CHAPTER 4 PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY Flashcards by Monica ivancevic

The second stage of psychosexual
development, when pleasure is derived from retaining
and expelling feces.

Anal stage

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An elaborate explanation
of human nature that combines ideas from
history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.

Analytical psychology

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The biological and psychological
aspects of masculinity and femininity,
which are thought to coexist in both sexes.

Animus (anima)

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A feeling of impending doom that
results from repressed feelings, memories, desires,
and experiences emerging to the surface of
awareness. From a psychoanalytic perspective,
there are three kinds of ______: reality, neurotic,
and moral _____.

Anxiety

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The images of universal experiences

contained in the collective unconscious

Archetypes

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An anonymous stance assumed
by classical psychoanalysts aimed at fostering
transference.

Blank screen

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A disorder
characterized by instability, irritability, selfdestructive
acts, impulsivity, and extreme mood
shifts. Such people lack a sense of their own
identity and do not have a deep understanding
of others.

Borderline personality disorder

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An
adaptation of the principles of psychoanalytic
theory and therapy aimed at treating selective
disorders within a preestablished time limit.

Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT)

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The traditional
(Freudian) approach to psychoanalysis based on
a long-term exploration of past confl icts, many
of which are unconscious, and an extensive process
of working through early wounds.

Classical psychoanalysis

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From a Jungian perspective,
the deepest level of the psyche that contains
an accumulation of inherited experiences.

Collective unconscious

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An ego-defense mechanism
that consists of masking perceived weaknesses
or developing certain positive traits to make up
for limitations.

Compensation

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Newer formulations
of psychoanalytic theory that share some
core characteristics of classical analytic theory, but
with different applications of techniques; extensions
and adaptations of orthodox psychoanalysis.

Contemporary psychoanalysis

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The therapist’s unconscious
emotional responses to a client that are
likely to interfere with objectivity; unresolved
confl icts of the therapist that are projected onto
the client.

Countertransference

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According to Erikson, a turning point in
life when we have the potential to move forward
or to regress. At these turning points, we can
either resolve our confl icts or fail to master the
developmental task.

Crisis

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A Freudian concept that refers
to a tendency of individuals to harbor an unconscious
wish to die or hurt themselves or others;
accounts for the aggressive drive.

Death instincts

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In ______ there is an effort to suppress
unpleasant reality. It consists of coping with
anxiety by “closing our eyes” to the existence of
anxiety-producing reality.

Denial

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A blend
of cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques
that generally involves a minimum of one
year of treatment.

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

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An ego-defense mechanism that
entails redirection of some emotion from a real
source to a substitute person or object

Displacement

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A technique for uncovering
unconscious material and giving clients insight
into some of their unresolved problems. Therapists
participate with clients in exploring dreams
and in interpreting possible meanings.

Dream analysis

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The process by which the latent
content of a dream is transformed into the less
threatening manifest content.

Dream work

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The part of the personality that is the mediator

between external reality and inner demands.

Ego

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Intrapsychic processes
that operate unconsciously to protect the
person from threatening and, therefore, anxietyproducing
thoughts, feelings, and impulses.

Ego-defense mechanisms

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The psychosocial approach
of Erik Erikson, which emphasizes the development
of the ego or self at various stages of life.

Ego psychology

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The condition of being arrested, or

“stuck,” at one level of psychosexual development.

Fixation

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A primary technique, consisting of spontaneous and uncensored verbalization by the client, which gives clues to the nature of the client’s unconscious confl icts.

Free association

The fi nal stage of psychosexual development, usually attained at adolescence, in which heterosexual interests and activities are generally predominant.

Genital stage

A theory stating that instincts and intrapsychic confl icts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).

Id psychology

The part of personality, present at birth, that is blind, demanding, and insistent. Its function is to discharge tension and return to homeostasis. Id psychology

As an ego defense, this may involve individuals identifying themselves with successful causes in the hope that they will be seen as worthwhile.

Identifi cation

A developmental challenge, occurring during adolescence, whereby the person seeks to establish a stable view of self and to defi ne a place in life.

Identity crisis

The dream as it appears to | the dreamer.

Manifest content

Refers to a range of procedures, such as an analyst’s anonymity, regularity, and consistency of meetings, as a structure for therapy.

