CHAPTER 4 PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY

Question 1

The second stage of psychosexual
development, when pleasure is derived from retaining
and expelling feces.

Answer 1

Anal stage

Question 2

An elaborate explanation
of human nature that combines ideas from
history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.

Answer 2

Analytical psychology

Question 3

The biological and psychological
aspects of masculinity and femininity,
which are thought to coexist in both sexes.

Answer 3

Animus (anima)

Question 4

A feeling of impending doom that
results from repressed feelings, memories, desires,
and experiences emerging to the surface of
awareness. From a psychoanalytic perspective,
there are three kinds of ______: reality, neurotic,
and moral _____.

Answer 4

Anxiety

Question 5

The images of universal experiences

contained in the collective unconscious

Answer 5

Archetypes

Question 6

An anonymous stance assumed
by classical psychoanalysts aimed at fostering
transference.

Answer 6

Blank screen

Question 7

A disorder
characterized by instability, irritability, selfdestructive
acts, impulsivity, and extreme mood
shifts. Such people lack a sense of their own
identity and do not have a deep understanding
of others.

Answer 7

Borderline personality disorder

Question 8

An
adaptation of the principles of psychoanalytic
theory and therapy aimed at treating selective
disorders within a preestablished time limit.

Answer 8

Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)

Question 9

The traditional
(Freudian) approach to psychoanalysis based on
a long-term exploration of past confl icts, many
of which are unconscious, and an extensive process
of working through early wounds.

Answer 9

Classical psychoanalysis

Question 10

From a Jungian perspective,
the deepest level of the psyche that contains
an accumulation of inherited experiences.

Answer 10

Collective unconscious

Question 11

An ego-defense mechanism
that consists of masking perceived weaknesses
or developing certain positive traits to make up
for limitations.

Answer 11

Compensation

Question 12

Newer formulations
of psychoanalytic theory that share some
core characteristics of classical analytic theory, but
with different applications of techniques; extensions
and adaptations of orthodox psychoanalysis.

Answer 12

Contemporary psychoanalysis

Question 13

The therapist’s unconscious
emotional responses to a client that are
likely to interfere with objectivity; unresolved
confl icts of the therapist that are projected onto
the client.

Answer 13

Countertransference

Question 14

According to Erikson, a turning point in
life when we have the potential to move forward
or to regress. At these turning points, we can
either resolve our confl icts or fail to master the
developmental task.

Answer 14

Crisis

Question 15

A Freudian concept that refers
to a tendency of individuals to harbor an unconscious
wish to die or hurt themselves or others;
accounts for the aggressive drive.

Answer 15

Death instincts

Question 16

In ______ there is an effort to suppress
unpleasant reality. It consists of coping with
anxiety by “closing our eyes” to the existence of
anxiety-producing reality.

Answer 16

Denial

Question 17

A blend
of cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques
that generally involves a minimum of one
year of treatment.

Answer 17

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

Question 18

An ego-defense mechanism that
entails redirection of some emotion from a real
source to a substitute person or object

Answer 18

Displacement

Question 19

A technique for uncovering
unconscious material and giving clients insight
into some of their unresolved problems. Therapists
participate with clients in exploring dreams
and in interpreting possible meanings.

Answer 19

Dream analysis

Question 20

The process by which the latent
content of a dream is transformed into the less
threatening manifest content.

Answer 20

Dream work

Question 21

The part of the personality that is the mediator

between external reality and inner demands.

Answer 21

Ego

Question 22

Intrapsychic processes
that operate unconsciously to protect the
person from threatening and, therefore, anxietyproducing
thoughts, feelings, and impulses.

Answer 22

Ego-defense mechanisms

Question 23

The psychosocial approach
of Erik Erikson, which emphasizes the development
of the ego or self at various stages of life.

Answer 23

Ego psychology

Question 24

The condition of being arrested, or

“stuck,” at one level of psychosexual development.

Answer 24

Fixation

Question 25

A primary technique, consisting
of spontaneous and uncensored verbalization
by the client, which gives clues to the
nature of the client’s unconscious confl icts.

Answer 25

Free association

Question 26

The fi nal stage of psychosexual
development, usually attained at adolescence, in
which heterosexual interests and activities are
generally predominant.

