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NU FS 305 > Chapter 13 - Nutrients Involved in Bone Health > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Nutrients Involved in Bone Health Flashcards

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1
Q

Define

Bone Mineral Density

A

The amount of mineral crystals in the bone matrix

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2
Q

What does the bone mineral density tell us about the bone?

A

The higher the density, the stronger the bone

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3
Q

What does the degradation of bone surface?

A

Osteoclasts

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4
Q

What cells form new bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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5
Q

What are the major minerals involved in bone health?

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Sulphur
  • Sodium
  • Chloride
  • Magnesium
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6
Q

What are the trace minerals involved in bone health?

A
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Manganese
  • Iodine
  • Selenium
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7
Q

What is special about calcium and phosphorus as major minerals?

A

They are the only minerals that are present in amounts larger than half a kilogram (in a 60kg body)

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8
Q

What are the functions of calcium? (5)

A
  1. Bone (hydroxyapatite) and teeth structure
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Nerve impulse transmission
  4. Blood clotting
  5. Intracellular signal functions/enzyme activation
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9
Q

What regulates calcium blood levels?

A

Calcitonin, Vitamin D, Parathyroid horomone

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10
Q

What does Calcitonin do to calcium blood levels?

A

It acts to reduce blood calcium, opposing the effects of parathyroid horomone. It is stimulated by an increase in blood calcium

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11
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do to blood calcium levels?

A

It acts to increase blood calcium, stimulating osteroclast activity to take calcium into the blood. It is stimulated by a decrease in blood calcium.

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12
Q

What does Vitamin D do to calcium blood levels?

A

It increase blood calcium mainly by increasing the uptake of calcium from the intestines. It does this in its active form, Calcitriol.

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13
Q

How does chronic indequate dietary intake of calcium cause osteoporosis?

A

Bone integrity is comprimised, as calcium is released from the bones into the blood. This slowly breaks down the structure of the bones.

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14
Q

What is the role of Calcium Binding Protein (CBP)?

A

To facilitate the absorption of calcium in the SI. It will also upregulate absorption when required.

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15
Q

What stimulates the synthesis of Calcium Binding Protein (CBP)?

A

Vitamin D

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16
Q

What can bind with dietary calcium, preventing absorption?

A

Fibre, Phytates, Oxalates

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17
Q

How much of dietary calcium is absorbed?

A

30%

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18
Q

Calcium RDA for Adults

A

1000 mg/day

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19
Q

Calcium RDA for Adolescents

A

1300 mg/day

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20
Q

Calcium RDA for Elderly Men (>50 years)

A

1000 mg/day

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21
Q

Calcium RDA for Elderly Women (>50 years)

A

1200 mg/day

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22
Q

What are food sources of calcium?

A
  • Milk products
  • Fortified soy products
  • Calcium-set tofu
  • Tortillas
  • Almonds
  • Brassicas
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23
Q

How many mg of calcium is a point in the calcium intake point system?

A

~300mg Calcium

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24
Q

What foods are 1 point in the calcium intake system?