Maintaining the analytic frame

Our hidden, symbolic, and unconscious | motives, wishes, and fears.

Latent content

The instinctual drives of the id and the source of psychic energy; Freudian notion of the life instincts.

Libido

Instincts oriented toward growth, development, and creativity that serve the purpose of the survival of the individual and the human race.

Life instincts

The harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality. .

Individuation

A technique used to explore the meanings of free association, dreams, resistances, and transference feelings.

Interpretation

A process of taking in the values | and standards of others.

Introjection

The fear of one’s own conscience; people with a well-developed conscience tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code.

Moral anxiety

A process whereby group members develop intense feelings for certain others in a group; an individual may “see” in others some signifi cant fi gure such as a parent, life-partner, ex-lover, or boss.

Multiple transferences

Extreme self-love, as opposed to love of others. A narcissistic personality is characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward others, which hides a poor self-concept.

Narcissism

The fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished.

Neurotic anxiety

Interpersonal relationships | as they are represented intrapsychically.

Object relatedness

An ego-defense mechanism that involves attributing our own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and motives to others.

Projection

The idea that the id is driven to satisfy instinctual needs by reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure.

Pleasure principle

The third phase of psychosexual development, during which the child gains maximum gratification through direct experience with the genitals.

Phallic stage

The mask we wear, or public face we | present, as a way to protect ourselves.

Persona

The initial phase of psychosexual development, during which the mouth is the primary source of gratifi cation; a time when the infant is learning to trust or mistrust the world.

Oral stage

A newer version of psychoanalytic thinking, which focuses on predictable developmental sequences in which early experiences of self shift in relation to an expanding awareness of others. It holds that individuals go through phases of autism, normal symbiosis, and separation and individuation, culminating in a state of integration.

Object-relations theory

Interpersonal relationships | as they are represented intrapsychically.

Object relations

Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy involves a shortening and simplifying of the lengthy process of psychoanalysis.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

An ego-defense mechanism whereby we attempt to justify our behavior by imputing logical motives to it.

Rationalization

Erikson’s turning points, from infancy through old age. Each presents psychological and social tasks that must be mastered if maturation is to proceed in a healthy fashion.

Psychosocial stages

The Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy. Each is characterized by a primary way of gaining sensual and sexual gratifi cation.

Psychosexual stages

The interplay of opposing forces and intrapsychic confl icts that provide a basis for understanding human motivation.

Psychodynamics

A defense against a threatening impulse, involving actively expressing the opposite impulse. Relational analysis An analytic model based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist. The interpersonal analyst assumes that countertransference is a source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

Reaction formation

The fear of danger from the external world; the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.

Reality anxiety

An ego-defense mechanism whereby an individual reverts to a less mature form of behavior as a way of coping with extreme stress.

Regression

The idea that the ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of action for satisfying needs.

Reality principle

A model that characterizes therapy as an interactive process between client and therapist in which countertransference provides an important source of information about the client’s character and dynamics.

Relational model

A theory that emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.

Self psychology

The client’s reluctance to bring to awareness threatening unconscious material that has been repressed.

Resistance

The ego-defense mechanism whereby threatening or painful thoughts or feelings are excluded from awareness.

Repression

A Jungian archetype representing thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward.

Shadow

An ego defense that involves diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels that are socially acceptable.

Sublimation

The client’s unconscious shifting to the therapist of feelings and fantasies, both positive and negative, that are displacements from reactions to signifi cant others from the client’s past.

Transference

Through this form of psychoanalytically oriented therapy, clients gain a sense of what it is like to interact more fully and fl exibly within the therapy situation. They are helped to apply to the outside world what they are learning in the offi ce.

Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP)

That aspect of personality that represents one’s moral training. It strives for perfection, not pleasure.

Superego

The transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person’s present environment.

Transference relationship

That aspect of psychological functioning or of personality that houses experiences, wishes, impulses, and memories in an out-of-awareness state as a protection against anxiety.

Unconscious

A process of resolving basic confl icts that are manifested in the client’s relationship with the therapist; achieved by the repetition of interpretations and by exploring forms of resistance.

Working through

1. The psychosocial perspective is not at all compatible with the psychosexual view of development.

2. Children who do not experience the opportunity to differentiate self from others may later develop a narcissistic personality disorder

3. The contemporary trends in psychoanalytic theory are refl ected in objectrelations theory, the self psychology model, and the relational model.