Answer 26

Genital stage

Question 27

A theory stating that instincts
and intrapsychic confl icts are the basic factors
shaping personality development (both normal
and abnormal).

Answer 27

Id psychology

Question 28

The part of personality, present at birth, that
is blind, demanding, and insistent. Its function is
to discharge tension and return to homeostasis.
Id psychology

Answer 28

Id

Question 29

As an ego defense, this may involve
individuals identifying themselves with
successful causes in the hope that they will be
seen as worthwhile.

Answer 29

Identifi cation

Question 30

A developmental challenge, occurring
during adolescence, whereby the person
seeks to establish a stable view of self and to defi
ne a place in life.

Answer 30

Identity crisis

Question 31

The dream as it appears to

the dreamer.

Answer 31

Manifest content

Question 32

Refers to a
range of procedures, such as an analyst’s anonymity,
regularity, and consistency of meetings,
as a structure for therapy.

Answer 32

Maintaining the analytic frame

Question 33

Our hidden, symbolic, and unconscious

motives, wishes, and fears.

Answer 33

Latent content

Question 34

The instinctual drives of the id and the
source of psychic energy; Freudian notion of the
life instincts.

Answer 34

Libido

Question 35

Instincts oriented toward
growth, development, and creativity that serve
the purpose of the survival of the individual and
the human race.

Answer 35

Life instincts

Question 36

The harmonious integration of the
conscious and unconscious aspects of personality.

.

Answer 36

Individuation

Question 37

A technique used to explore
the meanings of free association, dreams, resistances,
and transference feelings.

Answer 37

Interpretation

Question 38

A process of taking in the values

and standards of others.

Answer 38

Introjection

Question 39

The fear of one’s own conscience;
people with a well-developed conscience
tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary
to their moral code.

Answer 39

Moral anxiety

Question 40

A process whereby
group members develop intense feelings for certain
others in a group; an individual may “see” in
others some signifi cant fi gure such as a parent,
life-partner, ex-lover, or boss.

Answer 40

Multiple transferences

Question 41

Extreme self-love, as opposed to
love of others. A narcissistic personality is characterized
by a grandiose and exaggerated sense
of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward
others, which hides a poor self-concept.

Answer 41

Narcissism

Question 42

The fear that the instincts
will get out of hand and cause one to do something
for which one will be punished.

Answer 42

Neurotic anxiety

Question 43

Interpersonal relationships

as they are represented intrapsychically.

Answer 43

Object relatedness

Question 44

An ego-defense mechanism that
involves attributing our own unacceptable
thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and motives to
others.

Answer 44

Projection

Question 45

The idea that the id is
driven to satisfy instinctual needs by reducing
tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure.

Answer 45

Pleasure principle

Question 46

The third phase of psychosexual
development, during which the child gains maximum
gratification through direct experience
with the genitals.

Answer 46

Phallic stage

Question 47

The mask we wear, or public face we

present, as a way to protect ourselves.

Answer 47

Persona

Question 48

The initial phase of psychosexual
development, during which the mouth is the primary
source of gratifi cation; a time when the infant
is learning to trust or mistrust the world.

Answer 48

Oral stage

Question 49

A newer version of
psychoanalytic thinking, which focuses on predictable
developmental sequences in which early
experiences of self shift in relation to an expanding
awareness of others. It holds that individuals
go through phases of autism, normal symbiosis,
and separation and individuation, culminating
in a state of integration.

Answer 49

Object-relations theory

Question 50

Interpersonal relationships

as they are represented intrapsychically.

Answer 50

Object relations

Question 51

Psychoanalytically
oriented psychotherapy involves a shortening
and simplifying of the lengthy process of
psychoanalysis.

Answer 51

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Question 52

An ego-defense mechanism
whereby we attempt to justify our behavior by
imputing logical motives to it.

Answer 52

Rationalization

Question 53

Erikson’s turning points,
from infancy through old age. Each presents
psychological and social tasks that must be mastered
if maturation is to proceed in a healthy
fashion.

Answer 53

Psychosocial stages

Question 54

The Freudian chronological
phases of development, beginning in infancy.
Each is characterized by a primary way of gaining
sensual and sexual gratifi cation.

