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NU FS 305 > Chapter 13 - Nutrients Involved in Bone Health > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Nutrients Involved in Bone Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Bone Mineral Density

A

The amount of mineral crystals in the bone matrix

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2
Q

What does the bone mineral density tell us about the bone?

A

The higher the density, the stronger the bone

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3
Q

What does the degradation of bone surface?

A

Osteoclasts

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4
Q

What cells form new bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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5
Q

What are the major minerals involved in bone health?

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Sulphur
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Magnesium
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6
Q

What are the trace minerals involved in bone health?

A
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Manganese
  • Iodine
  • Selenium
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7
Q

What is special about calcium and phosphorus as major minerals?

A

They are the only minerals that are present in amounts larger than half a kilogram (in a 60kg body)

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8
Q

What are the functions of calcium? (5)

A
  1. Bone (hydroxyapatite) and teeth structure
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Nerve impulse transmission
  4. Blood clotting
  5. Intracellular signal functions/enzyme activation
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9
Q

What regulates calcium blood levels?

A

Calcitonin, Vitamin D, Parathyroid horomone

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10
Q

What does Calcitonin do to calcium blood levels?

A

It acts to reduce blood calcium, opposing the effects of parathyroid horomone. It is stimulated by an increase in blood calcium

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11
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do to blood calcium levels?

A

It acts to increase blood calcium, stimulating osteroclast activity to take calcium into the blood. It is stimulated by a decrease in blood calcium.

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12
Q

What does Vitamin D do to calcium blood levels?

A

It increase blood calcium mainly by increasing the uptake of calcium from the intestines. It does this in its active form, Calcitriol.

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13
Q

How does chronic indequate dietary intake of calcium cause osteoporosis?

A

Bone integrity is comprimised, as calcium is released from the bones into the blood. This slowly breaks down the structure of the bones.

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14
Q

What is the role of Calcium Binding Protein (CBP)?

A

To facilitate the absorption of calcium in the SI. It will also upregulate absorption when required.

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15
Q

What stimulates the synthesis of Calcium Binding Protein (CBP)?

A

Vitamin D

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16
Q

What can bind with dietary calcium, preventing absorption?

A

Fibre, Phytates, Oxalates

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17
Q

How much of dietary calcium is absorbed?

A

30%

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18
Q

Calcium RDA for Adults

A

1000 mg/day

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19
Q

Calcium RDA for Adolescents

A

1300 mg/day

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20
Q

Calcium RDA for Elderly Men (>50 years)

A

1000 mg/day

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21
Q

Calcium RDA for Elderly Women (>50 years)

A

1200 mg/day

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22
Q

What are food sources of calcium?

A
  • Milk products
  • Fortified soy products
  • Calcium-set tofu
  • Tortillas
  • Almonds
  • Brassicas
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23
Q

How many mg of calcium is a point in the calcium intake point system?

A

~300mg Calcium

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24
Q

What foods are 1 point in the calcium intake system?

A
  • 250mL milk, yogurt, fortified soy beverage
  • 50g cheese
  • 90g canned fish with bones
  • well balanced diet
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25
Q

What food are 0.5 points in the calcium intake point system?

A
  • 250mL ice cream or cottage cream
  • 250mL calcium-rich vegetable
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26
Q

What does calcium deficiency cause in childhood/adolescence?

A

Stunted growth and/or decreased bone mineralization

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27
Q

What does calcium deficiency cause later in life?

A

Osteoporosis (bones pororus and fragile due to loss of hydroxyapatite). Fravtures can also occur under normal everyday stresses

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28
Q

What is the other name for Type I Osteoporosis?

A

Postmenopausal osteoporosis

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29
Q

What is the other name for Type II Osteoporosis?

A

Senile osteoporosis

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30
Q

What is the age of onset of type I osteoporosis?

A

50 to 70 years old

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31
Q

What is the age of onset of type II Osteoporosis?

A

70 years and older

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32
Q

Where does bone loss occur in type I osteoporosis?

A

Trabecular bone

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33
Q

Where does bone loss occur in type II osteoporosis?

A

Both trabecular and cortical bone

34
Q

What are the fracture sites in type I osteoporosis?

A

Wrist and spine

35
Q

What are the fracture sites in type II osteoporosis?

A

Hip

36
Q

What the rate of gender incidence of type I osteoporosis?

A

6 women to 1 man

37
Q

What is the rate of gender incidence in type II osteoporosis?

A

2 women to 1 man

38
Q

What are the primary causes of type I osteoporosis?

A
  • Rapid loss of estrogen in women following menopause
  • Loss of testosterone in men with advancing age
39
Q

What are the primary causes of type II osteoporosis?

A
  • Reduced calcium absorption
  • Increased bone mineral loss
  • Increasd propensity to fall
40
Q

What is the UL for Calcium?

A

2500mg

41
Q

What are the consequences of calcium toxicity/over-supplementation?

A
  • Constipation
  • Kidney stones
  • Interactions that lower other mineral absorption
42
Q

What are the roles of phosphorus?

