Chapter 7- Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Mood disorders

Answer 1

Disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive.

Question 1

Unipolar depressive disorders

Answer 1

Mood disorder in which a person experiences only depressive episodes, as opposed to bipolar disorder, in which both manic and depressive episodes occur.

Question 2

Depression

Answer 2

Emotional state characterized by extraordinary sadness and dejection.

Question 3

Manic episode

Answer 3

A condition in which a person shows markedly elevated, euphoric, or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence that lasts for at least 1 week. In addition, at least three out of seven other designated symptoms must also occur.

Question 4

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 4

A new DSM-5 disorder that involves long-standing depressed mood (2 years of more). The disorder incorporates dysthymic disorder and chronic major depression from DSM-4.

Question 5

Major depressive disorder

Answer 5

Moderate-to-severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypo-manic, manic, or mixed episodes. Single episode is only one; recurrent episode if more than one.

Question 6

Reccurrence

Answer 6

A new occurrence of a disorder after a remission of a symptom.

Question 7

Relapse

Answer 7

Return of the symptoms of a disorder after a fairly short period of time.

Question 8

Specifiers

Answer 8

Different patterns of symptoms that sometimes characterize major depressive episodes which may help predict the course and preferred treatments for the condition.

Question 9

Major depressive episode with melancholic features

Answer 9

A type of major depressive episode which includes marked symptoms of loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, plus at least three of six other designated symptoms.

Question 10

Severe major depressive episode with psychotic features

Answer 10

Major depression involving loss of contact with reality, often in the form of delusions or hallucinations.

Question 11

Mood congruent

Answer 11

Delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with a person’s mood.

Question 12

Chronic major depressive disorder

Answer 12

A disorder in which a major depressive episode does not remit over a two-year period.

Question 13

Recurrent major depressive episode with a seasonal pattern

Answer 13

A form of major depression where the episodes of depression recur on a regular seasonal basis (fall/winter), but not at other times of the year.

Question 14

Seasonal affective disorder

Answer 14

Mood disorder involving at least two episodes of depression in the past 2 years occurring at the same time of year (mostly fall or winter), with remission also occurring at the same time of year (most commonly spring).

Question 15

Beck’s cognitive theory

Answer 15

Beck believed that the cognitive symptoms of depression often precede and cause the affective or mood symptoms rather than vice versa. For example, if you think you are a failure or that you’re ugly, those thoughts can lead to a depressed mood.

Question 16

Depressogenic schemas

Answer 16

Dysfunctional beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive and that are thought to leave one susceptible to depression when experiencing stress.

Question 17

Negative automatic thoughts

Answer 17

Thoughts that are just below the surface of awareness and that involve unpleasant pessimistic predictions.

Question 18

Pessimistic attributional style

Answer 18

Cognitive style involving a tendency to make internal, stable, and global attributions for negative life events.

Question 19

Learned helplessness

Answer 19

A theory that animals and people exposed to uncontrollable aversive events learn that they have no control over these events and this causes them to behave in a passive and helpless manner when later exposed to potentially controllable events. Later extended to become a theory of depression.

Question 20

Negative cognitive triad

Answer 20

Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.

Question 21

Rumination

Answer 21

Refers to the process of going over and over in one’s mind or going over a thought repeatedly time and again.

Question 22

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 22

Mild mood disorder characterized by clinical periods of hypo-manic and depressive symptoms.

Question 23

Mixed episode

Answer 23

A condition in which a person is characterized by symptoms of both full blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermixed or alternate rapidly every few days.

Question 24

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 24

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both hypo-manic episodes and major depressive episodes.

Question 25

Rapid cycling

Answer 25

A pattern of bipolar disorder involving at least four manic or depressive episodes per year.

Question 26

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO’s)

Answer 26

Class of antidepressant drugs sometimes used for treating depression.

Question 27

Behavioral activation treatment

Answer 27

Treatment for depression in which the patient and the therapist work together to help the patient find ways to become more active and engaged with life.

Question 28

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Answer 28

A medication that inhibits serotonin that is used in the treatment of depression.

Question 29

Lithium

Answer 29

A common salt that consists of a soft, silver-white meta; it has been found to reduce the symptoms of bipolar disorder although it has a high number of negative side-effects.

Question 30

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 30

Use of electricity to produce convulsions and unconsciousness; a treatment used primarily to alleviate depressive and manic episodes. (Aka electroshock therapy).

Question 31

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 31

Therapy based on altering dysfunctional thoughts and cognitive distortions.

Question 32

Tricylic Antidepressants

Answer 32

Medications used to treat depression, and sometimes anxiety disorders, that are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin and the synapse.

Question 33

Who commits suicide

Answer 33

Most common in people between the ages of 18-24, used to be 25-44. Women are 3X more likely than men to attempt suicide. 3-4X higher in divorced or separated people.

Question 34

Suicidal ambivalence

Answer 34

Some people (most often women) do not really wish to die but instead want to communicate a dramatic message to others concerning their distress. Their suicide attempts tend to be non-lethal.

Question 35

Major depressive episode with atypical features

Answer 35

A type of major depressive episode which includes a pattern of symptoms characterized or marked by mood reactivity, as well as at least two out of four other designated symptoms.