Chapter 1 0 Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Question 1

Temporal sequence
of antecedents, behavior, and consequences.
The theory that people’s problems do
not stem from activating events but, rather, from
their beliefs about such events. Thus, the best
route to changing problematic emotions is to
change one’s beliefs about situations.

Answer 1

A-B-C model of personality

Question 2

A form of cognitive distortion
that refers to making conclusions without
supporting and relevant evidence.

Answer 2

Arbitrary inferences

Question 3

Maladaptive thoughts
that appear to arise reflexively, without conscious
deliberation.

Answer 3

Automatic thoughts

Question 4

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing

the client’s self-verbalizations.

Answer 4

Cognitive behavior modification (CBM)

Question 5

A treatment
approach that aims at changing cognitions
that are leading to psychological problems.

Answer 5

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Question 6

In cognitive therapy, the
client’s misconceptions and faulty assumptions.
Examples include arbitrary inference, selective
abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification
and minimizations, labeling and mislabeling, dichotomous
thinking, and personalization.

Answer 6

Cognitive distortions

Question 7

A process of actively
altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing
them with constructive and adaptive
thoughts and beliefs.

Answer 7

Cognitive restructuring

Question 8

The organizing aspect of
thinking, which monitors and directs the choice
of thoughts; implies an “executive processor,”
one that determines when to continue, interrupt,
or change thinking patterns.

Answer 8

Cognitive structure

Question 9

An approach and set
of procedures that attempts to change feelings
and behavior by modifying faulty thinking and
believing.

Answer 9

Cognitive therapy (CT)

Question 10

A pattern that triggers depression.

Answer 10

Cognitive triad

Question 11

A strategy of viewing
the client as a scientist who is able to make objective
interpretations. The process in which therapist
and client work together to phrase the client’s
faulty beliefs as hypotheses and design homework
so that the client can test these hypotheses.

Answer 11

Collaborative empiricism

Question 12

A recent development
in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the
subjective framework and interpretations of the
client rather than looking to the objective bases
of faulty beliefs.

Answer 12

Constructivist approach

Question 13

An approach
that focuses on the stories that people tell
about them themselves and others regarding signifi
cant events in their lives.

Answer 13

Constructivist narrative perspective

Question 14

A behavioral procedure
for helping clients deal effectively with
stressful situations by learning to modify their
thinking patterns.

Answer 14

Coping skills program

Question 15

A cognitive error that
involves categorizing experiences in either-or
extremes.

Answer 15

Dichotomous thinking

Question 16

Erroneous thinking that
disrupts one’s life; can be contradicted by the client’s
objective appraisal of the situation.

Answer 16

Distortion of reality

Question 17

Carefully designed and agreed
upon assignments aimed at getting clients to
carry out positive actions that induce emotional
and attitudinal change. These assignments are
checked in later sessions, and clients learn effective
ways to dispute self-defeating thinking.

Answer 17

Homework

Question 18

The sentences that people
tell themselves and the debate that often goes on
“inside their head”; a form of self-talk, or inner
speech.

Answer 18

Internal dialogue

Question 19

An unreasonable conviction

that leads to emotional and behavioral problems.

Answer 19

Irrational belief

Question 20

A term coined by Ellis to refer
to behavior that is absolutist and rigid. We tell
ourselves that we must, should, or ought to do or
be something.

Answer 20

Musturbation

Question 21

A process of holding extreme
beliefs on the basis of a single incident
and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar
events or settings.

Answer 21

Overgeneralization

Question 22

A tendency for people to relate
external events to themselves, even when
there is no basis for making this connection.

Answer 22

Personalization

Question 23

A theory that is based on the assumption that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact signifi cantly
and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship.

Answer 23

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT

Question 24

A form of intense
mental practice for learning new emotional
and physical habits. Clients imagine themselves
thinking, feeling, and behaving in exactly the
way they would like to in everyday situations.

Answer 24

Rational emotive imagery

Question 25

The quality of thinking, feeling,
and acting in ways that will help us attain our
goals. Irrationality consists of thinking, feeling,
and acting in ways that are self-defeating and
that thwart our goals.