A
  • Primary anion in intracellular fluid
  • Bone structure (hydroxyapatite) and teeth
  • Phosphoric acid buffer system
  • Metabolism
  • DNA, RNA, phospholipids
43
Q

What is the other name for Vitamin D?

A

Calciferols

44
Q

What type of Vitamin D is present in plants?

A

Vitamin D2 ergocalciferol

45
Q

What type of Vitamin D is present in animals?

A

Vitamin D3 Cholecalciferol

46
Q

How can Vitamin D be synthesized?

A

In the body from cholesterol with UV exposure
* 5-10 min UV exposure 2-3 times a week is sufficient

47
Q

When does decreased synthesis of Vitamin D occur?

A
  • Geography
  • Season
  • Air pollution
  • Indoor living
  • Sunscreen
  • Dark pigmented skin
48
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin D?

A

Acts as a hormone to:
* increases calcium and phosphorus in blood
* increases intestinal absorption
* Increases re-absorption by kidney

49
Q

What are the causes of Vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Low calcium binding protein
  • Malabsorption of calcium
  • Hypocalcemia
50
Q

Who is at risk of a vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Lack of sunlight
  • Dark skin
  • Breastfeeding without supplementation
  • Low intake of fortified dairy and other products
  • Inadequate synthesis
51
Q

What is rickets?

A
  • Condition in children
  • Failure of bones to calcify (harden)
  • Delayed closure fontanels (baby soft spots)
  • Bowed legs, outward chest, beaded rib articulations
52
Q

What is the result of vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Rickets
  • Osteomalacia
  • Osteoporosis
53
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A
  • Condition in adults, usually females
  • Caused by repeated pregnancy/lactation + risk factors
  • Bending of spinal column, bowed legs
54
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
  • Condition in later life
  • Causes bone loss and fractures
55
Q

Vitamin D RDA (9-70 years old)

A

15ug/day (600IU/day)

56
Q

Vitamin D RDA (>70 years old)

A

20ug/day (800IU/day)

57
Q

Why does the elderly have a higher RDA for Vitamin D?

A

There is a decrease:
* Capacity to absorb/synthesis
* Dairy consumption
* Outdoor activities

58
Q

What is the Canadian guidelines for Vitamin D supplementation?

A
  • 25ug daily in fall and winter
  • Higher risk should take supplement year round
  • Everyone over 50 should take 10ug daily
59
Q

Food sources of Vitamin D

A
  • Fortified foods (milk, soy milk, margarine, cereals, juices)
  • Mushrooms
  • Fatty fish with oil, egg yolk, beef, liver butter
  • Breastmilk
60
Q

What is the UL of Vitamin D?

A

100ug/day (4000IU)

61
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity?

A

Hypercalcemia:
* kidney stone formation
* deposition in arteries

62
Q

Magnesium RDA (Adult Men)

A

400mg/day

63
Q

Magnesium RDA (Adult Women)

A

310mg/day

64
Q

What is the function of magnesium in bone health?

A
  • Adds to bone structure density
  • Suppresses PTH
  • Stimulates calcitonin
65
Q

What are the general functions of Magnesium?

A
  • Enzyme for metabolic pathways
  • DNA/RNA synthesis
  • Muscle contraction-ion channels; actin-myosin complex
  • Inhibits blood clotting
66
Q

What is the bioavailability of magnesium?

A

30-50% absorption from dietary sources

67
Q

What are the food sources of magnesium?

A
  • Hard water (>50% absorption)
  • Chlorophyll rich plants
  • Legumes
  • Seeds and nuts
  • Wholegrains
  • Seafood
  • Chocolate (cocoa)
68
Q

What causes magnesium deficiency?

A
  • Alcoholism
  • Protein malnutrition
  • Kidney disorders
  • Severe gastroenteritis
69
Q

What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

A
  • Weakness
  • Confusion
  • Facial convulsions
  • Hallucinations
  • Growth retardation in children
  • Hypertension
70
Q

What is the UL for magensium?

A

350mg; rare, only from supplementation

71
Q

What is the function of fluoride?

A

It is a component of bone and teeth (fluorapatite)

72
Q

Food sources of fluoride

A
  • Fluoridated water (>45% in Alberta)
  • Fish
  • Most teas
  • Seafood
73
Q

AI Fluoride

A

Men: 4mg/day
Women: 3mg/day

74
Q

What is the result of fluoride deficiency?

A

Dental caries

75
Q

What is the UL for fluoride?

A

10mg/day; causes fluorosis

76
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K in bone health?

A
  • Metabolism of bone protein: It is needed for carboxylation of osteocalcin which binds calcium to bone proteins to form bone
  • Reduces bone turnover and protects from fractures
77
Q

AI Vitamin K

A

Men: 120ug/day
Women: 90ug/day

78
Q

Food sources of Vitamin K

A
  • Leafy green vegetables (spinach, lettuce broccoli)
  • Cabbage
  • Vegetable oils
  • Milk
79
Q

What is the major source of Vitamin K?

A

Intestinal bacteria

80
Q

What are the causes of Vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • Hemorrhagic disease
  • Fat malabsorption
  • Antibiotics
  • Anticoagulant pharmaceutics
  • Newborn (no GIT bacteria)

NU FS 305 (13 decks)

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