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NU FS 305 > Chapter 7 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 simplified steps of the energy-yielding pathways?

A
  1. The macronutrients get broken down into their basic elements, and then into pyruvate.
  2. All of the energy-yielding nutrients can be broken down to Acetyl CoA.
  3. Acetyl CoA can enter the TCA cycle
  4. Most of the reactions above release hydrogen atoms with their electrons, which are carried by coenzymes to the electron transport chain
  5. ATP is synthesized
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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in living cells

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3
Q

What is energy metabolism?

A

All reactions by which the body obtains and uses the energy from food.

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Reactions in which smaller molecules are put together to build larger ones

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5
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Reactions where larger molecules are broken down to smaller ones

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6
Q

What is ATP?

A

The body’s quick energy molecule

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7
Q

What is ATP is composed of?

A

Sugar, purine, and 3 phosphates

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8
Q

How is ATP energy-yielding?

A

The phosphates can be readily broken off, releasing energy from the phosphoanhydride bonds

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9
Q

How is energy released?

A

Energy is released when a high-energy phosphate bond in ATP is broken. With the loss of a phosphate group, high-energy ATP (charged battery) becomes low-energy ADP (used battery)

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10
Q

How does ADP become ATP?

A

Energy is required whan a phosphate is attached to ADP, making ATP. ADP needs eneergy from the breakdown of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to make ATP.

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11
Q

What is the difference between pyruvate and Acetyl CoA?

A
  • Pyruvate can be used to make glucose while Acetyl CoA cannot
  • Pyruvate is a 3 carbon structure, Acetyl CoA is a 2 carbon structure
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12
Q

How does glucose change to pyruvate?

A

Glycolysis
* 2 pyruvates are made (2 3C structures)
* Hydrogens are carried to ETC
* Pyruvate can be converted back (gluconeogenesis)

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13
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The process that converts pyruvate into glucose

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14
Q

In what conditions does glycolysis occur?

A

In anaerobic conditions
* If there is a shortage of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
* Lactic acid can be converted back to glucose through the Cori Cycle

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15
Q

When does the Cory cycle occur?

A

When the muscles need energy; it brings energy to the muscles during intense workouts and other times of low O2 levels

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16
Q

Quick vs. Slow energy needs

A
  • Quick = anaerobic: pyruvate to lactic acid
  • Slow = aerobic: pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
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17
Q

What are the amino acids called that are used to make glucose?

A

Glucogenic

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18
Q

What are the amino acids called that are converted to Acetyl CoA?

A

Ketogenic

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19
Q

Is pyruvate to Acetyl CoA reversible?

A

No; it is higher exergonic (energy is released)

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20
Q

How is Acetyl CoA broken down?

A

TCA cycle and electron transport chain

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21
Q

Glycerol to Pyruvate

A

Glycerol can be converted to glucose and pyruvate

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22
Q

Fatty acids to Acetyl CoA?

A

Fatty acid oxidation
* hydrogens and electrons go to the ETC
* Acetyl CoA go to TCA

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23
Q

What are the six steps for fats entering the energy pathway?

A
  1. Glycerol enters the glycolysis pathway about midway between glucose and pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate becomes Acetyl CoA
  3. Acetyl CoA goes to the TCA
  4. Fatty acids are broken down into fragments combine with CoA to form Acetyl CoA
  5. Coenzymes take hydrogens and electrons to ETC
  6. Acetyl CoA goes to the TCA cycle
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24
Q

Where do amino acids enter the energy pathway?

A
  1. They are converted to pyruvate, which is used to make glucose
  2. Converted to acetyl CoA
  3. Enter TCA cycle directly
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25
Q

When do amino acids enter the energy pathway?

A

They only come into the pathway when there is not enough glucose/calories

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26
Q

How many triglycerides are needed to make one glucose?

A

2 triglycerides, and 120 fatty acids

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27
Q

Describe the electron transport chain (3)

A
  1. Electrons bind hydrogen to Vitamin B coenzymes
  2. In a series of reactions, electrons lose energy in small amount until the end where water is produced
  3. The energy the electrons lose is captured in ATP
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28
Q

Do amino acids yield energy?

A

yes

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29
Q

Does glycerol yield energy?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Do fatty acids yield energy?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Do carbohydrates yield glucose?

A

Yes

32
Q

Do fatty acids yield glucose?

A

No

33
Q

Does glycerol yield glucose?

A

Yes - when carbohydrates are unavailable

34
Q

Do amino acids yield glucose?

A

Yes - when carbohydrates are unavailable

35
Q

Do carbohydrates yield amino acids and body proteins?

A

Yes - when nitrogen is available, can yield nonessential amino acids

36
Q

Do fatty acids yield amino acids and body proteins?

A

No

37
Q

Do glycerol yield amino acids and body proteins?

A

Yes - when nitroen is available, can yield nonessential amino acids

38
Q

Do carbohydrates yield fat stores?

