Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NU FS 305 > Chapter 11 - Water and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Water and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

How much of our body weight is water?

A

~60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the body weight water % different in infants and children?

A

The % is higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the water content in lean vs. adipose tissue?

A
  • Lean tissue: 75%
  • Adipose tissue: 25%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What determines the amount of water in someone’s body?

A

Their individual body composition

ex. someone with less body fat will have more water than someone of the same weight with a higher body fat %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are body fluids composed of?

A

Water and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the body fluid compartments? (2)

A
  • Intracellular (2/3 of body fluids)
  • Extracellular (1/3 of body fluids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the functions of body fluids? (6)

A
  • Carry nutrients and waste
  • Metabolic rxns and solvents for small molecules that partcipate in those rxns
  • Structure of macromolecules
  • Lubricant and cushion
  • Regulation of body temp
  • Maintaining blood volumn and pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the triggers for thirst?

A
  • Low blood volume (baroreceptors)
  • High solutes (osmoreceptors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens when thirst is triggered?

A

The hypothalamus thirst centre initiates the thirst reflect which gives us the concious desire to seek and drink fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the thirst reflex indicate?

A

That you’re already dehydrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the AI for water?

includes fluids + food in diet

A
  • Males: 3.7L
  • Females: 2.7L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are water intake recommendations dependent on?

A
  • Diet
  • Activity
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the effects of a higher water intake?

A
  • Prevention of constipation and kidney stones
  • Decreased risk of some cancers (bladder, prostate, breast, bowel)
  • Dilute urea, minerals, precipites, toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hard water?

A

Water with a higher concentration of Ca and Mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is soft water?

A

Water with a higher concentration of Na and K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the purpose of electrolytes?

A

To maintain fluid balance and influence acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when a cation leaves a body fluid compartment?

A

An anion also leaves or another cation enters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do electrolytes affect water balance?

A

Water follows electrolytes so that is the importance of keeping body fluids neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What acts as buffers in body fluids?

A
  • Bicarbonate (base)
  • Carbonic acid (acid)
  • Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What regulates the kidneys? (4)

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Renin
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is renin?

A

An enzyme from the kidney that is released when blood pressure is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does renin do?

A
  • Increases sodium re-absorption in the kindey (which increases water)
  • Also hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A
  • Vasocontrictor which increases blood pressure
  • Stimulates the release of ADH and aldosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do kindey regulate fluid balance?

A

They control blood volume by adjustment of sodium balance (aldosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do the kidneys control blood osmolaity?

A

They can adjust water balance (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

A hormone released from the adrenal glands; release is stimulated by angiotensin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates the kidneys to:
* Excrete potassium (causes vessels to constrict)
* Reabsorb sodium (increases blood volume)

28
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone?

A

A water conserving hormone released from the pituitary gland in response to:
* Low blood volume or pressure
* HIgh sodium in blood
* Increase osmolaity

29
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water

30
Q

What can inhibit ADH?

A

Alcohol

31
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

Loss of extracellular volume (dehydration)

32
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Low electrolytes due to blood loss or diarrhea/vomiting

33
Q

What happens to correct hyponatremia?

A

The secretion of aldosterone and ADH is stimulated to maintain blood volume

34
Q

What can cause hyponatremia and hypervolemia at the same time?

A

Excessive water intake which increases intracellular and extracellular water colume. There is a decrease is osmolality.

35
Q

What are causes of dehydration? (7)

A
  • Diarrhea, vomiting
  • Climate: dry air
  • Sweating
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Rapid weight loss
  • Laxative or diuretic use
  • Alcohol consumption
36
Q

When are sports drinks beneficial?

A

When physical activity is >1 hour long or activity in some environmental conditions

37
Q

Why is sports drinks beneficial?

A

They’re high in sugar; replaces carbohydrates if doing an activity with high energy needs

38
Q

When is oral rehydration therapy (ORT)?

A

When dehydration is associated with illness (vomiting/diarrhea)

39
Q

What can lower the bioavailability of minerals?

A
  • Phytates in legumes and grains
  • Oxalic acid in spinach and rhubarb
40
Q

What is the primary cation in extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

41
Q

How does sodium affect blood volume and acidity?

A
  • Higher sodium in blood increases volume
  • Kidneys excrete H+ in exchange for Na+
42
Q

What is the function of sodium?

A

Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

43
Q

What is hypernatremia and what is it caused by?

A
  • High blood sodium
  • Excessive acute intake
  • Excessive chronic intake
44
Q

What is hyponatremia and what is it caused by?

A
  • Low blood sodium
  • Excessive water intake
  • Kidney dysfunction (failure to retain sodium)
45
Q

AI Sodium

A
  • 19-50 years: 1500mg/day
  • 51-70 years: 1300mg/day
  • > 70 years: 1200mg/day
46
Q

What is the UL of sodium?

A

2300 mg/day

47
Q

What is the daily value of sodium?

A

2400 mg/day

48
Q

What are the dietary guidelines for salt?

A

6000mg/day

49
Q

What is the state of sodium intake in Canada?

A

It exceeds the UL, but it is decreasing (it gets closer to 2300mg)

50
Q

What are the health effects of excessive sodium intake?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Kidney disease
51
Q

How does sodium intake impact calcium?

A

High sodium intake increases calcium excretion

52
Q

What are the major food sources of sodium?

A

77% comes from processed food

53
Q

How can people lower their sodium intake?

A
  • Replace processed foods with unprocessed foods
  • Use lower sodium alternative
  • Eat packaged foods with DV 5% or less
  • Replace table salt with another seasoning
54
Q

What was the impact of Health Canada’s Sodium Reduction Strategy?

A

It reduced sodium intake by 8% between 2010 and 2017

55
Q

What are the targets of the current Health Canada Sodium Reduction Strategy? (3)

A
  • Refinement of targets in some food categories
  • Technical challenges identified by manufacturers
  • Further reductions in products with highest salt within each food category
56
Q

What are the functions of chloride?

A
  • Primary anion in extracellular fluids
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Gastric HCl (digestion)
57
Q

AI Chloride

A

2300mg/day

58
Q

UI Chloride

A

3600mg/day

59
Q

What are functions of potassium?

A
  • Primary cation in intracellular fluid
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
60
Q

AI Potassium

A

4700mg/day

61
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Low potassium

62
Q

What are the symptoms of hypokalemia?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Paralysis
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
  • Death
63
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

High potassium

64
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Paralysis
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
65
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A
  • Primary anion in intracellular fluid
  • Bone structure and teeth
  • Phosphoric acid buffer system
  • Metabolism
  • DNA, RNA, phospholipids
66
Q

RDA Phosphorus

A

700mg/day

67
Q

UL Phosphorus

A

4000mg/day

NU FS 305 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions