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NU FS 305 > Chapter 12 - Antioxidants > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Antioxidants Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

What are free radical and reactive oxygen species?

A
  • Highly unstable compounds
  • Participate in rxns involving transfer of electrons
  • Initiate and propagate chain reactions leading to molecular-cellular damage
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2
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Compounds that neutralize free radicals by donating an electron. They also sequester or bind free radicals or ROS.

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3
Q

What do free radicals and ROS cause damage to?

A
  • Cell membranes
  • Lipoproteins
  • Proteins
  • Lipids and macromolecules in the cell
  • Genetic material (DNA)
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4
Q

Cellular damage due to free radicals and ROS contributes to what diseases?

A

Markers for:
* Parkinson’s
* Alzheimer’s
* Coronary artery disease
* Atherosclerosis by diabetes
* Renal disease
* Cancer

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5
Q

What are dietary antioxidants?

A

Nutrient or non-nutrients in foods that significantly decrease adverse effects of free radical & ROS on physiological functions

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6
Q

What vitamins are dietary antioxidants?

A

Vitamin E and C

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7
Q

What minerals act as dietary antioxidants?

A

Selenium, Zinc, Copper, and Manganese

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8
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin A? (2)

A
  • Lipid digestion and absorption patheways
  • Intracellular transport with retinol-binding protein (RBP)
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9
Q

What is beta-carotene?

A

Precursor for Vitamin A

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10
Q

What are three forms of Vitamin A in the body?

A
  • Retinol (alcohol form)
  • Retinal (aldehyde form)
  • Retinoic acid (acid)
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11
Q

What form of vitamin a is found animal foods?

A

Retinyl esters

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12
Q

What form of Vitamin A is found in plant foods?

A

Beta-carotene

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13
Q

What form of vitamin a is involved in bone growth and remodelling?

A

Retinol

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14
Q

RDA Vitamin A

A
  • Males: 900 RAE/day
  • Females: 700 RAE/day
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15
Q

What is 1 RAE equivalent to?

A

1ug of retinol

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16
Q

How many ug of beta-carotene is equivalent to 1ug of retinol?

A

12ug

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17
Q

Food sources of Vitamin A

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A
  • Paprika
  • Yellow/orange fruits and vegetables
  • Dark green ‘’
  • Tomatoes
  • Watermelon
  • Carrots
  • Citrus fruits
18
Q

What is the risk of Vitamin A deficiency?

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A
  • Increased incidence of infectious disease
  • Increased risk of measles, malaria, HIV/AIDS
  • Night blindness (lack of retinal in retina)
19
Q

What is the UL for Vitamin A?

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A
  • Adults: 3000ug/day
  • Infants: 600ug/day
  • Children: 600-1700 ug/day
20
Q

What is the risk of Vitamin A toxicity?

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A

Risk of osteoporosis and fractures.

21
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin E?

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A
  • Protects lipids for oxidation
  • Cell membrane stabilization
  • Interacts with other antioxidant mechanisms (Vitamin C)
22
Q

RDA Vitamin E

23
Q

Food sources of Vitamin E

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A
  • Sunflower, corn, canola, oilve oil
  • Almonds
  • Pumpkin
24
Q

How does Vitamin E deficieny arise?

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A

Rare; more likely due to fat malabsorption rather than low dietary intake

25
What are symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?
* Hemolytic anemia * Neuromuscular dysfunction Can contribute to: * Cancer * Cardiovascular disease * Cataracts * Alzheimers disease
26
UL Vitamin E
1000mg/day
27
Functions of Vitamin C
* Reducing agent or electron donor in enzymatic rxns * Adrenal gland hormones synthesis * Collagen synthesis * Peptide hormone synthesis
28
RDA Vitamin C
* Males: 90mg/day * Females: 75mg/day Smokers +35mg/day
29
What is Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
30
Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency
* Anemia * Atheroclerotic plaques * Pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility, joint pain * Poor wound healing * Bleeding gums and loosened teeth
31
UL Vitamin C
2000mg/day
32
Symptoms of Vitamin C toxicity
* Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea * Headache, fatigue, insomnia * Hot flashes, rashes
33
Functions of selenium?
* Antioxidant functions with Vitamin E/C and glutathione peroxidase
34
RDA Selenium
55ug/day
35
UL Selenium
400 ug/day
36
Food sources of selenium
* Brazil nuts * Seafood * Organ meats * Beans
37
What is selenium deficiency?
Predisposition to Keshan disease, a heart disease associated with virus
38
Symptoms of selenium deficiency
* Brittle hair and nails * Rash * Fatigue and irritability * Garlic breath odour
39
What is a cofactor for superoxide dimutase?
* Vitamin C * Zinc * Copper
40
What is a cofactor for GSH Peroxidase?
* Vitamin C * Selenium * Iron as catalase
41
Why is it prefered that antioxidants are sourced from food?
Supplements carry an increased risk for CHD, lung cancer, and GI cancer for smokers

NU FS 305 (13 decks)

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