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Intro to Brain and Behavior > Chapter 7: Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Which direction is dorsal?

A

Above

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2
Q

What direction is ventral?

A

Below

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3
Q

What direction is rostral?

A

Front

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4
Q

What direction is caudal?

A

Behind

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5
Q

Which direction is medial?

A

Towards spinal cord

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6
Q

Which direction is lateral?

A

Away from the spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the horizontal or axial plane of the brain?

A

Top view of a cross section of the brain

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8
Q

What is the sagittal plane of the brain?

A

A section going through the middle showing the side view of a brain hemisphere

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9
Q

What is the coronal plane of the brain?

A

A section that shows the front of the brain

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10
Q

What is unilateral?

A

One side

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11
Q

What is bilateral?

A

Both sides

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12
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

Same side

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13
Q

What is contralateral?

A

Opposite side

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14
Q

What is afferent neurons?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory information goes to the brain (CNS)

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15
Q

What is efferent neurons?

A

Somatic and visceral motor information that comes from the brain to the rest of the body

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16
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory (afferents)

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17
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Somatic and visceral motor (efferent)

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18
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)?

A

contains somas of sensory afferents

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19
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

They are mixed of efferent and afferent neurons

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20
Q

What are the two divisions of the somatic nervous system?

A

Sensory and motor

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21
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Nerves for skin, joints and muscles

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22
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Nerves in internal organs, blood vessels, and glands

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23
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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24
Q

What are the three meningial layers?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

25
Q

What is dura mater?

A

Thick white layer

26
Q

What is inside the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood vessels

27
Q

What are ventricles?

A

CSF fluid-filed caverns and canals inside brain

28
Q

What does CSF do?

A

Protects the brain by being a cushion and conduit for hypothalamic peptide hormones

29
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

Choroid plexus surrounding capillaries in ventricles (a type of ependymal cell)

30
Q

What absorbs CSF?

A

Arachnoid villi and arachnoid granulations into venous sinuses

31
Q

How does CSF circulate?

A

CSF circulates through ventricles and out into subarachnoid space

32
Q

Why is a MRI better than a CT?

A

They show more detail and does not require X-Rays

33
Q

What is an MRI?

A

It used information on how hydrogen atoms respond in the brain to perturbations of a strong magnetic field

34
Q

What does an fMRI do?

A

It detect changes in regional blood flow and blood O2 within the brain and active neurons have increased blood flow

35
Q

What does the neural tube become?

A

The CNS is formed

36
Q

What does the inside of the neural tube become?

A

The ventricular system

37
Q

What is differentation?

A

The process by which structures become complex and specialized

38
Q

What does the embryonic brain: telencephalon (forebrain) derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?

A

It includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, basal forebrain. The lateral ventricles are associated to this section.

39
Q

What does the embryonic brain: diencephalon derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?

A

It turns to the thalamus and hypothalamus. The third ventricle is associated to this section.

40
Q

What does the embryonic brain: mesencephalon derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?

A

It turns to the midbrain. The cerebral aqueduct is associated to this section.

41
Q

What does the embryonic brain: metencephalon derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?

A

It turns to the cerebellum and pons. The fourth ventricle is associated to this section.

42
Q

What does the embryonic brain: myelencephalon derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?

A

It turns into medulla. The fourth ventricle is associated to this section

43
Q

What does the embryonic brain: spinal cord derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?

A

It stays as the spinal cord. The central canal is associated to this section.

44
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

It analyzes sensory input and command motor input

45
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

It is the gateway to the cerebral cortex. The axons from thalamus to cortex pass through the internal capsule.

46
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It controls the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system (hormones), and homeostatic behaviors (feeding, drinking)

47
Q

What are descending axons?

A

They are axons descending from cortex to brain stem and spinal cord, motor systems.

48
Q

What are ascending neurons?

A

Information from spinal cord and brainstem to forebrain (cortex)

49
Q

What is superior colliculus?

A

Part of the midbrain and receives sensory info from eye

50
Q

What is inferior colliculus?

A

Part of the midbrain and receives sensory info from ear

51
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

Part of the midbrain and controls voluntary movement

52
Q

What are pons?

A

They are part of the hindbrain and are pontine nuceli that receive inputs from corticospinal tract axons. They relay info to contralateral cerebellum

53
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

It is in charge of coordination of movements and part of the hindbrain

54
Q

What are the types of cerebral cortex?

A

Neocortex, archicortex, paleocortex

55
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

It includes frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Found only in mammals and are six layers

56
Q

What is archicortex?

A

Hippocampus

57
Q

What is paleocortex

A

It is the olfactory cortex that is separated from neocortex by the rhinal fissure

58
Q

What are the four cerebral hemispheres?

A

Temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital

59
Q

Pretend you are going clockwise starting at the 9 clock hand. What order are the lobes?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Intro to Brain and Behavior (17 decks)

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