Answer 25

Rationality

Question 26

Procedure for promoting
long-term maintenance that involves identifying
situations in which clients are likely to regress to
old patterns and to develop coping skills in such
situations.

Answer 26

Relapse prevention

Question 27

Core beliefs that are centrally related
to dysfunctional behaviors. The process of cognitive
therapy involves restructuring distorted core
beliefs .

Answer 27

Schema

Question 28

A cognitive distortion
that involves forming conclusions based on an
isolated detail of an event.

Answer 28

Selective abstraction

Question 29

An approach to therapy
based on the assumption that what people
say to themselves directly infl uences the things
they do. Training consists of learning new selftalk
aimed at coping with problems.

Answer 29

Self-instructional therapy

Question 30

What people “say” to themselves
when they are thinking. The internal dialogue
that goes on within an individual in stressful
situations.

Answer 30

Self-talk

Question 31

A strategy used
in REBT therapy that encourages people to do
things despite a fear of feeling foolish or embarrassed.
The aim of the exercise is to teach people
that they can function effectively even if they
might be perceived as doing foolish acts.

Answer 31

Shame-attacking exercises

Question 32

A process that cognitive
therapists use in helping clients empirically
test their core beliefs. Clients form hypotheses
about their behavior through observation and
monitoring.

Answer 32

Socratic dialogue

Question 33

Individuals are given opportunities
to deal with relatively mild stress
stimuli in successful ways, so that they gradually
develop a tolerance for stronger stimuli.

Answer 33

Stress inoculation

Question 34

A form of
cognitive behavior modification developed by
Donald Meichenbaum that is a combination of
information giving, Socratic discussion, cognitive
restructuring, problem solving, relaxation
training, behavioral rehearsals, self-monitoring,
self-instruction, self-reinforcement, and modifying
environmental situations.

Answer 34

Stress inoculation training (SIT)

Question 35

A process whereby
the therapist strives to engage the client’s active
participation in all phases of therapy.

Answer 35

Therapeutic collaboration

Question 36

T F 1. REBT makes use of both cognitive
and behavioral techniques, but it
does not use emotive techniques.

Answer 36

f

Question 37

T F 2. REBT stresses the importance of
the therapist demonstrating unconditional
positive regard for the
client.

Answer 37

t

Question 38

T F 3. Cognitive therapy for depression

was developed by Meichenbaum.

Answer 38

f

Question 39

T F 4. A major contribution made by Ellis,
the Becks, and Meichenbaum is
the demystification of the therapy
process.

Answer 39

t

Question 40

T F 5. Ellis shares Rogers’s view of the client–
therapist relationship as a condition
for change to occur within
clients.

Answer 40

f

Question 41

T F 6. Beck developed a procedure known

as stress-inoculation training.

Answer 41

f

Question 42

T F 7. To feel worthwhile, human beings
need love and acceptance from signifi
cant others.

Answer 42

f

Question 43

T F 8. Ellis maintains that events themselves
do not cause emotional
disturbances; rather, it is our evaluation
of and beliefs about these
events that cause our problems.

Answer 43

t

Question 44

T F 9. A difference between Beck’s cognitive
therapy and Ellis’s REBT is
that Beck places more emphasis on
helping clients discover their misconceptions
for themselves than
does Ellis.

Answer 44

t

Question 45

T F 10. According to Beck, people become
disturbed when they label and evaluate
themselves by a set of rules
that are unrealistic.

Answer 45

t

Question 46

11. Which of the following is not a part
of stress inoculation training?
a. Socratic discovery-oriented
inquiry
b. relaxation training
c. behavioral rehearsals
d. self-reinforcement
e. exception questions

Answer 46

e

Question 47

12. REBT is based on the philosophical
assumption that human beings are
a. innately striving for selfactualization.
b. determined by strong unconscious
sexual and aggressive forces.
c. potentially able to think rationally
but have a tendency toward
irrational thinking.
d. trying to develop a lifestyle to
overcome feelings of basic
inferiority.
e. determined strictly by environmental
conditioning.

