CHAPTER 7 PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY Flashcards
The act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person’s
subjective world without losing one’s own identity.
Accurate empathic understanding
A growth force within us; a directional process of striving toward selfregulation, self-determination, realization, fulfi
llment, perfection, and inner freedom; the basison which people can be trusted to identify and
resolve their own problems in a therapeutic relationship.
Actualizing tendency
The state in which self-experiences
are accurately symbolized in the self-concept.
As applied to the therapist, congruence is
matching one’s inner experiencing with external
expressions; congruence is a quality of realness
or genuineness of the therapist.
Congruence
Rooted in a personcentered
philosophy, EFT is integrative in that it
synthesizes aspects of Gestalt therapy and existential
therapy. Strategies used in EFT are aimed
at strengthening the self, regulating affect, and
creating new meaning.
Emotion-focused therapy
A deep and subjective understanding
of the client with the client.
Empathy
An approach that
makes use of various arts—such as movement,
drawing, painting, sculpting, music, and improvisation—
in a supportive setting for the purpose
of growth and healing.
Expressive arts therapy
We are able to strive toward
self-actualization only after these four
basic needs are met: physiological, safety, love,
and esteem.
Hierarchy of needs
Addressing what is going on
between the client and therapist right now.
Immediacy
) A humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, directive
counseling approach that was developed by
William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the
early 1980s.
Motivational Interviewing (MI
A movement that has
come into prominence, which shares many concepts
on the healthy side of human existence
with the humanistic approach.
Positive psychology
The central theme of the
work of Abraham Maslow. His theory of selfactualization
is postulated on a hierarchy of needs
as a source of motivation.
Self-actualization
People are assumed to progress
through a series of five identifiable stages
of motivation and readiness to change in the
counseling process. They include the precontemplation
stage, the contemplation stage, the
preparation stage, the action stage, and the
maintenance stage.
Stages of change
It is essential that therapists
function within the spirit of MI, rather than simply
applying the strategies of the approach. The
attitudes and skills in MI are based on a personcentered
philosophy.
The MI spirit
The necessary
and suffi cient characteristics of the therapeutic
relationship for client change to occur. These
core conditions include therapist congruence
(or genuineness), unconditional positive regard
(acceptance and respect), and accurate empathic
understanding.
Therapeutic core conditions
An alternative to
psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches;
under this heading are the experiential and relationship-
oriented therapies (existential therapy,
person-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy).
“Third force” in therapy
The nonjudgmental
expression of fundamental respect for
the person as a human; acceptance of a person’s
right to his or her feelings.
Unconditional positive regard
- Person-centered therapy is best described
as a completed and fixed
“school,” or model, of therapy.
f
T F 2. Diagnosis of clients is seen as an important
beginning point for therapy.
f
T F 3. A major contribution of this approach has been the willingness of Rogers to state his formulations as testable hypotheses and submit them to research.
t
T F 4. The person-centered approach to group counseling is based on the assumption that the group members have the resourcefulness for positive movement without the facilitator of the group assuming an active and directive role.
t
T F 5. Directive procedures are called
for when clients feel that they are
“stuck” in therapy.
f
- Natalie Rogers expanded on her father’s
theory of creativity using the
expressive arts to enhance personal
growth for individuals and groups.
t
T F 7. Motivational interviewing rests on the therapeutic core conditions; however, it offers a range of strategies that enable clients to develop action plans leading to change.
t
T F 8. A limitation of this approach is that
it is a long-term process.
f
T F 9. Methods of Natalie Rogers’s expressive
arts therapy are based on psychoanalytic
concepts.
f
T F 10. Motivational interviewing is deliberately
directive and is aimed at reducing
client ambivalence about change
and increasing intrinsic motivation.
t
11. In person-centered group counseling, the role of the counselor is best described as a a. coach. b. teacher. c. skilled group technician. d. director. e. facilitator.
e
- Person-centered therapy is a form of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. humanistic therapy.
c. behavioral therapy.
d. cognitive-oriented therapy.
e. both (c) and (d).
b
13. Which of the following is considered important in person-centered therapy? a. accurate diagnosis b. accurate therapist interpretation c. therapeutic experiments d. all of the above e. none of the above
e
- Congruence refers to the therapist’s
a. genuineness.
b. empathy for clients.
c. positive regard.
d. respect for clients.
e. judgmental attitude.
a
15. In person-centered therapy, transference is a. a necessary, but not suffi cient, condition of therapy. b. a core part of the therapeutic process. c. a neurotic distortion. d. a result of ineptness on the therapist’s part. e. not an essential or signifi cant factor in the therapy process.
e
- Emotion-focused therapy
a. is rooted in a person-centered
philosophy.
b. incorporates aspects of Gestalt
therapy into the process.
c. incorporates aspects of existential
therapy into the process.
d. both a and b.
e. all of the above.
e
17. Accurate empathic understanding refers to the therapist’s ability to a. accurately diagnose the client’s central problem. b. objectively understand the dynamics of a client. c. like and care for the client. d. sense the inner world of the client’s subjective experience.
d
18. Which technique(s) is (are) most often used in the person-centered approach? a. questioning and probing b. analysis of resistance c. free association d. active listening and refl ection e. interpretation
d
19. Which statement is most true of person-centered theory? a. Therapists should be judgmental at times. b. Therapists should direct the session when clients are silent c. The skill a therapist possesses is more important than his or her attitude toward a client. d. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than are his or her attitudes.
d
20. In what stage of change do individuals intend to take action immediately and report some small behavioral changes? a. precontemplation b. contemplation c. preparation d. action e. maintenance
c
21. One strength of the person-centered approach is that a. it offers a wide range of cognitive techniques to change behavior. b. it teaches clients ways to explore the meaning of dreams. c. it emphasizes reliving one’s early childhood memories. d. therapists have the latitude to develop their own counseling style. e. clients are given a concrete plan to follow.
d
22. A limitation of the person-centered approach is a a. lack of research conducted on key concepts. b. tendency for practitioners to give support without challenging clients suffi ciently. c. lack of attention to the therapeutic relationship. d. failure to allow clients to choose for themselves.
b
- Rogers made a contribution to
a. developing the humanistic movement
in psychotherapy.
b. pioneering research in the process
and outcomes of therapy.
c. fostering world peace.
d. pioneering the encounter-group
movement.
e. all of the above.
e
24. As a result of experiencing personcentered therapy, it is hypothesized that the client will move toward a. self-trust. b. an internal source of evaluation. c. being more open to experience. d. a willingness to continue growing. e. all of the above.
e
25. Unconditional positive regard refers to a. feeling a sense of liking for clients. b. accepting clients as worthy persons. c. approving of clients’ behavior. d. agreeing with clients’ values. e. accepting clients if they meet the therapist’s expectations.
b
A movement, often
referred to as the “third force,” that emphasizes
freedom, choice, values, growth, self-actualization,
becoming, spontaneity, creativity, play,
humor, peak experiences, and psychological
health.
Humanistic psychology
