Chapter 7- Memory

Question 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

the process of getting information into the memory system

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Answer 3

storage

Question 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 4

retrieval

Question 5

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 5

sensory memory

Question 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 6

short-term memory

Question 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Answer 7

long-term memory

Question 8

a newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual- spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Answer 8

working memory

Question 9

memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve. (also called declarative memory)

Answer 9

explicit memory

Question 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 10

effortful processing

Question 11

retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness (also called nondeclarative memory)

Answer 11

implicit memory

Question 12

unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as a space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Answer 12

automatic processing

Question 13

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 13

chunking

Question 14

memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 14

mnemonics

Question 15

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 15

spacing effect

Question 16

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. also sometimes referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

Answer 16

testing effect

Question 17

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 17

hippocampus

Question 18

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 18

flashbulb memory

Question 19

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 19

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 20

memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Answer 20

recall

Question 21

memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiply-choice test

Answer 21

recognition

Question 22

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time

Answer 22

relearning

Question 23

any stimulus (event, feeling, place, and so on) linked to a specific memory

Answer 23

retrieval cue

Question 24

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Answer 24

priming

Question 25

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood

Answer 25

mood-congruent memory

Question 26

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Answer 26

serial position effect

Question 27

literally “without memory”- a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease

Answer 27

amnesia

Question 28

lasting physical changes in the brain as a memory forms

Answer 28

memory trace

Question 29

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 29

proactive interference

Question 30

the disruptive effect of new learning on a recall of old information

Answer 30

retroactive interference

Question 31

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety

Answer 31

repression

Question 32

when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Answer 32

misinformation effect

Question 33

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined

Answer 33

source amnesia

Question 34

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Answer 34

deja vu