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Intro to Brain and Behavior > Chapter 13: Somatosensory > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Somatosensory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a receptive field of a receptor?

A

The space within the receptive sheet in which the sensory receptor is located and in which it transduces stimuli

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2
Q

What are the receptors in somatosensory systems?

A

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors

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3
Q

What specialized nerve endings do mechanoreceptors have?

A

Merkel’s Disk, Meissner’s corpuscle, Pacinian Corpuscle, Ruffini ending

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4
Q

What is a Pacinian corpuscle?

A

Large RF
Rapidly adapting
High frequency vibration

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5
Q

What is Ruffini’s ending?

A

Large RF
Slowly adapting
Pressure

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6
Q

What is Merkel’s disk?

A

Small RF
Slowly adapting
Light touch

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7
Q

What is Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Small RF
Rapidly adapting
Low frequency vibration

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8
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Unmyelinated endings

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9
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Sense muscle length
specialized mechanoreceptors for proprioception

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10
Q

What are golgi tendon organs?

A

Sense muscle tension
specialized mechanoreceptors for proprioception

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11
Q

What are the four qualities of a stimulus that are encoded by our sensory systems?

A

Modality, location, intensity, and duration

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12
Q

What is modality referencing when it come to our senses?

A

There are 5 sensory modalities: vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell each with submodalities.

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13
Q

What is location referencing when it come to our sense?

A

It is talking about the receptive fields (small and large)

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14
Q

What is intensity?

A

Signaled by firing rate

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15
Q

What is duration?

A

Signaled by time course of response

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16
Q

What is slowly adapting?

A

When exposed to the stimulus, the nerve still spikes continuously

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17
Q

What is rapidly adapting?

A

When exposed to the stimulus, the nerve fires immediately and then stops firing.

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18
Q

What makes the Pacinian corpuscle capsule unique?

A

The capsule makes the corpuscle sensitive to vibrating, high-frequency stimuli

19
Q

What are mechanosensitive ion channels?

A

They are sensitive to the stretch of the lipid bilayer that they open, allowing Na+ and Ca2+ in.
They are sensitive to force applied to extracellular proteins linked to channel, allowing Na+ and Ca2+ in.
They are sensitive to force applied to intracellular proteins linked to channel, allowing Na+ and Ca2+ in.

20
Q

What is two-point discrimination?

A

The smallest distance between two points that can be differentiated by the somatic sensory system

21
Q

What are spinal segments?

A

Spinal nerves within 4 divisions of spinal cord
Each spinal segment provides sensory innervation to a particular region of the skin

22
Q

How is the spinal gray matter divided?

A

Dorsal horn- at the top of the gray matter
Intermediate gray- in the middle of the gray matter
Ventral horn- towards the ventral end of the gray matter

23
Q

What type of neuron is in the dorsal horn?

A

Neurons responding to sensory input

24
Q

What type of neuron is in the ventral horn?

A

Mainly motor neurons whose axons exit the spinal cord

25
Q

What type of neuron is in the intermediate gray?

A

Some sensory neurons, some motor neurons, interneurons

26
Q

What are the two general sensory pathways that begin in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System - vibration, light touch, pressure, proprioception
Spinothalamic tract- pain and temperature

27
Q

What is the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway?

A
  1. Touch, vibration, conscious proprioception information ascends through: Dorsal columns (spinal cord) (first-order neuron)
  2. Dorsal column nuclei (medulla) (first-order neuron)
  3. Medial lemniscus (crosses at brainstem) (second-order neuron)
  4. Ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL, thalamus) (second order neuron)
  5. Primary somatosensory cortex, S1 (third-order neuron)
28
Q

Which axons are used for touch and vibration?

A

Myelinated Aβ axons- largest myelinated axons

29
Q

What axons are used for proprioceptors?

A

Myelinated I, II axons

30
Q

What is the trigeminal touch pathway (trigeminothalamic tract)?

A
  1. Cranial nerve V goes to principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (first order)
  2. Then the second-order neuron goes to the VP nucleus, thalamus
  3. Third-order neuron goes to the primary somatosensory cortex
31
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Mediate transduction of pain
Activated by stimuli that could cause tissue damage
Free nerve endings

32
Q

What are thermal receptors?

A

Mediate transduction of cold, cool, warm and hot
Free nerve endings

33
Q

What axons are used in pain and temperature?

A

Unmyelinated C fibers
Lightly myelinated Aδ fibers
(smallest diameter, slowest)

34
Q

What are lightly myelinated fibers?

A

Register fast, sharp first pain

35
Q

What are unmyelinated C fibers?

A

Register duller, longer lasting second pain

36
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract?

A

For pain and temperature
1. Aδ and C afferents synapse in the substantia gelatinosa of dorsal horn (first-order neuron)
2. Second-order neuron crosses midline of spinal cord goes through medulla to the VP nuclei thalamus
3. Third-order neuron to the primary somatosensory cortex

37
Q

What is the trigeminal pain pathway?

A
  1. First-order neurons goes down the spinal trigeminal tract to spinal trigeminal nucleus
  2. Second-order neuron crosses the midline in the caudal medulla and goes up to the VPM (thalamus)
  3. Third-order neuron goes to primary somatosensory cortex.
38
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Crosstalk between visceral afferents and cutaneous nociceptors

39
Q

What are the functional columns in neocortex?

A

Found within the somatopic map
Neurons with same modality from pia to white matter
They are divided by slowly adapting neurons and rapidly adapting neurons

40
Q

What is cortical map plasticity?

A

Maps are dynamic
Adjust depending on the amount of sensory experience
Reorganization of cortical maps

41
Q

What is the posterior parietal cortex?

A

It is involved in somatic sensation
Analysis of “where” things are from visual inputs
Involved in sensation of where things are on your body or your interpersonal space

42
Q

What is neglect syndrome?

A

It is when part of body or part of world is ignored

43
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize objects

44
Q

What is astereognosia?

A

Loss the ability to perceive the form of an object by using the sense of touch

Intro to Brain and Behavior (17 decks)

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