Chapter 1 0 Cognitive Behavior Therapy Flashcards
Temporal sequence
of antecedents, behavior, and consequences.
The theory that people’s problems do
not stem from activating events but, rather, from
their beliefs about such events. Thus, the best
route to changing problematic emotions is to
change one’s beliefs about situations.
A-B-C model of personality
A form of cognitive distortion
that refers to making conclusions without
supporting and relevant evidence.
Arbitrary inferences
Maladaptive thoughts
that appear to arise reflexively, without conscious
deliberation.
Automatic thoughts
A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing
the client’s self-verbalizations.
Cognitive behavior modification (CBM)
A treatment
approach that aims at changing cognitions
that are leading to psychological problems.
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
In cognitive therapy, the
client’s misconceptions and faulty assumptions.
Examples include arbitrary inference, selective
abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification
and minimizations, labeling and mislabeling, dichotomous
thinking, and personalization.
Cognitive distortions
A process of actively
altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing
them with constructive and adaptive
thoughts and beliefs.
Cognitive restructuring
The organizing aspect of
thinking, which monitors and directs the choice
of thoughts; implies an “executive processor,”
one that determines when to continue, interrupt,
or change thinking patterns.
Cognitive structure
An approach and set
of procedures that attempts to change feelings
and behavior by modifying faulty thinking and
believing.
Cognitive therapy (CT)
A pattern that triggers depression.
Cognitive triad
A strategy of viewing
the client as a scientist who is able to make objective
interpretations. The process in which therapist
and client work together to phrase the client’s
faulty beliefs as hypotheses and design homework
so that the client can test these hypotheses.
Collaborative empiricism
A recent development
in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the
subjective framework and interpretations of the
client rather than looking to the objective bases
of faulty beliefs.
Constructivist approach
An approach
that focuses on the stories that people tell
about them themselves and others regarding signifi
cant events in their lives.
Constructivist narrative perspective
A behavioral procedure
for helping clients deal effectively with
stressful situations by learning to modify their
thinking patterns.
Coping skills program
A cognitive error that
involves categorizing experiences in either-or
extremes.
Dichotomous thinking
Erroneous thinking that
disrupts one’s life; can be contradicted by the client’s
objective appraisal of the situation.
Distortion of reality
Carefully designed and agreed
upon assignments aimed at getting clients to
carry out positive actions that induce emotional
and attitudinal change. These assignments are
checked in later sessions, and clients learn effective
ways to dispute self-defeating thinking.
Homework
The sentences that people
tell themselves and the debate that often goes on
“inside their head”; a form of self-talk, or inner
speech.
Internal dialogue
An unreasonable conviction
that leads to emotional and behavioral problems.
Irrational belief
A term coined by Ellis to refer
to behavior that is absolutist and rigid. We tell
ourselves that we must, should, or ought to do or
be something.
Musturbation
A process of holding extreme
beliefs on the basis of a single incident
and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar
events or settings.
Overgeneralization
A tendency for people to relate
external events to themselves, even when
there is no basis for making this connection.
Personalization
A theory that is based on the assumption that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact signifi cantly
and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship.
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT
A form of intense
mental practice for learning new emotional
and physical habits. Clients imagine themselves
thinking, feeling, and behaving in exactly the
way they would like to in everyday situations.
Rational emotive imagery
The quality of thinking, feeling,
and acting in ways that will help us attain our
goals. Irrationality consists of thinking, feeling,
and acting in ways that are self-defeating and
that thwart our goals.
Rationality
Procedure for promoting
long-term maintenance that involves identifying
situations in which clients are likely to regress to
old patterns and to develop coping skills in such
situations.
Relapse prevention
Core beliefs that are centrally related
to dysfunctional behaviors. The process of cognitive
therapy involves restructuring distorted core
beliefs .
Schema
A cognitive distortion
that involves forming conclusions based on an
isolated detail of an event.
Selective abstraction
An approach to therapy
based on the assumption that what people
say to themselves directly infl uences the things
they do. Training consists of learning new selftalk
aimed at coping with problems.
Self-instructional therapy
What people “say” to themselves
when they are thinking. The internal dialogue
that goes on within an individual in stressful
situations.
Self-talk
A strategy used
in REBT therapy that encourages people to do
things despite a fear of feeling foolish or embarrassed.
The aim of the exercise is to teach people
that they can function effectively even if they
might be perceived as doing foolish acts.
Shame-attacking exercises
A process that cognitive
therapists use in helping clients empirically
test their core beliefs. Clients form hypotheses
about their behavior through observation and
monitoring.
Socratic dialogue
Individuals are given opportunities
to deal with relatively mild stress
stimuli in successful ways, so that they gradually
develop a tolerance for stronger stimuli.
Stress inoculation
A form of
cognitive behavior modification developed by
Donald Meichenbaum that is a combination of
information giving, Socratic discussion, cognitive
restructuring, problem solving, relaxation
training, behavioral rehearsals, self-monitoring,
self-instruction, self-reinforcement, and modifying
environmental situations.
