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Intro to Brain and Behavior > Chapter 10: Vision Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Vision Part 2 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What area of the thalamus is part of the visual system?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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2
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is part of the visual system?

A

Suprachiamatic nucleus

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3
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

It is the place where the nasal retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain

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4
Q

What part of the retina ganglion cells crosses?

A

The nasal retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm

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5
Q

What part of the retina ganglion cells does not cross?

A

The temporal retina does not cross.

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6
Q

What side of the brain does each field project to?

A

The right visual field projects to the left side of the brain.
The left visual field projects to the right side of the brain.

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7
Q

What is the left eye visual field?

A

It is the fixation point and 90 degrees to the left and 60 degrees to the right

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8
Q

What is the right eye visual field?

A

It is the fixation point and 90 degrees to the right and 60 degrees to the left

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9
Q

What are anopsias?

A

Large visual field deficits

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10
Q

What are scotomas?

A

Small visual field deficits

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11
Q

What are parallel pathways?

A

Segregation of inputs in LGN by eye and by ganglion cell type

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12
Q

What is the name of layers 6-3 of the LGN?

A

Parvocellular

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13
Q

What ganglion cell type is in layers 6-3 of the LGN?

A

P-type

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14
Q

What is the name of layers 1-2 of the LGN?

A

Magnocellular

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15
Q

What ganglion cell type is in layers 1-2 of the LGN?

A

M-Type

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16
Q

What is the name of the space between each layer K1-K6?

A

Koniocellular

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17
Q

What ganglion cell type is in the space between each layer K1-K6?

A

nonM-nonP

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18
Q

What is the retino-geniculo-cotrical projection?

A

Course of the optic radiations to striate cortex

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19
Q

What is the retinotopic organization of the primary visual cortex?

A

It is an orderly map of contralateral visual hemifield more space devoted to central visual field
Left visual field to right primary visual cortex

20
Q

What is the 4C layer of the striate cortex?

A

The fourth layer is divided into two. The 4C layer is the primary recipient zone for LGN afferents.
It includes the M and P pathways being segregated like all the cells
The cells are monocular

21
Q

What does monocular mean?

A

Receiving input from either one eye or the other

22
Q

What is disparity tuning?

A

Convergence of inputs from left eye and right eye
Important for depth perception

23
Q

What is ocular dominance?

A

In the binocular cell, one eye could be more dominant than the other. If when stimulated with only that eye and the response is bigger than the other eye than that eye is dominant

24
Q

What are ocular dominance columns?

A

Since ocular dominance is not distributed randomly it is organized by a column extending from brain surface to white matter

25
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

Differences in images from the left and right eye with binocular cells. The brain uses a binocular cue to determine the depth or distance of an object.

26
Q

What is orientation tuning?

A

The convergence of inputs from ON-center and OFF-center receptive fields in the visual cortex. This is important for form perception.
This is for simple cells.

27
Q

What are simple cells’ receptive fields?

A

The convergence of inputs from rows of ON-center and OFF-center cells. They are elongated along its axis.
Elongated ON subregions excited by light on.
Elongated OFF subregions excited by the light off.

28
Q

What is the best stimulus for simple cells?

A

A good stimulus is a bar of light at a particular orientation on the ON cell center (through the middle).

29
Q

What is a bad stimulus for a simple cell?

A

A bad stimulus is a bar of light horizontal since inhibition cancels excitation due to it the light hitting ON and OFF part of the cell.

30
Q

What is orientation selectivity?

A

Cells are sensitive to a limited range of stimulus orientations
Arises because receptive fields are elongated

31
Q

What is the complex cell receptive field?

A

Can’t make any predictions to a luminance pattern from this receptive field.
Yet they are orientation selective.

32
Q

What is Hubel and Wiesel’s Hierarchical Model?

A

The convergence of cells with center-surround receptive fields to make simple cells.
Convergence of simple cells on to complex cells

33
Q

What are orientation columns?

A

Functional columns of cells extending from pia to white matter that all share the same orientation preference.
It is like an orientation pinwheel

34
Q

What is direction selectivity?

A

Cells respond to movement in one direction (preferred) but not the other (null)
Convergence of inputs from cells with different spatiotemporal receptive field properties
Important for motion perception

35
Q

What is the vertical organization of the visual cortex?

A
  1. Retina
  2. LGN
  3. Layer 4C (V1)- M and P cells
  4. Simple Cells (V1) (ON/OFF and LE/RE combine here)
  5. Complex Cells (V1)
  6. Extrastriate
  7. Perception
36
Q

What is the Magno-Pathway?

A

It is a dorsal stream of processing.
V1-V2-MT-MST- Other Dorsal Areas
“where” “action”
spatial vision

36
Q

What pathway is segregated until the end?

A

M and P pathways continue to be processed in segregated parallel pathways

36
Q

What is the Parvo/Konio Pathway?

A

It is a ventral stream of processing
V1-V2-V4-IT-Other Ventral areas
object recognition

37
Q

What do lesions of MT and MST lead to?

A

Inability to see movement

37
Q

What are IT cells?

A

It has face-selective cells.
Require nearly all the essential features of the face
Requires more convergence of information to single cells

37
Q

How are MT neurons activated?

A

Some are activated by structure from motion and biological motion
Illusory motion, since it tell us what motion we perceive, even though no motion is present here

37
Q

What is MT?

A

Motion is represented in area MT
MT contains a precise retinotopic map of the contralateral visual hemifield
MT receptive fields are much larger than V1 receptive fields

38
Q

What is the binding problem for visual perception?

A

The idea that the task of perception is easily performed by the brain, but poorly understood by scientists is how information about color, depth, form, and motion, which is carried by segregated parallel pathways

38
Q

What do lesions of V4 lead to?

A

Inability to distinguish colors

38
Q

What are MST neurons?

A

MST job is to represent the motion of the world as you move through the world
Near objects move faster than more distant objects

Intro to Brain and Behavior (17 decks)

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