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Intro to Brain and Behavior > Chapter 15: Brain Control of Movement > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Brain Control of Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

How are descending spinal pathways from brain divided?

A

Lateral Pathways
Ventromedial Pathways

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2
Q

Where are upper motor neuron?

A

Soma in cerebral cortex or brainstem

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3
Q

Where are lower motor neuron?

A

Soma in ventral horn of spinal cord for skeletal muscles of body
Soma in brainstem nuclei for skeletal muscles of head
Innervates muscle fiber
Final common pathway

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4
Q

What are the lateral pathways?

A

Corticospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract

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5
Q

What do lateral pathways do?

A

Voluntary movement of distal musculature
Under direct cortical control
Innervate distal musculature

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6
Q

What are the ventromedial pathways?

A

Tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract

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7
Q

What do ventromedial pathways do?

A

Control of posture, locomotion, orienting, and balance
Under brainstem control
Innervate axial and proximal musculature

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8
Q

What is the pathway of the corticospinal tract?

A
  1. Starts in the motor cortex
  2. Descends the internal capsule through the midbrain and pons
  3. Descends the medulla and then there is pyramidal decussation
  4. Contralateral goes to the ventral horn of the spinal cord
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9
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

Travels with CST and provides UMN innervation to LMNs in cranial nerve motor nuclei
Face, jaw, tongue, and throat

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10
Q

What is the pathway of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Originate from nerve cells in red nucleus
Cross the midline of the midbrain and descends as rubrospinal tract (through pons and medulla)
Terminate in the ventral horn of gray matter
Facilitates the activity of flexor muscles (distal limb muscles)

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11
Q

What happens if there are corticospinal tract lesions?

A

Difficulty moving distal limbs
Loss of ability to make independent finger movements

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12
Q

What is the babinksi sign?

A

If you run a pen up someone foot the normal response is for the toes to flex down.
But if they have problem with upper motor neurons there toes will fan up when giving the same stimulus.

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13
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract pathway?

A

For Balance
1. Begins in the vestibular nucleus in the medulla
2. Descends the vestibulospinal tract where it can be either coming from the left or right side of the spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the tectospinal tract pathway?

A

Orienting reflexes for the head
1. Begins in superior colliculus in the midbrain
2. Crosses the midbrain descends the tectospinal tract through the pons and medulla
3. Contralateral on the spinal cord’s ventral horn

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15
Q

What is the tectobulbar tract pathway?

A

Orienting reflexes for the eyes

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16
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract pathway?

A

For posture and locomotion
Pontine
1. Originates at the pontine reticular formation (pons)
2. Descends the medulla to the spinal cord in the intermediate gray matter
Medullary
1. Originates in medullary reticular formation (medulla)
2. Descends the reticulospinal tract to the intermediate gray matter

17
Q

What activity happens in the primary motor cortex M1?

A

M1 neurons occur before and during a voluntary movement.

18
Q

What are direction vectors?

A

Activity encodes force and direction of movement.
So when cell fires to leftward movement, direction vector points left
Length of vector corresponds to firing rate
Higher firing rate = more force
Points in the preferred direction for the neuron, but its length depends on the firing rate over a range of directions

19
Q

What is a population vector?

A

Vector sum of direction vector of multiple cells

20
Q

What is the Parietal-Tempora-Occipital Association cortex?

A

Proprioceptors- current position of body in space
Analysis of sensory inputs (vision, somatosensory, auditory)
Construct a representation of the world which sent to prefrontal cortex

21
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Executive function- working memory, reasoning, problem solving
Abstract thought
Decision making
Anticipating consequences of action

22
Q

What are the supplementary motor area (SMA) and premotor area (PMA)?

A

Motor planning

23
Q

What is the motor cortex, M1?

A

Initiation of complex voluntary movement
Origin of the corticospinal tract

24
Q

What parts are in the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum: caudate/putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra

25
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

Selection and initiation of willed movements
Motor learning

26
Q

What is the general pathway of the basal ganglia/

A

Prefrontal cortex projects to basal ganglia
BG projects to the thalamus then it projects to motor cortex

27
Q

What is the progress of the basal ganglia for body movement loop?

A

Direct Pathway
Globus pallidus is tonically active and inhibiting the VL/VA thalamus
Cortex transiently excites striatum (putamen)
Putamen transiently inhibits globus pallidus
VL/VA is released from inhibition and excites SMA

28
Q

What happens if you increase globus pallidus output?

A

Leads to hypokinesis- trouble initiating movement
Degeneration of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra since you increase inhibition
Parkinsons

29
Q

What happens if you decrease globus pallidus output?

A

Leads to hyperkinesis- can’t stop moving limbs
Loss of tonic inhibitory output to thalamus, cell loss in subthalamus
Hemiballismus

30
Q

What is the general pathway of the cerebellar loop?

A

Sensory cortex projects to the pons and cerebellum
They send it to the thalamus that send it to Area 4 of the motor cortex

31
Q

What information is projected to the cerebellum?

A

The motor cortex sends intended movement
Inferior cerebellar peduncle sends the actual movement (proprioceptors)

32
Q

What information is projected by the cerebellum?

A

What was intended is compared with what actually happened and the error signal is sent to cortex to correct ongoing and future movements

33
Q

What is the hierarchy of control?

A

Cortex plans strategies and goals
Basal ganglia: selection and initiation of movement
Cerebellum: sequencing, timing, and error correction of ongoing and future movement
M1, UMN- force and direction of motion
Final common path: LMN motor units to muscle

Intro to Brain and Behavior (17 decks)

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