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Intro to Brain and Behavior > Chapter 7: Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Which direction is dorsal?

A

Above

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2
Q

What direction is ventral?

A

Below

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3
Q

What direction is rostral?

A

Front

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4
Q

What direction is caudal?

A

Behind

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5
Q

Which direction is medial?

A

Towards spinal cord

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6
Q

Which direction is lateral?

A

Away from the spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the horizontal or axial plane of the brain?

A

Top view of a cross section of the brain

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8
Q

What is the sagittal plane of the brain?

A

A section going through the middle showing the side view of a brain hemisphere

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9
Q

What is the coronal plane of the brain?

A

A section that shows the front of the brain

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10
Q

What is unilateral?

A

One side

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11
Q

What is bilateral?

A

Both sides

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12
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

Same side

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13
Q

What is contralateral?

A

Opposite side

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14
Q

What is afferent neurons?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory information goes to the brain (CNS)

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15
Q

What is efferent neurons?

A

Somatic and visceral motor information that comes from the brain to the rest of the body

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16
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory (afferents)

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17
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Somatic and visceral motor (efferent)

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18
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)?

A

contains somas of sensory afferents

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19
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

They are mixed of efferent and afferent neurons

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20
Q

What are the two divisions of the somatic nervous system?

A

Sensory and motor

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21
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Nerves for skin, joints and muscles

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22
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Nerves in internal organs, blood vessels, and glands

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23
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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24
Q

What are the three meningial layers?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

25
What is dura mater?
Thick white layer
26
What is inside the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood vessels
27
What are ventricles?
CSF fluid-filed caverns and canals inside brain
28
What does CSF do?
Protects the brain by being a cushion and conduit for hypothalamic peptide hormones
29
What is CSF produced by?
Choroid plexus surrounding capillaries in ventricles (a type of ependymal cell)
30
What absorbs CSF?
Arachnoid villi and arachnoid granulations into venous sinuses
31
How does CSF circulate?
CSF circulates through ventricles and out into subarachnoid space
32
Why is a MRI better than a CT?
They show more detail and does not require X-Rays
33
What is an MRI?
It used information on how hydrogen atoms respond in the brain to perturbations of a strong magnetic field
34
What does an fMRI do?
It detect changes in regional blood flow and blood O2 within the brain and active neurons have increased blood flow
35
What does the neural tube become?
The CNS is formed
36
What does the inside of the neural tube become?
The ventricular system
37
What is differentation?
The process by which structures become complex and specialized
38
What does the embryonic brain: telencephalon (forebrain) derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?
It includes the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, basal forebrain. The lateral ventricles are associated to this section.
39
What does the embryonic brain: diencephalon derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?
It turns to the thalamus and hypothalamus. The third ventricle is associated to this section.
40
What does the embryonic brain: mesencephalon derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?
It turns to the midbrain. The cerebral aqueduct is associated to this section.
41
What does the embryonic brain: metencephalon derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?
It turns to the cerebellum and pons. The fourth ventricle is associated to this section.
42
What does the embryonic brain: myelencephalon derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?
It turns into medulla. The fourth ventricle is associated to this section
43
What does the embryonic brain: spinal cord derive into in the adult brain and ventricular space?
It stays as the spinal cord. The central canal is associated to this section.
44
What is the cerebral cortex?
It analyzes sensory input and command motor input
45
What is the thalamus?
It is the gateway to the cerebral cortex. The axons from thalamus to cortex pass through the internal capsule.
46
What does the hypothalamus do?
It controls the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system (hormones), and homeostatic behaviors (feeding, drinking)
47
What are descending axons?
They are axons descending from cortex to brain stem and spinal cord, motor systems.
48
What are ascending neurons?
Information from spinal cord and brainstem to forebrain (cortex)
49
What is superior colliculus?
Part of the midbrain and receives sensory info from eye
50
What is inferior colliculus?
Part of the midbrain and receives sensory info from ear
51
What is the red nucleus?
Part of the midbrain and controls voluntary movement
52
What are pons?
They are part of the hindbrain and are pontine nuceli that receive inputs from corticospinal tract axons. They relay info to contralateral cerebellum
53
What does the cerebellum do?
It is in charge of coordination of movements and part of the hindbrain
54
What are the types of cerebral cortex?
Neocortex, archicortex, paleocortex
55
What is the neocortex?
It includes frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Found only in mammals and are six layers
56
What is archicortex?
Hippocampus
57
What is paleocortex
It is the olfactory cortex that is separated from neocortex by the rhinal fissure
58
What are the four cerebral hemispheres?
Temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital
59
Pretend you are going clockwise starting at the 9 clock hand. What order are the lobes?
Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Intro to Brain and Behavior (17 decks)

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