Chapter 1- Psychology's roots, Big Ideas, and Critical thinking tool

Question 1

Opened the first psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 2

Wrote ‘The principles of psychology’

Answer 2

Williams James

Question 3

Founder of the psychodynamic approach/ study of unconsciousness

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

Founder of behaviorism

Answer 4

John Watson

Question 5

major pioneer in behaviorism

Answer 5

B. F. Skinner

Question 6

cofounders of Humanism

Answer 6

Carl Roger and Abraham Maslow

Question 7

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologist today agree with (1) but not (2).

Answer 7

Behaviorism

Question 8

Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

Answer 8

Humanistic psychology

Question 9

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity (including perception, thinking, memory, and language.)

Answer 9

cognitive neuroscience

Question 10

the science of behavior and mental processes.

Answer 10

psychology

Question 11

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and assesses conclusions

Answer 11

critical thinking

Question 12

an approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.

Answer 12

biopsychosocial approach

Question 13

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and handed down from one generation to the next

Answer 13

culture

Question 14

the age-old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors. today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

Answer 14

nature-nurture issue

Question 15

the principle that, at the same time, our mind processes information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Answer 15

dual processing

Question 16

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Answer 16

positive psychology

Question 17

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predict it. (also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)

Answer 17

hindsight bias

Question 18

an explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events

Answer 18

theory

Question 19

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Answer 19

hypothesis

Question 20

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

Answer 20

operational definition

Question 21

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Answer 21

replication

Question 22

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Answer 22

case study

Question 23

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation

Answer 23

naturalistic observation

Question 24

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reporting attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of that group.

Answer 24

survey

Question 25

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country’s whole population.)

Answer 25

Population

Question 26

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 26

random sample

Question 27

a measure of the extent to which two events vary together, and thus of how well either one predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1.0 to +1.0, with 0 indicating no relationship

Answer 27

correlation

Question 28

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors. the slope of the dots suggests the direction of the relationship between the two factors. How much the dots are scattered suggests the strength of the correlation (with little scatter indicating high correlation.

Answer 28

scatterplot

Question 29

a method in which researchers vary one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable).

Answer 29

experiment

Question 30

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing any differences between the groups.

Answer 30

random assignment

Question 31

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Answer 31

experimental group

Question 32

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; the control group serves as a comparison with the experimental group for judging the effect of the treatment

Answer 32

control group

Question 33

an inactive substance or condition that is sometimes given to those in a control group in place of the treatment given to the experimental group

Answer 33

placebo

Question 34

a procedure in which participants and research staff are ignorant (blind) about who has received the treatment or a placebo

Answer 34

double-blind procedure

Question 35

results caused by expectations alone.

Answer 35

placebo effect

Question 36

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Answer 36

independent variable

Question 37

in an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

Answer 37

confounding variable

Question 38

in an experiment, the factor that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

Answer 38

dependent variable

Question 39

giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate

Answer 39

informed consent

Question 40

after an experiment ends, explaining to participants the study’s purpose and any deceptions researcher used.

Answer 40

debriefing

Question 41

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simple rereading, information. also sometimes called the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Answer 41

testing effect

Question 42

a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review

Answer 42

SQ3R

Question 43

Big Four Ideas

Answer 43

Critical Thinking
The biopsychosocial approach
The two-track mind
Exploring human strengths