Stress inoculation training (SIT)
A process whereby
the therapist strives to engage the client’s active
participation in all phases of therapy.
Therapeutic collaboration
T F 1. REBT makes use of both cognitive
and behavioral techniques, but it
does not use emotive techniques.
f
T F 2. REBT stresses the importance of
the therapist demonstrating unconditional
positive regard for the
client.
t
T F 3. Cognitive therapy for depression
was developed by Meichenbaum.
f
T F 4. A major contribution made by Ellis,
the Becks, and Meichenbaum is
the demystification of the therapy
process.
t
T F 5. Ellis shares Rogers’s view of the client–
therapist relationship as a condition
for change to occur within
clients.
f
T F 6. Beck developed a procedure known
as stress-inoculation training.
f
T F 7. To feel worthwhile, human beings
need love and acceptance from signifi
cant others.
f
T F 8. Ellis maintains that events themselves
do not cause emotional
disturbances; rather, it is our evaluation
of and beliefs about these
events that cause our problems.
t
T F 9. A difference between Beck’s cognitive
therapy and Ellis’s REBT is
that Beck places more emphasis on
helping clients discover their misconceptions
for themselves than
does Ellis.
t
T F 10. According to Beck, people become
disturbed when they label and evaluate
themselves by a set of rules
that are unrealistic.
t
11. Which of the following is not a part of stress inoculation training? a. Socratic discovery-oriented inquiry b. relaxation training c. behavioral rehearsals d. self-reinforcement e. exception questions
e
12. REBT is based on the philosophical assumption that human beings are a. innately striving for selfactualization. b. determined by strong unconscious sexual and aggressive forces. c. potentially able to think rationally but have a tendency toward irrational thinking. d. trying to develop a lifestyle to overcome feelings of basic inferiority. e. determined strictly by environmental conditioning.
c
- REBT stresses that human beings
a. think, emote, and behave simultaneously.
b. think without emoting.
c. emote without thinking.
d. behave without emoting or
thinking.
a
- REBT views neurosis as the result of
a. inadequate mothering during
infancy.
b. failure to fulfi ll our existential
needs.
c. excessive feelings.
d. irrational thinking and behaving.
d
- In cognitive behavioral group therapy
a. there is some research that
shows that this approach is effective
for treating a wide range
of emotional and behavioral
problems.
b. the group leader assumes a
blank screen demeanor so as to
enhance transference feelings of
the members.
c. the assumption is that a therapeutic
atmosphere is both necessary
and suffi cient for change to occur.
d. the group leader believes that
using techniques interferes with
the group process.
e. the emphasis is on having members
identify and express feelings.
a
- REBT contends that people
a. have a need to be loved and
accepted by everyone.
b. need to be accepted by most
people.
c. will become emotionally sick if
they are rejected.
d. do not need to be accepted and
loved.
e. need to be accepted and will become
sick if they are rejected.
d
17. According to REBT, we develop emotional disturbances because of a. a traumatic event. b. our beliefs about certain events. c. abandonment by those we depend on for support. d. withdrawal of love and acceptance.
b
18. Meichenbaum’s focuses on helping clients become aware of their self-talk and the stories they tell about themselves. a. self-instructional training b. narrative therapy c. self-awareness conditioning d. self-talk analysis e. cognitive behavioral training
a
19. In cognitive therapy the assumption is that psychological problems stem from processes such as a. faulty thinking. b. making incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect information. c. failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality. d. negative automatic thoughts. e. all of the above.
e
20. Cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that a. our feelings determine our thoughts. b. our feelings determine our actions. c. cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act. d. the best way to change thinking is to reexperience past emotional traumas in the here and now. e. insight is essential for any type of change to occur.
c
21. In cognitive therapy techniques are designed to a. assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs. b. help clients experience their feelings more intensely c. identify and test clients’ misconceptions and faulty assumptions. d. enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness. e. teach clients how to think only positive thoughts.
c
22. The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms or categorizing experiences in either-or extremes is known as a. magnifi cation and exaggeration. b. polarized thinking. c. arbitrary inference. d. overgeneralization. e. none of the above.
b
23. Beck’s cognitive therapy differs from Ellis’s REBT in that Beck emphasizes a. a Socratic dialogue. b. helping clients discover their misconceptions by themselves. c. working with the client in collaborative ways. d. more structure in the therapeutic process. e. all of the above.
e
24. Beck’s cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of a. stress symptoms. b. psychosomatic reactions. c. phobias. d. depression. e. cardiovascular disorders.
d
25. In self-instructional training, which of the following is given primary importance? a. detecting and debating irrational thoughts b. the role of inner speech c. learning the A-B-C model of emotional disturbances d. identifying cognitive errors e. exploring feelings that are attached to early decisions
b