Answer 47

c

Question 48

13. REBT stresses that human beings
    a. think, emote, and behave simultaneously.
    b. think without emoting.
    c. emote without thinking.
    d. behave without emoting or
    thinking.

Answer 48

a

Question 49

14. REBT views neurosis as the result of
    a. inadequate mothering during
    infancy.
    b. failure to fulfi ll our existential
    needs.
    c. excessive feelings.
    d. irrational thinking and behaving.

Answer 49

d

Question 50

15. In cognitive behavioral group therapy
    a. there is some research that
    shows that this approach is effective
    for treating a wide range
    of emotional and behavioral
    problems.
    b. the group leader assumes a
    blank screen demeanor so as to
    enhance transference feelings of
    the members.
    c. the assumption is that a therapeutic
    atmosphere is both necessary
    and suffi cient for change to occur.
    d. the group leader believes that
    using techniques interferes with
    the group process.
    e. the emphasis is on having members
    identify and express feelings.

Answer 50

a

Question 51

16. REBT contends that people
    a. have a need to be loved and
    accepted by everyone.
    b. need to be accepted by most
    people.
    c. will become emotionally sick if
    they are rejected.
    d. do not need to be accepted and
    loved.
    e. need to be accepted and will become
    sick if they are rejected.

Answer 51

d

Question 52

17. According to REBT, we develop
emotional disturbances because of
a. a traumatic event.
b. our beliefs about certain events.
c. abandonment by those we depend
on for support.
d. withdrawal of love and acceptance.

Answer 52

b

Question 53

18. Meichenbaum’s focuses on
helping clients become aware of
their self-talk and the stories they
tell about themselves.
a. self-instructional training
b. narrative therapy
c. self-awareness conditioning
d. self-talk analysis
e. cognitive behavioral training

Answer 53

a

Question 54

19. In cognitive therapy the assumption
is that psychological problems stem
from processes such as
a. faulty thinking.
b. making incorrect inferences on
the basis of inadequate or incorrect
information.
c. failing to distinguish between
fantasy and reality.
d. negative automatic thoughts.
e. all of the above.

Answer 54

e

Question 55

20. Cognitive therapy is based on the
assumption that
a. our feelings determine our
thoughts.
b. our feelings determine our actions.
c. cognitions are the major determinants
of how we feel and act.
d. the best way to change thinking
is to reexperience past emotional
traumas in the here and now.
e. insight is essential for any type
of change to occur.

Answer 55

c

Question 56

21. In cognitive therapy techniques are
designed to
a. assist clients in substituting
rational beliefs for irrational
beliefs.
b. help clients experience their feelings
more intensely
c. identify and test clients’ misconceptions
and faulty assumptions.
d. enable clients to deal with their
existential loneliness.
e. teach clients how to think only
positive thoughts.

Answer 56

c

Question 57

22. The type of cognitive error that involves
thinking and interpreting in
all-or-nothing terms or categorizing
experiences in either-or extremes is
known as
a. magnifi cation and exaggeration.
b. polarized thinking.
c. arbitrary inference.
d. overgeneralization.
e. none of the above.

Answer 57

b

Question 58

23. Beck’s cognitive therapy differs from
Ellis’s REBT in that Beck emphasizes
a. a Socratic dialogue.
b. helping clients discover their
misconceptions by themselves.
c. working with the client in collaborative
ways.
d. more structure in the therapeutic
process.
e. all of the above.

Answer 58

e

Question 59

24. Beck’s cognitive therapy has been
most widely applied to the treatment
of
a. stress symptoms.
b. psychosomatic reactions.
c. phobias.
d. depression.
e. cardiovascular disorders.

Answer 59

d

Question 60

25. In self-instructional training, which
of the following is given primary
importance?
a. detecting and debating irrational
thoughts
b. the role of inner speech
c. learning the A-B-C model of
emotional disturbances
d. identifying cognitive errors
e. exploring feelings that are attached
to early decisions

Answer 60

b