chapter 7 notes Flashcards

1
Q

Political Geography

A

the study of the spatial aspects of political affairs, including their impact on other components of society and culture

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2
Q

Territoriality

A

Geographer Stuart Elden: modern concept of territory arose in early modern Europe as a system of political units came into being with fixed, distinct boundaries and at least a quasi-independent government
process by which this happens is territoriality

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3
Q

How Is Space Politically Organized into States and Nations?

A

Today, territoriality is tied to the concept of sovereignty.
Sovereignty means having a recognized right to control a territory both politically and militarily.
Under international law, states are sovereign, and they have the right to defend their territorial integrity against incursion from other states.

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4
Q

State (country)

A

a politically organized territory with: 1) a permanent population, 2) a defined territory, 3) a government, 4) to be a state, an it must be recognized as such by other states – must have control over internal and external affairs

193 countries

  • -ambiguity
  • –around 200 countries
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5
Q

Nations

A

Nation is a culturally defined term, and few people agree on exactly what it means

The term was originally meant to refer to a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy

all nations are ultimately mixtures of different peoples

a nation is identifies by its own membership; therefore, we cannot simply define a nation as the people within a territory

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6
Q

nationalism

A

relates to nation

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7
Q

patriotism

A

relates to state

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8
Q

Multinational State –

A

A state with more than one nation in its borders

  • often no single ethnic group dominates
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9
Q

Nation-State

A

a nation state is a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

The goal of creating nation-states dates to the French Revolution:

Key problem associated with the idea of the nation-state is that it assumes the presence of reasonably well-defined, stable nations living in discrete territories.

When people have a strong sense of nationalism, they have a loyalty to and a belief in the nation itself

A state, in contrast, seeks to promotes sense of nationhood that coincides with its own borders

To help people within the borders relate to the dominant national ideal, states provide security, infrastructure, and goods and services for their citizens.

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10
Q

The stateless nation

A

Some examples of stateless nations: Cherokee nation, kurds, palestinians

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11
Q

Colonialism

A

a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own
Profits
Power
Convert indigenous populations to colonists’ religion
Characteristics: domination over another people, economic/political dependence, resource exploitation

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12
Q

European Colonial Objectives

A

A port along the West African coast (initially the Portuguese)

A water route to South Asia and Southeast Asia

1500’s- looking for resources; Slaves
slaves not new, but slave raiding was
30 mi slaves forced from their homes

1850- Industrial Revolution occurs in Europe
increased demand for mineral resources
Need to expand agricultural production

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13
Q

Berlin Conference (1884)

A

13 States divided up Africa without consideration of cultures

Results of superimposed boundaries
– African peoples were divided
– unified regions were ripped apart
– Hostile societies were thrown together
– Hinterlands were disrupted
– migration routes were closed off
When independence returned to Africa after 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation.

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14
Q

boundaries

A

A vertical plane (down into rock and up into airspace) that fixes the territory of a state

Boundaries often divide resources, such as oil between Kuwait and Iraq

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15
Q

Establishing Boundaries

A

Define
legal document where longitude and latitude are described
Delimit
draw the boundary on a map
Demarcate
Use steel posts, fences, pillars, walls, etc to mark the boundary on the ground
Administrate
determine how a boundary gets maintained and how goods/people will get across it

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16
Q

Informal/implied boundaries :

formal boundaries:

A

Informal/implied boundaries – often marked by symbols but wont see in maps or defined in legal documents (ie turf of a city gang)
Formal boundaires: on maps, in international law,

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17
Q

geometric boundarie

A

based on grid systems

eg boundaries between the US and Canada

18
Q

physiographic (physical political) boundaries

A

follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape
eg rio grande – boundary between the us and mexico

19
Q

ethnographic boundaries

A

based on cultural traits

Ex. India and Pakistan: separates Hindus and Muslims

20
Q

relic boundaries

A

no longer exists

21
Q

exclave

A

territory that is separated from, but politically attached to, it’s state by another state (i.e. Kaliningrad)

22
Q

enclave

A

territory (or part of one) surrounded by the boundaries of another state (ie Vatican city)

Vatican city is an enclave of rome

23
Q

pene enclave

A

Territory with one other country also being bordered by a body of water

24
Q

unitary government

A

highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power

25
federal government
a government where the state is organized into territories which have control over government policies and funds Federalism accommodates regional interests by vesting primary power in provinces, States, or other regional units over all matters except those explicitly given to the central government
26
US Federal Government
Allows states within the state to determine moral laws such as death penalty , access to alcohol, and concealed weapons
27
Centrifugal Forces
refer to forces that tend to divide a country | Religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences
28
centripetal forces
forces that unite and bind a country together | A strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith
29
Devolution
movement of power form the central government to regional governments within a state Sometimes devolution is achieved by reworking a constitution to establish a federal system that recognizes the permanency of the regional governments. In other places, governments devolve power without altering constitutions, almost as an experiment. What causes devolutionary movements? Ethnocultural forces Economic forces Spatial forces
30
seperatism
desire of nation to split from state (ie Quebec from Canada)
31
Economic Devolutionary Movements
Catalonia, Spain Barcelona is the center of banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than the rest of Spain. -economic strength
32
Spatial Devolutionary Movements
Hawaii | a history apart from the united states, and a desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive
33
Geopolitics
Geopolitics – the interplay among geography, power, politics, and international relations Ratzel: states need resources to grow
34
Classical Geopolitics
Late 19th century/early 20th century geopoliticians were usually either part of the German school or the British/American school.
35
the german school
Tried to explain why certain states were powerful and how they became powerful Friedrick Ratzel: influenced by Darwin; the state resemble a biological organism whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity and ultimately decline and death
36
The British/American School
Sir Halford J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of History” in the Royal Geographical Society’s Geographical Journal. land based power, not sea power, would ultimately rule the world
37
Influence of Geopoliticians on Politics
NATO | Geopolitics: term with negative connotations
38
Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
“Who rules East Europe commands the HeartlandWho rules the Heartland commands the World Island Who rules the World Island commands the World
39
Spykman’s Rimland
Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia; | who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world
40
Supranational Organizations
A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals * How many supranational organizations exist in the world today? at least 60 ie NATO (military), NAFTA (economic
41
History of European Supranationalism
1944 – Benelux Agreement 1947 – marshall plan 1948 - Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) Coordinate American aid 1957 - Treaty of Rome Signed by France, W.Germany, Italy, Benelux to establish EEC 1958 – European Economic Community (EEC) effective 1992 – EEC becomes European union (EU)
42
Supranationalism
Benefits joint economic structure to coordinate the financial assistance Ease the flow of resources and products Political security ``` Problems: Loss of autonomy Disparities in levels of economic development cultural barriers political co operation ```