpose
of growth and healing.

Answer 6

Expressive arts therapy

Question 7

We are able to strive toward
self-actualization only after these four
basic needs are met: physiological, safety, love,
and esteem.

Answer 7

Hierarchy of needs

Question 8

Addressing what is going on

between the client and therapist right now.

Answer 8

Immediacy

Question 9

) A humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, directive
counseling approach that was developed by
William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the
early 1980s.

Answer 9

Motivational Interviewing (MI

Question 10

A movement that has
come into prominence, which shares many concepts
on the healthy side of human existence
with the humanistic approach.

Answer 10

Positive psychology

Question 11

The central theme of the
work of Abraham Maslow. His theory of selfactualization
is postulated on a hierarchy of needs
as a source of motivation.

Answer 11

Self-actualization

Question 12

People are assumed to progress
through a series of five identifiable stages
of motivation and readiness to change in the
counseling process. They include the precontemplation
stage, the contemplation stage, the
preparation stage, the action stage, and the
maintenance stage.

Answer 12

Stages of change

Question 13

It is essential that therapists
function within the spirit of MI, rather than simply
applying the strategies of the approach. The
attitudes and skills in MI are based on a personcentered
philosophy.

Answer 13

The MI spirit

Question 14

The necessary
and suffi cient characteristics of the therapeutic
relationship for client change to occur. These
core conditions include therapist congruence
(or genuineness), unconditional positive regard
(acceptance and respect), and accurate empathic
understanding.

Answer 14

Therapeutic core conditions

Question 15

An alternative to
psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches;
under this heading are the experiential and relationship-
oriented therapies (existential therapy,
person-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy).

Answer 15

“Third force” in therapy

Question 16

The nonjudgmental
expression of fundamental respect for
the person as a human; acceptance of a person’s
right to his or her feelings.

Answer 16

Unconditional positive regard

Question 17

1. Person-centered therapy is best described
   as a completed and fixed
   “school,” or model, of therapy.

Answer 17

f

Question 18

T F 2. Diagnosis of clients is seen as an important

beginning point for therapy.

Answer 18

f

Question 19

T F 3. A major contribution of this approach
has been the willingness of
Rogers to state his formulations
as testable hypotheses and submit
them to research.

Answer 19

t

Question 20

T F 4. The person-centered approach to
group counseling is based on the assumption
that the group members
have the resourcefulness for positive
movement without the facilitator
of the group assuming an active
and directive role.

Answer 20

t

Question 21

T F 5. Directive procedures are called
for when clients feel that they are
“stuck” in therapy.

Answer 21

f

Question 22

6. Natalie Rogers expanded on her father’s
   theory of creativity using the
   expressive arts to enhance personal
   growth for individuals and groups.

Answer 22

t

Question 23

T F 7. Motivational interviewing rests on
the therapeutic core conditions;
however, it offers a range of strategies
that enable clients to develop
action plans leading to change.

Answer 23

t

Question 24

T F 8. A limitation of this approach is that

it is a long-term process.

Answer 24

f

Question 25

T F 9. Methods of Natalie Rogers’s expressive
arts therapy are based on psychoanalytic
concepts.

Answer 25

f

Question 26

T F 10. Motivational interviewing is deliberately
directive and is aimed at reducing
client ambivalence about change
and increasing intrinsic motivation.

Answer 26

t

Question 27

11. In person-centered group counseling,
the role of the counselor is best
described as a
a. coach.
b. teacher.
c. skilled group technician.
d. director.
e. facilitator.

Answer 27

e

Question 28

12. Person-centered therapy is a form of
    a. psychoanalysis.
    b. humanistic therapy.
    c. behavioral therapy.
    d. cognitive-oriented therapy.
    e. both (c) and (d).

Answer 28

b

Question 29

13. Which of the following is considered
important in person-centered
therapy?
a. accurate diagnosis
b. accurate therapist interpretation
c. therapeutic experiments
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

Answer 29

e

Question 30

14. Congruence refers to the therapist’s
    a. genuineness.
    b. empathy for clients.
    c. positive regard.
    d. respect for clients.
    e. judgmental attitude.

Answer 30

a

Question 31

15. In person-centered therapy, transference
is
a. a necessary, but not suffi cient,
condition of therapy.
b. a core part of the therapeutic
process.
c. a neurotic distortion.
d. a result of ineptness on the therapist’s
part.
e. not an essential or signifi cant
factor in the therapy process.

Answer 31

e

Question 32

16. Emotion-focused therapy
    a. is rooted in a person-centered
    philosophy.
    b. incorporates aspects of Gestalt
    therapy into the process.
    c. incorporates aspects of existential
    therapy into the process.
    d. both a and b.
    e. all of the above.

Answer 32

e

Question 33

17. Accurate empathic understanding
refers to the therapist’s ability to
a. accurately diagnose the client’s
central problem.
b. objectively understand the dynamics
of a client.
c. like and care for the client.
d. sense the inner world of the
client’s subjective experience.

Answer 33

d

Question 34

18. Which technique(s) is (are) most
often used in the person-centered
approach?
a. questioning and probing
b. analysis of resistance
c. free association
d. active listening and refl ection
e. interpretation

Answer 34

d

Question 35

19. Which statement is most true of
person-centered theory?
a. Therapists should be judgmental
at times.
b. Therapists should direct the
session when clients are silent
c. The skill a therapist possesses is
more important than his or her
attitude toward a client.
d. The techniques a therapist uses
are less important than are his
or her attitudes.

Answer 35

d

Question 36

20. In what stage of change do individuals
intend to take action immediately
and report some small
behavioral changes?
a. precontemplation
b. contemplation
c. preparation
d. action
e. maintenance

Answer 36

c

Question 37

21. One strength of the person-centered
approach is that
a. it offers a wide range of cognitive
techniques to change behavior.
b. it teaches clients ways to explore
the meaning of dreams.
c. it emphasizes reliving one’s early
childhood memories.
d. therapists have the latitude to
develop their own counseling
style.
e. clients are given a concrete plan
to follow.

Answer 37

d

Question 38

22. A limitation of the person-centered
approach is a
a. lack of research conducted on
key concepts.
b. tendency for practitioners to
give support without challenging
clients suffi ciently.
c. lack of attention to the therapeutic
relationship.
d. failure to allow clients to choose
for themselves.

Answer 38

b

Question 39

23. Rogers made a contribution to
    a. developing the humanistic movement
    in psychotherapy.
    b. pioneering research in the process
    and outcomes of therapy.
    c. fostering world peace.
    d. pioneering the encounter-group
    movement.
    e. all of the above.

Answer 39

e

Question 40

24. As a result of experiencing personcentered
therapy, it is hypothesized
that the client will move toward
a. self-trust.
b. an internal source of evaluation.
c. being more open to experience.
d. a willingness to continue growing.
e. all of the above.

Answer 40

e

Question 41

25. Unconditional positive regard refers
to
a. feeling a sense of liking for clients.
b. accepting clients as worthy persons.
c. approving of clients’ behavior.
d. agreeing with clients’ values.
e. accepting clients if they meet the
therapist’s expectations.

Answer 41

b

Question 42

A movement, often
referred to as the “third force,” that emphasizes
freedom, choice, values, growth, self-actualization,
becoming, spontaneity, creativity, play,
humor, peak experiences, and psychological
health.

Answer 42

Humanistic psychology