Answer 54

Psychosexual stages

Question 55

The interplay of opposing
forces and intrapsychic confl icts that provide a
basis for understanding human motivation.

Answer 55

Psychodynamics

Question 56

A defense against a
threatening impulse, involving actively expressing
the opposite impulse.

Relational analysis An analytic model based
on the assumption that therapy is an interactive
process between client and therapist. The interpersonal
analyst assumes that countertransference
is a source of information about the client’s
character and dynamics.

Answer 56

Reaction formation

Question 57

The fear of danger from the
external world; the level of such anxiety is proportionate
to the degree of real threat.

Answer 57

Reality anxiety

Question 58

An ego-defense mechanism
whereby an individual reverts to a less mature
form of behavior as a way of coping with extreme
stress.

Answer 58

Regression

Question 59

The idea that the ego does
realistic and logical thinking and formulates
plans of action for satisfying needs.

Answer 59

Reality principle

Question 60

A model that characterizes
therapy as an interactive process between client
and therapist in which countertransference provides
an important source of information about
the client’s character and dynamics.

Answer 60

Relational model

Question 61

A theory that emphasizes how
we use interpersonal relationships (self objects)
to develop our own sense of self.

Answer 61

Self psychology

Question 62

The client’s reluctance to bring to
awareness threatening unconscious material
that has been repressed.

Answer 62

Resistance

Question 63

The ego-defense mechanism
whereby threatening or painful thoughts or feelings
are excluded from awareness.

Answer 63

Repression

Question 64

A Jungian archetype representing
thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to
disown by projecting them outward.

Answer 64

Shadow

Question 65

An ego defense that involves diverting
sexual or aggressive energy into other
channels that are socially acceptable.

Answer 65

Sublimation

Question 66

The client’s unconscious shifting
to the therapist of feelings and fantasies, both
positive and negative, that are displacements
from reactions to signifi cant others from the client’s
past.

Answer 66

Transference

Question 67

Through this form of psychoanalytically oriented
therapy, clients gain a sense of what it is like to interact
more fully and fl exibly within the therapy
situation. They are helped to apply to the outside
world what they are learning in the offi ce.

Answer 67

Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP)

Question 68

That aspect of personality that represents
one’s moral training. It strives for perfection,
not pleasure.

Answer 68

Superego

Question 69

The transfer of
feelings originally experienced in an early relationship
to other important people in a person’s
present environment.

Answer 69

Transference relationship

Question 70

That aspect of psychological
functioning or of personality that houses experiences,
wishes, impulses, and memories in an
out-of-awareness state as a protection against
anxiety.

Answer 70

Unconscious

Question 71

A process of resolving basic
confl icts that are manifested in the client’s relationship
with the therapist; achieved by the repetition
of interpretations and by exploring forms
of resistance.

Answer 71

Working through

Question 72

1. The psychosocial perspective is not
   at all compatible with the psychosexual
   view of development.

Answer 72

f

Question 73

2. Children who do not experience
   the opportunity to differentiate self
   from others may later develop a
   narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 73

t

Question 74

3. The contemporary trends in psychoanalytic
   theory are refl ected in objectrelations
   theory, the self psychology
   model, and the relational model.

Answer 74

t

Question 75

4. Brief psychodynamic therapists assume
   a neutral therapeutic stance
   as a way to promote transference.

Answer 75

f

Question 76

5. Analytic therapy is oriented toward

achieving insight.

Answer 76

t

Question 77

6. Working through is achieved almost
   totally by catharsis, including getting
   out deeply buried emotions.

Answer 77

f

Question 78

7. From the Freudian perspective,
   resistance is typically a conscious
   process.

Answer 78

f

Question 79

8. The contemporary psychoanalytic
approaches place emphasis on the
unconscious, the role of transference
and countertransference, and
the importance of early life experiences.

Answer 79

t

Question 80

9. Object-relations theorists focus on
   symbiosis, separation, differentiation,
   and integration.

Answer 80

t

Question 81

10. In object-relations theory there is
    an emphasis on early development
    as a decisive factor infl uencing later
    development.

