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Honors Anatomy Ellie > Chapter 7 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System CNS

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System PNS

A

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves
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3
Q

Sensory (afferent) division

Part of PNS system

A

Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system

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4
Q

(Part of PNS system)

Motor (efferent) division

A

-Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system.
- two subdivisions:
Somatic nervous system- voluntary
Autonomic nervous system- involuntary

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5
Q

(Support cells) nervous tissue

Satellite Cells

A

Protect neuron cell bodies

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6
Q

Support cells: nervous tissue

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

Nervous tissue: Neurons

A

Neurons= nerve cells
-Cells specialized to transmit messages
-Major regions of neurons:
•cell body- nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
• processes- fibers that extend from the cell body

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8
Q

Nervous tissue: neurons

Cell body

A

Nucleus

Large nucleolus

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Conduct impulses toward the cell body

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10
Q

Axons

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body

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11
Q

Axonal terminals

A
  • Contain vesicles w neurotransmitters

- are separated from the next neuron by a gap

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12
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Gap between adjacent neurons

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13
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between nerves

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14
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Whitish fatty material covering axons

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15
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll-like fashion

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

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17
Q

Most neuron cell bodies are found in the _________ __________ _________.

A

Central nervous system

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18
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies and Unmyelinated fibers

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19
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system.

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20
Q

Ganglia

A

Collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system.

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21
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

  • Cutaneous sense organs
  • proprioceptors- detect stretch of tension
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22
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands.

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23
Q

Irritability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli

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24
Q

Conductivity

A

ability to transmit an impulse

25
Q

Resting neuron

A

The plasma membrane at rest is polarized.

Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell.

26
Q

Depolarization

A

A stimulus depolarizes the neurons membrane.

A depolarizes membrane allows sodium to flow inside the membrane.

27
Q

Action potential

A

If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon.
Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath.

28
Q

Repolarization

A

Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which depolarizes the membrane.

The sodium potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration.

29
Q

Reflex

A

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus.

Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs.

30
Q

Reflex arc

A

Direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector.

31
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Activation of skeletal muscles

32
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

Smooth muscle regulation
Heart and blood pressure regulation
Regulation of glands
Digestive system regulation

33
Q

Regions of the brain

A

Cerebral hemisphere (cerebrum)
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

34
Q

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)

A
  • paired superior parts of the brain
  • Includes more than half of the brain mass
  • the surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)
35
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A

Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes

36
Q

Surface lobes of the cerebrum:

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

37
Q

Diencephalon

A

Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Made of 3 parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

38
Q

Thalamus

A

The relay station for sensory impulses.

Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation.

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

•Under the thalamus
•Important autonomic nervous system center
-helps regulate body temp
- controls water balance
- regulates metabolism
• an important part of the limbus system (emotions)
• the pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

40
Q

Epithalamus

A

Houses the pineal body

Includes the choroid plexus- forms cerebrospinal fluid.

41
Q

Brain stem

A 
Attaches to the spinal cord
Parts of the brain stem:
Midbrain 
Pons
Medulla oblongata
42
Q

Brain stem: Midbrain

A

Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers

43
Q

Brain stem: pons

A

The bulging center part of the brain stem.
Mostly composed of fiber tracts.
Involved in the control of breathing.

44
Q

Brain stem: medulla oblongata

A 
Lowest part of the brain stem. 
Merged into the spinal cord. 
Includes important fiber tracts. 
Contains important control centers:
    Heart rate control 
    Blood pressure regulation
    Breathing 
    Swallowing 
    Vomiting
45
Q

Brain stem: Reticular formation

A

Diffuses mass of gray matter along the brain stem.
Involved in motor control of visceral organs.
Reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness.

46
Q

Regions of the brain: cerebellum

A

Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces

Provides involuntary coordination of body movements.

47
Q

Protection of the Central Nervous System

A 
Scalp and skin
Skull and vertebral column 
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
Blood- brain barrier
48
Q

Meninges

A

Dura mater
- double layered external covering
-periosteum: attached to the inner surface of the skull
- meningeal layer- outer covering of the brain.
Folds inward in several areas.

49
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Similar to blood plasma composition

Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain and spinal cord.

50
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body.
Excludes many potentially harmful substances.
Useless as a barrier against some substances.
(Alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia,gases)

51
Q

Concussion

A

Slight brain injury

No permanent brain damage*

52
Q

Contusion

A

Nervous tissue destruction occurs.

Nervous tissue does not regenerate.

53
Q

Cerebral edema

A

Swelling from the inflammatory response.

May compress and kill brain tissue.

54
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A

Aka stroke
The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain.
Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies.
Loss of some functions or death may result.

55
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Progressive degenerative brain disease
Mostly seen in the elderly but can begin in early age.
Structural changes in the brain include deposits and twisted fibers within neurons.
Memory loss, irritability, confusion, hallucinations, and death.

56
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extends from the foramen magnum of the skill to the first or second lumber vertebra.
31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord.

57
Q

Motor subduction of the PNS

A

Consists only of motor nerves

58
Q

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

A

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

59
Q

Functions of the nervous system:

A 
-Sensory input- gathering information
To monitor changes occurring inside and outside of the body
Changes=stimuli 
- Integration
To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed
- Motor output 
A response to integrated stimuli 
The response activates muscles or glands

Honors Anatomy Ellie (6 decks)

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