A
  • 250mL milk, yogurt, fortified soy beverage
  • 50g cheese
  • 90g canned fish with bones
  • well balanced diet
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25
What food are 0.5 points in the calcium intake point system?
* 250mL ice cream or cottage cream * 250mL calcium-rich vegetable
26
What does calcium deficiency cause in childhood/adolescence?
Stunted growth and/or decreased bone mineralization
27
What does calcium deficiency cause later in life?
Osteoporosis (bones pororus and fragile due to loss of hydroxyapatite). Fravtures can also occur under normal everyday stresses
28
What is the other name for Type I Osteoporosis?
Postmenopausal osteoporosis
29
What is the other name for Type II Osteoporosis?
Senile osteoporosis
30
What is the age of onset of type I osteoporosis?
50 to 70 years old
31
What is the age of onset of type II Osteoporosis?
70 years and older
32
Where does bone loss occur in type I osteoporosis?
Trabecular bone
33
Where does bone loss occur in type II osteoporosis?
Both trabecular and cortical bone
34
What are the fracture sites in type I osteoporosis?
Wrist and spine
35
What are the fracture sites in type II osteoporosis?
Hip
36
What the rate of gender incidence of type I osteoporosis?
6 women to 1 man
37
What is the rate of gender incidence in type II osteoporosis?
2 women to 1 man
38
What are the primary causes of type I osteoporosis?
* Rapid loss of estrogen in women following menopause * Loss of testosterone in men with advancing age
39
What are the primary causes of type II osteoporosis?
* Reduced calcium absorption * Increased bone mineral loss * Increasd propensity to fall
40
What is the UL for Calcium?
2500mg
41
What are the consequences of calcium toxicity/over-supplementation?
* Constipation * Kidney stones * Interactions that lower other mineral absorption
42
What are the roles of phosphorus?
* Primary anion in intracellular fluid * Bone structure (hydroxyapatite) and teeth * Phosphoric acid buffer system * Metabolism * DNA, RNA, phospholipids
43
What is the other name for Vitamin D?
Calciferols
44
What type of Vitamin D is present in plants?
Vitamin D2 ergocalciferol
45
What type of Vitamin D is present in animals?
Vitamin D3 Cholecalciferol
46
How can Vitamin D be synthesized?
In the body from cholesterol with UV exposure * 5-10 min UV exposure 2-3 times a week is sufficient
47
When does decreased synthesis of Vitamin D occur?
* Geography * Season * Air pollution * Indoor living * Sunscreen * Dark pigmented skin
48
What is the main function of Vitamin D?
Acts as a hormone to: * increases calcium and phosphorus in blood * increases intestinal absorption * Increases re-absorption by kidney
49
What are the causes of Vitamin D deficiency?
* Low calcium binding protein * Malabsorption of calcium * Hypocalcemia
50
Who is at risk of a vitamin D deficiency?
* Lack of sunlight * Dark skin * Breastfeeding without supplementation * Low intake of fortified dairy and other products * Inadequate synthesis
51
What is rickets?
* Condition in children * Failure of bones to calcify (harden) * Delayed closure fontanels (baby soft spots) * Bowed legs, outward chest, beaded rib articulations
52
What is the result of vitamin D deficiency?
* Rickets * Osteomalacia * Osteoporosis
53
What is osteomalacia?
* Condition in adults, usually females * Caused by repeated pregnancy/lactation + risk factors * Bending of spinal column, bowed legs
54
What is osteoporosis?
* Condition in later life * Causes bone loss and fractures
55
Vitamin D RDA (9-70 years old)
15ug/day (600IU/day)
56
Vitamin D RDA (>70 years old)
20ug/day (800IU/day)
57
Why does the elderly have a higher RDA for Vitamin D?
There is a decrease: * Capacity to absorb/synthesis * Dairy consumption * Outdoor activities
58
What is the Canadian guidelines for Vitamin D supplementation?
* 25ug daily in fall and winter * Higher risk should take supplement year round * Everyone over 50 should take 10ug daily
59
Food sources of Vitamin D
* Fortified foods (milk, soy milk, margarine, cereals, juices) * Mushrooms * Fatty fish with oil, egg yolk, beef, liver butter * Breastmilk
60
What is the UL of Vitamin D?
100ug/day (4000IU)
61
What are the symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity?
Hypercalcemia: * kidney stone formation * deposition in arteries
62
Magnesium RDA (Adult Men)
400mg/day
63
Magnesium RDA (Adult Women)
310mg/day
64
What is the function of magnesium in bone health?
* Adds to bone structure density * Suppresses PTH * Stimulates calcitonin
65
What are the general functions of Magnesium?
* Enzyme for metabolic pathways * DNA/RNA synthesis * Muscle contraction-ion channels; actin-myosin complex * Inhibits blood clotting
66
What is the bioavailability of magnesium?
30-50% absorption from dietary sources
67
What are the food sources of magnesium?
* Hard water (>50% absorption) * Chlorophyll rich plants * Legumes * Seeds and nuts * Wholegrains * Seafood * Chocolate (cocoa)
68
What causes magnesium deficiency?
* Alcoholism * Protein malnutrition * Kidney disorders * Severe gastroenteritis
69
What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?
* Weakness * Confusion * Facial convulsions * Hallucinations * Growth retardation in children * Hypertension
70
What is the UL for magensium?
350mg; rare, only from supplementation
71
What is the function of fluoride?
It is a component of bone and teeth (fluorapatite)
72
Food sources of fluoride
* Fluoridated water (>45% in Alberta) * Fish * Most teas * Seafood
73
AI Fluoride
Men: 4mg/day Women: 3mg/day
74
What is the result of fluoride deficiency?
Dental caries
75
What is the UL for fluoride?
10mg/day; causes fluorosis
76
What is the function of Vitamin K in bone health?
* Metabolism of bone protein: It is needed for carboxylation of osteocalcin which binds calcium to bone proteins to form bone * Reduces bone turnover and protects from fractures
77
AI Vitamin K
Men: 120ug/day Women: 90ug/day
78
Food sources of Vitamin K
* Leafy green vegetables (spinach, lettuce broccoli) * Cabbage * Vegetable oils * Milk
79
What is the major source of Vitamin K?
Intestinal bacteria
80
What are the causes of Vitamin K deficiency?
* Hemorrhagic disease * Fat malabsorption * Antibiotics * Anticoagulant pharmaceutics * Newborn (no GIT bacteria)

NU FS 305 (13 decks)

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