chapter 2: notes Flashcards
spatial interaction
The movement of people, ideas, and goods within/between areas Neither resources or goods are uniformly distributed Commodity flows are responses to these differences (supply/demand) Resources are traded between nations, movement of people through migration, balance between benefit and cost between trade offs Movement across geographic space Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas (economic) Principles Complementarity Transferability Intervening opportunity
complementarity
Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands one area has a surplus of an item of demand in another area
double complimentarity
If going both ways… supply and demand on both ends - Only exists if costs are unreasonable
transferability
When complementarity exists, the exchange must have acceptable costs the ease with which a commodity may be a transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost Affected by distance and advances in transportation
intervening oppurtunity
A nearer supply diminishes the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites Potential trade only develops in absence of closer (intervening) supply
measuring interaction
Distance decay Decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin generally: interaction of places is inversely related to the square of the distance seperating them interaction = 1/distance^2 (squared) People will travel much further to reach a box store because of the wide range of goods sold (usually at low prices)
friction of distance
Frictionless zone where most frequent interaction occurs usually localized; ‘free movement’ distance I not a limiting factor Things that you frequently do where distance is not a limiting factor -not about distance, about places you viit frequently. Stuff that you don’t have to think about doing with distance being a limiting factor. Beyond a specific distance, tend to the place
critical distance
distance beyond which the intensity of contact declines e.g. cost might increase; less ‘routine’ trips
the gravity model
Interaction between places is a function of population size and distance between them The gravity model assumes that spatial interaction is directly related to the populations and inversely related to the distance between them this model was more significant before current technology was common (airplanes, internet, etc) In reality, other factors, such as personal preference and other push/pull factors play a role in spatial interaction and migration
connectivity
Connectivity is shown on a map, but not measured link node ration (LNR) is the number of link divided by the number of nodes
cyclic movement
Cyclic Movement moving away from home for a short period Commuting Seasonal movement Daily activities Regular sequences of short moves within a local area (daily routine) = activity spaces
periodic movement
Periodic Movement movement away from home for a longer period movement away from home for a longer period migrant labour University attendance in a foreign country -foreign university, military
movement, mobility and mogration
Movement is inherently geographical. Mobility – the ability to travel Migration – a change in residence and activity space that is intended to be permanent - Must cross at least provincial boundaries for it to be a migration
international migration
Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence). — leaving home = emigrant Coming into a place – immigrant
internal migration
movement within a single countries borders (implying a degree of performence) (ie winnipeg to regina)
why do people migrate
Forced Migration – human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate Reluctant migration – individuals not forced out, but leave because of warfare, political problems, or ethnic purging. (ie refugees) Voluntary Migration – human migration flow in which the mover respond to perceived opportunity, not force (ie job opportunity)
atlantic slace migration example of what
Forced Migration
voluntary migration
Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go.
distance decay
weights into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they origionally contemplate
kinds of voluntary migration
Step Migration – when a migrant follows a path of a series of stages, or steps toward a final decision ie small town to bigger town to big city * intervening opportunity – at one of the steps along the path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there. Chain Migration – when a migrant communicates to family and friends at home, encouraging further migration along the same path, along kinship links
ravensteins migration laws (1870-1880s)
most migrants go only a short distance Longer-distance migration favors big city destinations Most migration proceeds step-by-step. Most migration is rural to urban Most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international moves most international migrants are young males
Factors influencing the migration decision
Push (conditions to help decide to leave a place) and Pull (circumstances that attract a migrant to a place) economic conditions Political Circumstances/Armed Conflict and Civil War environmental conditions Quality of Life Likely more familiar with current location, so a migrant will be likely to perceive push factors more accurately than pull factors Place utility: a measure of the extent to which a person is satisfied with a particular location
economic conditions (migraTION)
Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home (remittances) to their family members who remain behind. revere remittances after the 2008 recesion
regional migration flows
Migrants go to neighboring countries: - short term economic oppurtunities - to reconnect with cultural groups across borders. - to flee political conflict or war.
reconnecting cultural groups
Migrants go to neighboring countries: - short term economic oppurtunities - to reconnect with cultural groups across borders. - to flee political conflict or war.
National Migration Flows - Guest Workers
Guest workers – migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides. - have short term work visas - send remittances to home country often long hours and low pay
refugees (reluctant migrants)
A person who flees across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, and unwilling or unable to avail himself of the protection of his country.
3 common characteristics of refugees
Most refugees move with only the property they can carry Most refugees make the first “step” on foot, bicycle, wagon or open boat – limited resources refugees move without official documentation
internally diplaced persons
displaced within their own countries I.e. hurricane Katrina do not cross international boarders and tend to stay uncounted In 2010, UNHCR estimated that 27 million people (in addition to the 15.3 million refugees) were IDPs
where do refugees go?
Asylum the right to protection in the first safe country in which the refugee arrives The majority of refugees seek asylum in neighbouring countries
repatriation
Repatriation: a process by which the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homeland once violence and persecution subside
authorized vs unauthorized migrants
Authorized vs. Unauthorized Migrants Authorized immigrant: legal permanent resident Unauthorized immigrant (undocumented/illegal):
reasons for migration
slow economic growth (i.e Caribbean), conflict/war (i.e. Columbia), civil unrest
transnationalism
process where migrants develop tie to multiple countries
patter s of global migration - europe
Pre 1980: guest workers Chain Migration Post 1980: Fall of communism allowed E. Europeans to move more Refugees from conflicts were seeking asylum 3 current issues: southern Europe I preffered “anti-migration” campaigns There is little support for high levels of immigration
pattens of global migration - asia
Highest percentage of emigrants 25% of the world’s migrants Often in search of jobs Since the 1970’s, many middle eastern countries offered jobs in the oil fields/construction Human Trafficking women and children are forced to move and often old into prostitution 2-4 million people per year
patterns of global migration - africa
Brain Drain Migration of skilled professionals to other countries Each year > 10% of the health care professional leave some countries -This makes it much harder to fight HIV/AIDS and other diseases