Answer 81

t

Question 82

11. Who of the following is not considered
an object-relations theorist?
a. Heinz Kohut
b. Margaret Mahler
c. Otto Kernberg
d. Erik Erikson

Answer 82

d

Question 83

12. Which of the following is not considered
a contemporary psychoanalytic
approach?
a. object-relations theory
b. self psychology
c. relational psychoanalysis
d. classical psychoanalysis

Answer 83

d

Question 84

13. Which of the following is not a
characteristic of the newer psychoanalytic
thinking?
a. Emphasis is on the origins,
transformations, and organizational
functions of the self.
b. The contrasting experiences of
others is highlighted.
c. People are classifi ed as compliant,
aggressive, or detached types.
d. Focus is on the differentiations
between and integration of the
self and others.
e. Early development is seen as
critical to understanding later
development.

Answer 84

c

Question 85

14. All of the following are concepts
developed by Carl Jung except
a. the shadow.
b. normal infantile autism.
c. animus and anima.
d. collective unconscious.
e. archetypes.

Answer 85

b

Question 86

15. According to Erikson’s psychosocial
view, the struggle between industry
and inferiority occurs during
a. adolescence.
b. old age.
c. school age.
d. infancy.
e. middle age.

Answer 86

c

Question 87

16. Erikson’s preschool-age phase corresponds
to which Freudian stage?
a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency
e. genital

Answer 87

c

Question 88

17. Which term refers to the repetition
of interpretations and the overcoming
of resistance so that clients can
resolve neurotic patterns?
a. working through
b. transference
c. countertransference
d. catharsis
e. acting out

Answer 88

a

Question 89

18. Analysis of transference is central
to psychoanalysis because it
a. keeps the therapist hidden and
thus feeling secure.
b. allows clients to relive their past
in therapy and to gain insight.
c. helps clients formulate specifi c
plans to change behavior.
d. is considered the only way to get
at unconscious material.
e. is the best way to understand
one’s lifestyle.

Answer 89

b

Question 90

19. In brief psychodynamic therapy
(BPT) the therapist
a. assumes a nondirective and even
passive role.
b. deals exclusively with a single
presenting problem.
c. assumes an active role in quickly
formulating a therapeutic focus
that goes beyond the surface of
presenting problems.
d. avoids treating any underlying
issue.

Answer 90

c

Question 91

20. With respect to applying the psychoanalytic
approach to group counseling,
which statement(s) is (are) true?
a. In psychodynamic therapy
groups, members re-create their
social situations, implying that
the group becomes a microcosm
of their everyday lives.
b. Members can profi t from identifying
and exploring their transferences
within the group.
c. Projections onto the therapist and
other members provide a clue to a
member’s unresolved confl icts.
d. One’s ways of relating within the
group provides clues to patterns
outside of the group.
e. all of the above.

Answer 91

e

Question 92

21. Borderline and narcissistic disorders
have been given much attention
by
a. traditional psychoanalysis.
b. Jungian therapy.
c. object-relations theory.
d. Erikson’s developmental
approach.

Answer 92

c

Question 93

22. During psychoanalytic treatment,
clients are typically asked
a. to monitor their behavioral
changes by keeping a journal
that describes what they do at
home and at work.
b. to make major changes in their
lifestyle.
c. not to make radical changes in
their lifestyle.
d. to give up their friendships.

Answer 93

c

Question 94

23. Countertransference refers to
    a. the irrational reactions clients
    have toward their therapists.
    b. the irrational reactions therapists
    have toward their clients.
    c. the projections of the client.
    d. the client’s need to be special in
    the therapist’s eyes.
    e. all except (a).

Answer 94

b

Question 95

24. “Maintaining the analytic framework”
refers to
a. the whole range of procedural
factors in the treatment process.
b. the analyst’s relative anonymity.
c. agreement on the payment of fees.
d. the regularity and consistency of
meetings.
e. all of the above.

Answer 95

e

Question 96

25. In psychoanalytic therapy (as opposed
to classical analysis), which
of the following procedures is least
likely to be used?
a. the client lying on the couch
b. working with transference
feelings
c. relating present struggles with
past events
d. working with dreams
e. interpretation of resistance

Answer 96

a

Question 97

A period of ,
following the phallic stage, that is relatively
calm before the storm of adolescence

Answer 97

Latency stage

Question 98

Characterized by a
grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance
and an exploitive attitude toward others, which
serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.

Answer 98

Narcissistic personality