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NU FS 305 > Chapter 12 - Antioxidants > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Antioxidants Flashcards

1
Q

What are free radical and reactive oxygen species?

A
  • Highly unstable compounds
  • Participate in rxns involving transfer of electrons
  • Initiate and propagate chain reactions leading to molecular-cellular damage
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2
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Compounds that neutralize free radicals by donating an electron. They also sequester or bind free radicals or ROS.

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3
Q

What do free radicals and ROS cause damage to?

A
  • Cell membranes
  • Lipoproteins
  • Proteins
  • Lipids and macromolecules in the cell
  • Genetic material (DNA)
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4
Q

Cellular damage due to free radicals and ROS contributes to what diseases?

A

Markers for:
* Parkinson’s
* Alzheimer’s
* Coronary artery disease
* Atherosclerosis by diabetes
* Renal disease
* Cancer

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5
Q

What are dietary antioxidants?

A

Nutrient or non-nutrients in foods that significantly decrease adverse effects of free radical & ROS on physiological functions

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6
Q

What vitamins are dietary antioxidants?

A

Vitamin E and C

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7
Q

What minerals act as dietary antioxidants?

A

Selenium, Zinc, Copper, and Manganese

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8
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin A? (2)

A
  • Lipid digestion and absorption patheways
  • Intracellular transport with retinol-binding protein (RBP)
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9
Q

What is beta-carotene?

A

Precursor for Vitamin A

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10
Q

What are three forms of Vitamin A in the body?

A
  • Retinol (alcohol form)
  • Retinal (aldehyde form)
  • Retinoic acid (acid)
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11
Q

What form of vitamin a is found animal foods?

A

Retinyl esters

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12
Q

What form of Vitamin A is found in plant foods?

A

Beta-carotene

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13
Q

What form of vitamin a is involved in bone growth and remodelling?

A

Retinol

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14
Q

RDA Vitamin A

A
  • Males: 900 RAE/day
  • Females: 700 RAE/day
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15
Q

What is 1 RAE equivalent to?

A

1ug of retinol

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16
Q

How many ug of beta-carotene is equivalent to 1ug of retinol?

A

12ug

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17
Q

Food sources of Vitamin A

A
  • Paprika
  • Yellow/orange fruits and vegetables
  • Dark green ‘’
  • Tomatoes
  • Watermelon
  • Carrots
  • Citrus fruits
18
Q

What is the risk of Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Increased incidence of infectious disease
  • Increased risk of measles, malaria, HIV/AIDS
  • Night blindness (lack of retinal in retina)
19
Q

What is the UL for Vitamin A?

A
  • Adults: 3000ug/day
  • Infants: 600ug/day
  • Children: 600-1700 ug/day
20
Q

What is the risk of Vitamin A toxicity?

A

Risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

21
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin E?

A
  • Protects lipids for oxidation
  • Cell membrane stabilization
  • Interacts with other antioxidant mechanisms (Vitamin C)
22
Q

RDA Vitamin E

A

15mg/day

23
Q

Food sources of Vitamin E

A
  • Sunflower, corn, canola, oilve oil
  • Almonds
  • Pumpkin
24
Q

How does Vitamin E deficieny arise?

A

Rare; more likely due to fat malabsorption rather than low dietary intake

25
Q

What are symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Neuromuscular dysfunction

Can contribute to:
* Cancer
* Cardiovascular disease
* Cataracts
* Alzheimers disease

26
Q

UL Vitamin E

A

1000mg/day

27
Q

Functions of Vitamin C

A
  • Reducing agent or electron donor in enzymatic rxns
  • Adrenal gland hormones synthesis
  • Collagen synthesis
  • Peptide hormone synthesis
28
Q

RDA Vitamin C

A
  • Males: 90mg/day
  • Females: 75mg/day

Smokers +35mg/day

29
Q

What is Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

30
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • Atheroclerotic plaques
  • Pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility, joint pain
  • Poor wound healing
  • Bleeding gums and loosened teeth
31
Q

UL Vitamin C

A

2000mg/day

32
Q

Symptoms of Vitamin C toxicity

A
  • Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
  • Headache, fatigue, insomnia
  • Hot flashes, rashes
33
Q

Functions of selenium?

A
  • Antioxidant functions with Vitamin E/C and glutathione peroxidase
34
Q

RDA Selenium

A

55ug/day

35
Q

UL Selenium

A

400 ug/day

36
Q

Food sources of selenium

A
  • Brazil nuts
  • Seafood
  • Organ meats
  • Beans
37
Q

What is selenium deficiency?

A

Predisposition to Keshan disease, a heart disease associated with virus

38
Q

Symptoms of selenium deficiency

A
  • Brittle hair and nails
  • Rash
  • Fatigue and irritability
  • Garlic breath odour
39
Q

What is a cofactor for superoxide dimutase?

A
  • Vitamin C
  • Zinc
  • Copper
40
Q

What is a cofactor for GSH Peroxidase?

A
  • Vitamin C
  • Selenium
  • Iron as catalase
41
Q

Why is it prefered that antioxidants are sourced from food?

A

Supplements carry an increased risk for CHD, lung cancer, and GI cancer for smokers

NU FS 305 (13 decks)

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