4. Brief psychodynamic therapists assume a neutral therapeutic stance as a way to promote transference.

5. Analytic therapy is oriented toward | achieving insight.

6. Working through is achieved almost totally by catharsis, including getting out deeply buried emotions.

7. From the Freudian perspective, resistance is typically a conscious process.

``` 8. The contemporary psychoanalytic approaches place emphasis on the unconscious, the role of transference and countertransference, and the importance of early life experiences. ```

9. Object-relations theorists focus on symbiosis, separation, differentiation, and integration.

10. In object-relations theory there is an emphasis on early development as a decisive factor infl uencing later development.

``` 11. Who of the following is not considered an object-relations theorist? a. Heinz Kohut b. Margaret Mahler c. Otto Kernberg d. Erik Erikson ```

``` 12. Which of the following is not considered a contemporary psychoanalytic approach? a. object-relations theory b. self psychology c. relational psychoanalysis d. classical psychoanalysis ```

``` 13. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the newer psychoanalytic thinking? a. Emphasis is on the origins, transformations, and organizational functions of the self. b. The contrasting experiences of others is highlighted. c. People are classifi ed as compliant, aggressive, or detached types. d. Focus is on the differentiations between and integration of the self and others. e. Early development is seen as critical to understanding later development. ```

``` 14. All of the following are concepts developed by Carl Jung except a. the shadow. b. normal infantile autism. c. animus and anima. d. collective unconscious. e. archetypes. ```

``` 15. According to Erikson’s psychosocial view, the struggle between industry and inferiority occurs during a. adolescence. b. old age. c. school age. d. infancy. e. middle age. ```

``` 16. Erikson’s preschool-age phase corresponds to which Freudian stage? a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. latency e. genital ```

``` 17. Which term refers to the repetition of interpretations and the overcoming of resistance so that clients can resolve neurotic patterns? a. working through b. transference c. countertransference d. catharsis e. acting out ```

``` 18. Analysis of transference is central to psychoanalysis because it a. keeps the therapist hidden and thus feeling secure. b. allows clients to relive their past in therapy and to gain insight. c. helps clients formulate specifi c plans to change behavior. d. is considered the only way to get at unconscious material. e. is the best way to understand one’s lifestyle. ```

``` 19. In brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT) the therapist a. assumes a nondirective and even passive role. b. deals exclusively with a single presenting problem. c. assumes an active role in quickly formulating a therapeutic focus that goes beyond the surface of presenting problems. d. avoids treating any underlying issue. ```

``` 20. With respect to applying the psychoanalytic approach to group counseling, which statement(s) is (are) true? a. In psychodynamic therapy groups, members re-create their social situations, implying that the group becomes a microcosm of their everyday lives. b. Members can profi t from identifying and exploring their transferences within the group. c. Projections onto the therapist and other members provide a clue to a member’s unresolved confl icts. d. One’s ways of relating within the group provides clues to patterns outside of the group. e. all of the above. ```

``` 21. Borderline and narcissistic disorders have been given much attention by a. traditional psychoanalysis. b. Jungian therapy. c. object-relations theory. d. Erikson’s developmental approach. ```

``` 22. During psychoanalytic treatment, clients are typically asked a. to monitor their behavioral changes by keeping a journal that describes what they do at home and at work. b. to make major changes in their lifestyle. c. not to make radical changes in their lifestyle. d. to give up their friendships. ```

23. Countertransference refers to a. the irrational reactions clients have toward their therapists. b. the irrational reactions therapists have toward their clients. c. the projections of the client. d. the client’s need to be special in the therapist’s eyes. e. all except (a).

``` 24. “Maintaining the analytic framework” refers to a. the whole range of procedural factors in the treatment process. b. the analyst’s relative anonymity. c. agreement on the payment of fees. d. the regularity and consistency of meetings. e. all of the above. ```

``` 25. In psychoanalytic therapy (as opposed to classical analysis), which of the following procedures is least likely to be used? a. the client lying on the couch b. working with transference feelings c. relating present struggles with past events d. working with dreams e. interpretation of resistance ```

A period of , following the phallic stage, that is relatively calm before the storm of adolescence

Latency stage

Characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude toward others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.

Narcissistic personality