A

Yes

39
Q

Do amino acids yield fat stores?

A

Yes

40
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Metabolic breakdown of glucose to 2 units of pyruvate

41
Q

What happens to excesses in glucose metabolism?

A

It is converted to fat for storage

42
Q

What are the two things protein and fat can be converted into?

A
  • Pyruvate, which can then provide glucose
  • Acetyl CoA (which cannot be converted to glucose)
43
Q

What occurs during fat metabolism?

A
  • Glycerol turns to pyruvate, which can yield either glucose or Acetyl CoA
  • Fatty acids turn to Acetyl CoA
44
Q

What happens if there is excess in fat metabolism?

A

It readily goes into storage

45
Q

What is deamination?

A

The first step in amino acid catabolism

46
Q

When is urea produced?

A

During amino acid catabolism

47
Q

Where does TCA cycle occur in the cell?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria; like the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

48
Q

Where does the ETC occur?

A

In the inner membrane mitochondria

49
Q

What occurs in the ETC?

A
  • Transfer of electrons, where oxygen accepts electrons
  • Water and ATP is formed
50
Q

What is the issue of oxygen production in the ETC?

A

Oxygen is fundamental to life but it also produces oxygen metabolites which result in cellular damage

51
Q

How do reactive oxygen species cause cellular damage?

A

It contributes to lipid peroxide formation

52
Q

What does overeating result in?

A

Lipid deposition

53
Q

Why does lipid deposition occur?

A

It is energy efficient; it takes 5% of ingested energy to take dietary lipids to adipose

54
Q

Why do carbohydrates favour glycogen production over lipid deposition?

A

It uses 25% of ingested energy intake to convert carbs to TG

55
Q

Where is excess fat stored?

A

In adipocytes

56
Q

What occurs in the 0-4 hours following a meal?

A

You are in the postprandial state (digestion and absorption of nutrients

57
Q

What occurs in a initial fast (3-4 hours)?

A

The body uses glycogen and triglycerides for ATP production

58
Q

What occurs in an prolonged fast (>24 hours)?

A

Use triglycerides and protein for ATP production

59
Q

In a >24 hour fast, where is glucose sourced?

A

90% from protein, 10% from glycogen

60
Q

Why is most glucose not sourced from glycogen in an extended fast?

A

After 24 hours, glycogen sources are depleted causing the body to utilized energy stores from adipose tissue and protein stores

61
Q

What occurs in an extended fast after protein and glycogen is used for glucose?

A

The body switches to ketosis where ketones are syntehsized and protein is conserved

62
Q

How does ketosis work?

A

Ketones are an alternative energy source for neurons

63
Q

What are the symptoms of ketosis?

A

The blood pH decreases, ketonuria, acetone breath

64
Q

What are the energy sources used in fasting?

A
  • First triglycerides stores are used as well as glycogen
  • Protein is used to make glucose, while fat converts to ketones
  • Death if all stores are depleted
65
Q

What occurs with the suppression of appetite?

A

Ketosis is induced when fasting

66
Q

What occurs when metabolism is slowed?

A

Basal metabolic rate is decreased

67
Q

What are the symptoms of starvation?

A
  • Wasting msucle/fat
  • Low body temperature
  • Prone to illness
  • Organ failure
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Food dreams
68
Q

What are tthe goals of intermittant fasting and time restricted eating?

A

Reduced kcal intake, which results in body wieght loss, and improvements in metabolic markers (blood sugar, HDL cholesterol, BP, waist circumference?

69
Q

What is a risk of intermittant fasting and time restricted eating?

A

‘Catch up consumption’ of kcal, cravings

70
Q

What is the alcohol used to make triglycerides?

A

Glycerol

71
Q

How does alcohol disrupt metabolism?

A
  • Fatty liver
  • Build up of NADH and Acetyl CoA
  • Fatty acid synthesis
  • Ketone bodies synthesis
  • Lowered blood pH
72
Q

What is the result of decreased blood pH?

A

Suppression of nervous system

73
Q

What is the difference between fibrosis and cirrhosis liver disease?

A
  • Fibrosis is reversible; loss of function
  • Cirrhosis is irreversible; death of hepatic cells with permanent loss of function
74
Q

What is MEOS?

A

Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system; cytochrome enzymes in liver/intestines

75
Q

What does MEOS do?

A

A part of alcohol and drug metabolism
* Reduced deoxification and/or metabolism-catabolism of other drugs
* Delayed or amplified effects of drugs

76
Q

What issues can be caused by alcohol consumption? (3)

A
  • Nutrient displacement
  • Malabsorption
  • Vitamin B deficiencies (folate, B12, thiamin, pyridoxine)
  • Interference with nutrient metabolism
77
Q

What are the dietary alcohol recommendations?

A

Low risk is 2 or less standard drinks/week

NU FS 305 (13 decks)

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