Chapter 1 Test Friday Flashcards
Physiology
The study of how the body and it’s parts work or function
Levels of structural organization
1) chemical level
2) cellular level
3) tissue level
4) organ level
5) organ system level
6) organismal level
Atoms
Tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules (water, sugar,proteins)
Cells
Smallest units of all living things
Tissues
Consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function
Organ
A structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body.
Organ system
A group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.
Organism
Organ systems make up the living body or organism. Highest level of structural organization.
Integumentary system
External covering of the body.
Skin. Waterproofs, and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury.
Skeletal system
Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. Supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement.
Muscular system
Skeletal muscles form the muscular system.
Make you able to move.
Nervous system
The body’s fast acting control system.
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Helps the body to respond.
Endocrine System
Controls the body’s activities but it acts slowly.
Producer of hormones.
Cardiovascular System
Heart and Blood vessels
Uses blood as the transporting fluid.
Lymphatic System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Houses the white blood cells.
Respiratory System
It’s job is to keep the body constantly supplies with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide.
Digestive System
A tube running through the body from the mouth to the anus.
The role is to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells.
Urinary System
Removes the nitrogen containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine.
Reproductive System
Exists to produce offspring
Homeostasis
The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.
Receptor
Sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment.
Control center
Determines the level at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives and determines the proper response.
Effector
Provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus. Information flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent pathway.
Negative feedback mechanisms
The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.
Positive feedback mechanisms
Rare
Tend to increase the original disturbance and to push the variable farther from its original value.
Anatomical Position
Standard position
Directional Terms
Allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another.
Sagittal section
To cut along the lengthwise or longitudinal plane of the body. Providing right and left parts.
Frontal section
Cut along lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse section
To cut along the horizontal plane dividing the body or Iran into superior and inferior parts.
SUPERIOR
Above something
Towards the head
INFERIOR
Below something or toward the tail
VENTRAL
Toward the front of the body.
DORSAL
Toward the rear or back of the body or structure.
MEDIAL
Toward the midline of the body.
LATERAL
Away from the midline of the body
PROXIMAL
Closer to the point of attachment
DISTAL
Farther from the point of attachment
SUPERFICIAL
At or close to the body surface
DEEP
Below or away from the body surface
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts and their relationships to one another.
